Fcap 8 vo . .

.
O n e Sh i lli n g e ac h n e t

O xfo rd C h urc h T e xt B o o k s
G e n e ral Edi to r The R E V LE I G H TO N P U LL AN M A
, .
, . .
,

Fe ll ow of S t J o h n s C oll eg e and Le ctur e r in Th e o logy

.
’
,

at S t jo h n s and O r i e l C ol le ge s O x ford
.
’
, .

Th e H e b r e w P i O phe ts The Re v R L O TT LE Y D D C anon

'
. . . .
, .

o f C hrist C hurch and Re g ius P r ofe ssor o f P as toral T h e ol o g y

in the U ni ve rsity o f O x for d .

O utlin e s of O ld T e sta m e nt T h e o l o g y T he R ev C F B U R N E Y . . . .
,

D Li tt Le cture r in H e br e w at S t J oh n s C oll e g e O xfor d

’
. .
, . .
,

T h e Te xt o f th e N e w T e stam e nt T h e R e v K LA K E M ; A . . . ,

P ro fe ss or o f N e w T e s t a m e n t E x e g e sis and E a rl y C hr is t i a n
L i t e ra ture in t h e U ni v e r si t y o f L e y d e n .

Ea r l y C h ri stian Doctrin e .

T h e Re v L E I . GH TO N P UL L A N , M A . .

A n E l e m e ntary H istory of th e C h urc h i n G r e at B ritain .

T he R e v W H H U TT O N B D F e llo w of S t o h n s C olle g e , J '

. . . . .
,

O x for d .

Th e R e fo r mation in G r e at B ritain .

H O W A K E M A N , M A , l at e F e llo w o f A ll S oul s C oll e g e

. . . .
,

O xfor d , a n d t he Re v L E I G H I O N P U L L A N , M A
’ ‘
. . .

Th e H i story of t h e B oo k of C o mm on P ra y er .

T h e Re v H M A U D E , M A , E x a m inin g C h ap l ain t o th e
.
J . . . .

ho p o f S t A lb ans
B is . .

Th e A rtic l e s of th e C h u r c h of E n g l and .

The R v B J K I DD D D V i c a r o f S t P a ul s O x fo r d
'
e . . .
, . .
, . , .

I n 2 V ols V o l I — H is t ory a d E x p l anat i o n o f Arti c les i viii

. . . n .
- .

Vo l II — E x p l a na t i o n o f A rt i cl e s i x xxx i x
. . .
- .

M ay a ls o be fia d i n o ne as . n e t .

Th e C onti n e nta l R e fo r ma tion . T he R e v B . .

J . K I DD D D , . .

A M anua l fo r C on fi rm ation . T he Re v . T . F I ELD , D D .

Wa rd e n o f R a d le y C olle g e .

A H i sto ry of t h e C hur c h to 325 Th e Re v H N B ATE . . . .

,

M A E x a m inin g C h a pl a in to t h e B is ho p of L ondon
. .
,
.

Th e C h urch i ts M ini s try and A u th ority

,
.

t h e R e v DA R WE LL S TO N E M A . L i br ar i a n o f P us e y H ou s e , . .
, ,

O xf or d .

A H is tory of th e A m e rican C h urch to th e c l o se of th e N i n e

t e e nth C en tury T h e R i ght Re v L E I GH T O N C O L E M A N
. . ,

S T D LL D L at e Bis h op o f De l awar e U S A
. . .
, . .
, , . . .

LO N DO N : R I V I N GTO N S , 34 Kl N G S T RE E T , CO V E N T G AR DE N .

x . r909 .
 — Co n ti nu d
O xfor d C h u rc h T e x t B oo k s e .

Th e F utur e S ta t e T h e Re v S C G A Y F O R D M A
. . . .
, . .
,

V i c e Principa l o f B isho ps oll ge C h e s hu n t

’
-
C e , .

E v i d e nc e s of C h ri stia nity
T h e Re v L R A M A . . . GG , .

r
P e be nda y and V i e - C an e r f L in n C a e d c h c llor o col th r al .

Th e A p o st e s C re e d
’
l
T he R e v A E B R N , D D . . . . U .

c r
V i a o f H a ifa ; P e e nda y f L i c h fie ldl x
r b r o ,

a n d E a m inin x
C ap ain th e B is g h l to
p of L i ch fie ld ho .

S cotti s h C h ur c h H i story T h e R e v A N TH O N Y M I T C H E L L . .
,

B D . P r in c ip a l and P a n t o n i a n P ro fe ss or o f T h e olog y o f t he
.
,

Th e olog i c al C oll e g e o f th e E pis co p a l C hurch in S cotl and ;

C a n o n o f S t M ar y s C ath e d r al E din burgh
'

. , .

Th e T e ac hi n g of our L o r d .

T h e Re v . LE I GH T O N P U L LA N , M A . .

A S h o rt I ntr od u ction to th e L it e r ature of th e O ld T e sta me nt .

T h e R e v G H B o x M A V i c a r o f L in to n R o ss for m e rl y
. . . , . .
, , ,

H e b re w M a s t e r a t M e rch ant T ay l o s S chool r .

Th e N ic e n e C r e e d T he Re v A E B U R N D D . . . . , . .

THE C H U R C H U N IV E R S A L
B ri e f H i stor i e s H e r C o n t i n u o u s L i fe of

Edite d by Th e R EV W H H U TT O N B D . . .
, . .
,

F e llo w of S t J o h n s C olle ge O x fo r d .
’
, .

Th e C h u r c h o f th e A p o s tl e s .

T he Re v . S
LO N DA L E RA GG ,
M A . .
4s 6 d
. . n e t.

Th e C h ur c h h e rs 98—46 1
of th e F at . .

T h e Re v L E I GH T O N P U L L A N M A
.
55 n e t , . . . .

Th e C h urc h and t h e B a r baria ns 40 1 — 1 00

3 . .

T h e E D I TO R .
3s 6 d . . ne t.

Th e C h u r c h an d th e E m pi re 1 003— 1 304 . .

D J M E D L E Y M A P ro fe ss or o f H is tor y in t he U ni ve r si ty
. .
, .

o f Gl as gow , for m e rl y T utor o f K e bl e C olle g e O xfor d , .

Th e A g e of S c h ism 1 304—1 503 . .

H E R B E R T B R UC E M A P rofe ss or of H istor y in th e U ni v e r
, . .
,

oll e g e C a r diff 35 6 d n e t
s i ty C , . . . .

T h e R e fo r mation 1 503 1 648 .

- .

Th e Re v J P W H I T N E Y B D P ro fe ss or of E ccl e sias t i c a l
. . .
, .
,

H is tory a t K in g s C oll e g e L o nd o n
’

55 n e t , . . .

Th e A g e of R e v o l ution 1 648 1 8 1 5 .
- .

T h e E D I TO R .
4s 6 d . . net .

Th e C h u rc h of M o d e rn D ays . 1 8 1 5—1 900.

Th e R e v L E I . GHTO N P U L LA N ,
M A . .

LO N D O N : R I V I N GTO N S , 34 KING S TR E E T, CO V E N T G A R DE N .
 S m a ll F c a p 8v o . . I S. ea ch , n e t.

flDrforD r mm 2
15 00135
Gen era l E d i to r , T he R E V L E I G H TO N P U LL A N , .

M A , F e llow of S t jo /z n s Co lleg e , a n d L ectu rer i n T/ze o

. . .
’

logy St f oli n s and O r i el Co lleg es, O xf o r d

’
at . .

T h e N i c e n e C re e d .

B y th e R e v A E B U R N , D D , Vi ca r of H a lif ax ,
. . . . .

a n d E xa m i n i n
g Cnapla i n to fire B i s/ m
p of L i cnfie la
’
.

A S h ort I n tro d u ct i o n to t h e Li t e ra t u r e o f t h e
O ld T e st am e n t B y t h e R e v G H B O X, M A , . . . . . .

Vi ca r of L i n to n , R o ss ; f o r m er ly H e br e w M a sle r a t
M er e/z a n t Tay lo rs S cho o l
’
.

I t contains an amaz in g a m o unt of m atte r And w h at is m or e .

w o nd e r ful a t th e m on e y e v e ry l in e o f i t h as c o st t h e a uth or t i m e
,

to in v e sti g ate and tim e to se t it down s uc c in c tl y For M r B o x . .

is o n e of ou r most c o ns c i e nti ou s s ch ol ar s — E xposi to y Ti m es .

’
r .

Th e T e a c hi n g our L or d of .

B y t h e R e v L E I G H TO N P U LL A N M A
.
,
. .

‘
M r P ull an h as s uc c e e d e d in p c kin g into th e l ittl e bo o k an
. a

imm e ns e amo unt o f matte r n d in spi t e o f a ll th t h as b e e n ,

a a

w r itte n o n t he s u bj e ct h e h as p r e s e nte d it in s o m e fr e s h asp e cts

, .
’

E xposi to ry Ti m es .

A S h ort H i st o ry t h e C h u r c h i n S cotl a n d
of .

B y th e R e v . A N T H O N Y M I T C H E LL , B D , Ca n o n of . .

St . M a ry ’
s Ca t/zed r a l, E d i n bu rg h ; P r i n ci pa l a n d
P a n i o n i a n P r of esso r of Tneo logy of Ike Tneo log i c a l
Co lleg e of tlz e S co t/i s}: E pi scopa l C/z u rc/z .

T h is
l ittl e b o o k is by far th e b e st sh or t h ist ory o f th e S c ottis h
C hur c h th at h as com e into o ur h ands — Gu a rd i a n
’ ’
. .

Th e A p o stl e s C r e e d
’
.

By th e B URN D D
Re v A E
. . .
,
. .

‘
Dr B u r n do e s a ll h is w or k t o p e r fe c tion
. T h is wi ll be t he .

stu d e nt s intr od u cti o n to th e Ap o stl e s Cr e e d fo r y e a r s t o c om e

’ ’
.
’

—E x
posi tory Ti m es .

LO N DO N : R I V I N GT O N S , 34 KI NG S T R E ET , C O V E N T GA R D E N .
E vidences of C h r i st i a n i t y .

By th e R e v L R AGG, M A
. . . .
,
Re cto r of Ti cbe n co te,
R n tla n ds/zi r e , a n d P r e be n d a i y of L i n co ln Ca t/zed r a l .

M r R agg
. h as don e h is w ork w e ll H e p re s e nts h is a r gu .

m e n t s lu cid ly and ca l m l y and e xh ibits the w h ol e o f t h e C hr istian

,

s y ste m c e nt r e d in the fa ct of th e I nc ar nation —Clz urclz Ti mes .

’
.

Th e C h u rc h , i t s M i n i stry a n d A ut h or i t y .

B y th e R e v D A R WE LL S TO N E M A , L i br a r i a n of
.
, . .

P u sey H o u se , O xf ord .

It b r i e fl y and c le ar ly conv e y s muc h info rmation conc e r nin g the

facts and d o ctr in e contain e d in th e B ibl e and l ate r h istory wi th , ,

re ga r d to the C h u r c h — M orn i ng P ost

. .

H i st o ry o f t h e C h u rc h t o A D 325 . . .

B y th e R e v H N B ATE M A , E xa mi n i ng C/zapla i n
. . .
, . .

to t/z e B i s/l op of L o n d o n .

M r B ate h as succ e e d e d b e y ond b e l i e f H e has produce d o n e

. .

of the b e st v olu m e s of th e s e r i e s — E xposi tory Ti mes . .

The r e p utation of th is s e r i e s is not on l y maintain e d b u t e n

‘

h ance d by Mr B ate s e x ce ll e nt comp e ndi u m of e a rl y C hur c h

.
’

h ist o ry — S a tu r d ay R ev i e w
. .

Th e T e x t of the N e w Te s ta m e n t .

By th e R e v K . LA K E ,
.
, M A P r of esso r of
N e w Testa
. .

m en t E x eg esi s a n d E a rl
y C/z r i sti a n Li ter a tu r e i n tlze
Un i v ersi ty f o L ey de n N ew a n d R e v i sed E di ti o n
. .

I t is a v e ry e x ce ll e nt pi e ce of wo r k a mod e l o f re ally l ucid and ,

concis e e x position of a v e ry complicate d and di fficu l t subj e ct .

N o mo r e se r v ice ab l e man u al of te xtual criticism is to be foun d

’
.

S pectato r .

O u tl i n e s of O ld T e st a m e n t T h e o lo g y .

B y th e R e v C F B U R N E Y , D Li t t , F e llo w, Lectu r e r i n
. . . . .

H ebre w a n d Li br a r i a n of S t jo/z n s Co lleg e, O xf o r d

’
. .

‘
Is v e ry impo rtant and answ e r s a gr e at n e e d
, H e is .

th or ou ghl y con str u cti v e and s h ows h ow e dify ing and h e l pful th e
,

n e w sci e nc e of the O ld T e stam e nt r e a ll y is We kn o w of no .

o th e r book at a popu l ar p r ice doin g th e sam e th in g .

’

Un i v e r s i ty Corr esponde n t .

LO N DO N R re GTO N s, 34 KING S TR E ET , C O V E N T G A R DE N .
T h e F u t u re S t at e B y th e R e v S C G AY F O R D , . . . .

M A , Vi ce P ri n cipa l of B i slz ops Co lleg e, Clz eslz un t

. .
-
’
.

As a comp r e h e nsive e l e m e ntar y t e xt book on a v e ry di ffi c ul t

‘
-

subj e c t th is b oo k q u ite c o m e s up to if it do e s not s urpass th e

, , ,

standard alre ad y attain e d in the s e r i e s — Gu a rd i a n .

’
.

An E l e m e n t a ry H i s tory o f t h e C h u rc h i n G r e at
B r i t ai n B y th e R e v W H H UTTO N , B D , F e llo w
. .
‘

. . . .

of S t jo lz n s Co lleg e, O x or d , E xa m i n i n
’
f g Cli apla i n to
'

tire B i s/top of Roclz ester .

M r H utton
. h as v e ry h appi l y combin ed th e sc h o l arl y and th e
popu l ar e l e m e nts in h is na r rativ e Cbu r clz Q u a r ter ly R ev i ew -
. .

If the c l e rgy are wis e th e y wi l l ge t it into wid e ci r culation

,
.
’

Cbu rclz Ti m es .

I t is quit e b e st
th e “
E l e m e ntary H isto r
y o f th e C h urc h in
th is land th at we h av e .
’
-
Gu ar d i a n .

Th e R e for m a t i o n i n G r e at B r i t a i n .

By H O WA K E M AN M A , L a te F e llo w of A ll S o u ls
. .
’
, . .

Co lleg e , O xf o r d , an d t h e R e v LE I G H TO N P U LL A N , M A . . .

A b r i e f but t r ustwo rth y account of th e R e fo r mation .

’

Cfiu rclz Q u a rter ly R ev i e w .

‘
l ittl e book wi ll d o muc h to r e mov e a ll sorts o f wr o n g
Th e
id e as about th e p e r i o d o f c h an ge and a l so its c h i e f m e r it t o us , , ,

pr o vid e p e o p l e with a b e tte r V i e w of the re l ations b e tw e e n th e

S cottis h an d En g l is h R e fo rm e r s th an is found in most works on
th e p e riod ’
.
— Clz u r cb Ti m es .

E a rl y C h ri st i an Do ctr i n e .

B y th e R e v LE I G H TO N P U LLA N , M
. . A .

An admirab l e sk e tc h — Gu a rdi an .
’
.

A M an u a l fo r C o n fir m at i o n .

B y th e R e v T F I E LD D D Wa r den of
. .
, . .
,
R a d ley Co lleg e .

‘
Wi ll be of th e v e r y gre a te st v alue to sc h oolmaste rs w h o a re
intru ste d with th e impo rtant d u ty of p r e par in g pub l ic sc h o ol b o y s
fo r C o n firmat i o n and as a bo o k to be put in th e h ands o f th e
,

candidate s th e ms e l v e s h is manua l is we t h ink an improve m ent

, , ,

on an y with w h ic h we are acq u ainte d — Gu a rdi a n .

’
.

LO N DO N : R I V I N GTO N s, 34 KI NG S TRE ET , CO V E N T G A RD E N .
Th e H e br e w P ro ph e t s B y t he R e v R L O TTLEv , . . . .

D D Ca n o n of Clz r i st Clz u r clz a n d R eg i u s P r of essor of

. .
,

P as to r a l Tli e o logy i n tbe Un i v er si ty of O xf o r d .

T h is h and y littl e book is w r itte n with th e cl e a r n e ss and go o d

taste w h ic h h a bituall y ma rk M r O ttl e y s work and it contains m u c h .
’
,

us e ful info r mati o n in a s h o rt for m — Cl¢ u rcli Q u a r te r ly R ev i ew . .

T h e H i sto ry t h e B oo k o f C o m m o n P ray e r
of .

B y th e R e v J H M A U D E M A , E xa m i n i ng Cbapla i n
. . .
, . .

to tlz e B i sbop of S t A lba n s . .

‘
fa r as
S o know th r is n o H isto ry of the B ook of
we ,
’

e e
“

C ommon P ray e r m o r e full o f infor mation or m ore t ru stw orth y

”

th an th at w h ic h th e re ad y pe n o f th e R e v J H M au d e h as giv e n . . .

us — C/z u rclz Ti mes

. .

M ay be h i ghl y comm e nd e d ’
Ca n a di a n Clz u r c/z m a n .
-
.

T h e A r t i cl e s of t h e C h u rc h of E n g l an d .

In T wo V olu m e s .

V o l l — H i story a n d Ex pl an a t i on o f A rt i cl e s i
. . . v ii i
- .

V o l I I — E x pl a n at i o n of A rt i c l e s i x -xxxix
. . . .

M ay a lso be ba d i n O n e Vo l u m e 2s n et , . .

B y th e R e v B J K I DD D D Vi ca r of S t P a ul s O xf o r d
. . .
,
. .
,
.
’
,
.

I t s u pp l i e s e xactl y w h at is w a nte d for b e ginne rs —Gu a r d i a n .

’
.

I t is at o nce bri e f c o ncis e and e rudite —S cotsma n

, , .
’
.

Th e C o n t i n e n t a l R e for m at i o n .

By B J K I DD D D
t h e Re v . . .
,
. .

M r Kidd h as g i v e n a m as t e rl y surv e y of h is s u bj e ct
. I t is .

n o dispar ag e m e nt o f the oth e r v olu m e s o f the s e r i e s t o say th at

th is o n e m ore th an m a intains th e h i g h stand ar d o f e xc e ll e nc e
w h ic h h as h i th e rto ma rk e d th e s e ri e s — S co tt i slz Gu a rdi a n .
’
.

A H i s tory o f t h e A m e r i c a n Ch urc h t o t h e C lo se
o f t h e X I X t h C e n t u ry .

B y th e R ight R e v LE I G H T O N C O LE M A N , .

LL D , la te B i s/z ap of D e la wa re , U S A
. . . . .

I t gi v e s a lu cid and inte re st ing a ccou nt of a ch apte r of C hur c h

h is tor y o n l y i ll u n d e rst oo d in th is c ou nt ry T h e book for ms
a v a lu ab l e a cc e ssion t o the s e ri e s in w h i ch it ap pe a rs — S cotsm a n .
’
.

LO N DO N : R I V I N G T O N s, 34 K I NG S TRE ET , C O V E N T G A R DE N .

xu — 0 9
. .
 QDrforti E burcb a
l ert B ooks (

T h e N i c e n e C re e d

T H E RE V . A . E . B UR N , D D . .

V ICA R H IF
O F AL A X, AND PR EBE D N A RY OF Ll C H F l E LD

EX M I IN G C H
A N A PLA N I TO THE B ISH O P OF L ICHFI ELD
A U H T OR OF

S T E S C R EE D ( O XF O RD C HU RC H T E XT BO O K S)
‘ ’
T HE A PO L

R I VI N GTO NS

34 K I N G S TR E E T, C O VE N T GA R D E N

LO ND O N
I 9O 9
MY W I F E
 CO NTE NTS

PA RT I .
— TH E H I S TO R Y
C HA I ’
.

I . The C r e e d o f t he C o u n ci l o f N i c ze a,

II . Th e C r e e d call e d Co n s ta n ti n op o li ta n u m ,

I II . Th e La te r H istory of o u r Nic e n e Cree d,

PA RT Il .
— T H E T H E O LO GY

Iv. A nte —Ni c e n e Th e ol ogy ,

v Nic e n e
. Te ach i ng on th e I ncarn ati o n ,

VI . Th e Doctri n e o f Go d t he H ol y Gh ost ,

VI I . Th e Doctri n e of t h e C h u rch an d t h e S ac ra

m e nts ,

A P P E N D I X— TH E G R E EK A ND LA T I N T Es o n THE

C R E ED FO R M S Q U O TE D ,

B o o xs RE C O MM E ND E D FO R RE FER EN CE,

I N D E X,
 T H E N IC E N E C R E E D

P A RT I .
— TH E H I S TO RY

C H A P TE R I
TH E CR E ED OF TH E CO UN C IL OF N I CE A
TH E tru e h isto ry of o u r N ic e n e C r e e d is at l ast e m e rgin g
fro m obsc u rity Th e ol d t h e ory t h at th e C r e e d of th e
.

C ou nci l o f Nic ae a of 325 A D was sl igh tl y alt e r e d a n d

. .

e n la rg e d at th e C o u n ci l o f C o n stanti n op l e i n 38 1 A D , i s . .

sti l l m ai ntai n e d i n m ost of t he t e xt boo ks o n t h e Pray e r -

Bo ok , an d h as r e c e ntl y fou n d su pp ort from a l e ar n e d

P rofe sso r of t h e East e rn O rt h o d ox C h u rc h 1 B u t i ts .

fou n dati o ns h av e b e e n u n d e rm i n e d by r e c e nt r e s e arch .

I t was a Fr e nch s chol ar De n ys P e t au b e tt e r k no w n

, ,

as Pe t av i us o f Pari s w h o fi rst p oi n t e d o u t
,

that o u r Ni c e n e C r e e d h ad b e e n q u ote d b y t h e h i storia n

S E pi ph an i u s som e s e v e n y e aI s b e for e t h e C o u n ci l of
.

C o n stanti n opl e B u t i t w as r e s e rv e d fo r an E n gli sh

.

s ch ol ar Profe s so r H ort 2 tw o c e ntu ri e s l at e r to d isc e r n

, , ,

t h e im p ortan c e o f t h e argum e n t wh i ch m ay be bu i lt
u p o n th at fact I n h is bri ll i an t Di sser ta ti on h e p rov e d
.

th at t h e C r e e d th u s q u ot e d b y S E pi ph a n i u s was a .

R e vi si o n of t h e C r e e d of t h e C h ur c h o f J e r usal e m m ost ,

p robab l y r e v is e d an d e n l arg e d b y Bish o p C yri l wh o i n ,

se r t e d a s e cti o n tak e n o u t o f t h e C r e e d of t h e N ic e n e

S C y r i l s r e v is e d C r e e d was i n som e way o r

’

C ou n cil . .

oth e r app rov e d by t h e C ou n cil of C on stanti n o pl e an d ,

cam e u p agai n for d iscu ssi on at t h e C o u n ci l of Ch al c e d o n

i n 4 5 1 A D s i d e b y si d e w i t h t h e ori gi n al N i c e n e C r e e d
. .

1 S e e p 27 . .

2
Two D i sser ta ti on s , C am br id g e an d Lo nd on , 1876 .

A
2 TH E NI C ENE CRE ED
of th e C ou nc i l of N i c ze a A t Ni c ae a t h e r e w e r e pr e s e n t
.

som e 3 18 b i sh ops at C on stanti n opl e som e 1 5 0 so t h e

, ,

tw o C r e e d s w e r e d isti ngu i sh e d as th e C r e e d of t h e 3 18
h ol y Fat h e rs an d t he Faith of t he 15 0 h ol y Fat h e rs
r e sp e ctiv e l y Th e y w e r e s o m u ch al i k e th at gr e at
.

t e m ptatio n w as o ff e r e d to co pyists to assi m i lat e th e i r

t e xts I n d e e d as we s h al l se e t he p roc e ss o f co rru pti on
.
, ,

h a d al r e ad y b e gu n I n co u rs e of tim e t he r e vi s e d
.

J e r usal e m C r e e d oft e n call e d Co n sta n ti n op o li ta n um

,
'
,

cam e to be r e gar d e d as a n i m p ro v e d r e c e n si o n of t h e
N ic e n e C r e e d an d i nh e rit e d al l t h e pr e stig e w h i c h
,

attach e d to th e w ork of t h e fi rst G e n e ral C ou n ci l Fro m .

o n e p oi n t o f v i e w t h i s d e v e l opm e n t m ay be j ustifi e d ,

b e cau s e t h e k e rn e l of t h e t e ach i ng o f t h e Nic e n e C o u n ci l

o n t h e Divi n ity of o u r Lor d J e su s C h ri st was e n sh ri n e d
i n it l e av i ng ou tsi d e t h e h u sk o f t h e n e gativ e warn i ngs ,
,

t h e a nat h e m as .

To m ak e wh at has b e e n sai d q u it e cl e ar I w il l at o nc e
q u ot e t h e tw o form s si d e b y s id e I t i s s om e ti m e s con .

v e n i e n t a n d I s h al l
,
i n futu r e for th e sak e of b r e v ity , ,

d e sign at e th e m N an d C Th e t e x t q uot e d b y S
. . .

E pi ph an i u s d i ffe rs i n s om e sligh t r e sp e cts from t h e t e x t

q u ote d at C h al c e d on as th e Fait h of th e 1 5 0 h ol y Fat h e rs o f
C onstan ti n opl e A t th i s poi n t I w il l q u ot e h i s vari ati on s
.

i n i tali cs For t he Gr e e k t e x t I m ust r e fe r to t he

.

A pp e n d ix ( p .

TH E C R EE D o r TH E C O U N C IL or TH E C R EE D Q UO T E D B S E r r Y .

N I C zE A , A. D. 325 . P H A N I U S c A D 374
, . . .

WVe b e l i e v e We b e l i e v e
1 . I n o n e Go d th e Fath e r I 1 i n o n e God t h e F ath e r
. .
,

A l m i ght y mak e r o f a ll ,
Alm i gh ty m ak e r bo t h
,

t h in g s bo th v isi bl e and
, of h e av e n and e ar th
in v isi bl e . and o f a ll th in g s vi si bl e
a n d in v isi bl e .

2 And i n
. Lor d J e s u s
one 2 A n d in o n e L or d J e s u s
.

C hr ist, t h e S o n o f G od , C hr ist t h e o n l y b e go t
,

b egotte n o f t he Fath e r , t e n S o n o f Go d be ,

on l y b e gotte n th at is , go tte n o f H i Fa th e r s

o f t h e s ub stan c e o f t h e b efor e all worl ds— tha t

F ath e r Go d of Go d
, , i s of th e su bsta n ce of
Li gh t o f Li gh t v e ry , th e F a ther — Li gh t o f
G od of v e ry Go d be , Li gh t v e ry Go d of v e r y
,
 '

TH E C RE ED O F TH E C O UN C I L 3

gott e n n o t mad e o f , Go d , b e go tte n n o t

o n e s u bstan c e wit h th e mad e b e in g o f o n e s ub
,

Fa th e r by who m a ll
, s t an c e w ith t h e F ath e r ;
th in g s we r e mad e both , by w ho m a ll t h i g s n

thos e in h e a v e n an d w e r e mad e bo th those ,

tho s e o n e ar th i n h eaven a nd th ose o n

ea r th ;
Wh o fo r u s m e n and for 3 . Wh o for u s m e n an d f o r
our sa lv ati o n c am e our sa lv at i o n c am e d ow n
d ow n and w as i n car f ro m h e a v e n a n d w as ,

nate w as mad e Man

, , in c a r nate o f t h e H ol y
Gho st an d t h e V i rg in
M a ry and was m ad e
,

M an ;
S nfi e re d , 4 . A nd was cruc i fi e d for u s
u nd e r P onti u s P i l ate ,

and s u ff e r e d and was ,

bur i e d .

And ro s e the th i r d d ay , 5 . A n d ro s e ag ain t h e th i r d

d ay a ccor din g t o t h e
S cr ipt ur e s ,

As c e nd e d into h e av e n , 6 . And as c e nd e d int o

h e av e n a n d sitt e t h a t
,

t h e r i gh t h and O f t h e
F ath e r ,

I s co min g t o ju d g e th e 7 . A n d is co m in g a g a in
qu i ck an d d e ad . w it h glor y t o ju d g e t h e
qu i ck and d e a d ; w ho s e
k in g d o m s h a ll h a v e n o
end.

And i n t he H ol y Gho st . III . 8 A n d in t h e H ol y Gho st,

t h e Lor d an d G i v e r o f
l ife w h o p roc e e d e th
,

fro m t h e Fath e r wh o ,

with t he Fath e r an d t h e
S o n t og e t h e r is w or
s h ipp e d and glor i fi e d ,

w ho spak e by t h e P ro
ph e t s :
9 . In one H ol y C athol i c
an d A p ostol i c C hurch .

I Ve a ck n owl e d g e o n e
b aptism f o r th e r e m is
si o n O f sins .

W e look for t h e r e s ur
r e ct i o n o f th e d e ad ,

And t h e l ife o f th e
w orl d t o co me .
4 TH E NICENE CR EED
We h av e n o w to stu d y t h e e v e nts wh i c h le d
u p to t h e
C o u n ci l o f Ni c ae a , an d t h e cou rs e o f t h e di sc ussi o n s i n
wh ich t he C r e e d of t he C ou n ci l was shap e d .

( l ) A r i a s a n d A r i a n i sm
The A ri an h e r e sy h ad i ts roots far back i n t h e d istan t
‘

past b ut i t d i d n ot d e riv e i ts str e ngth from t h e ap p e al

,

to h istory I t app e al e d as m od e rn U n i ta ri an is m app e al s

.
, ,

to t he p r e s e n t rat h e r than t h e past to r e ason rath e r tha n ,

e x p e ri e n c e to fi n d a com prom i s e w h ich m ay be s u m m e d

,

u p i n a s e n te n c e Th e A ri an s cal l e d C h rist goo d b ut

.
‘
,
’

w o u l d n ot i n t h e fu l l s e n s e cal l H i m Go d A ri us h i m ‘
.
’

s e l f worshi p p e d C h rist as Divi n e w h i l e d e n yi ng H is tru e ,

Divi nity a n d d u ri ng t he c ontrov e rs y wh ic h fo llow e d

,

t h e d e claratio n of hi s d e n ial o f t he Ete rn al G e n e rati o n

of t h e 8 0 11 of God m an y o f h i s fol l ow e rs w e r e r e ady n ot
, ,

o n l y to w o rs h i p C h rist b u t e v e n to co nfe ss t h e e ss e nti al

,

Li ke n ess of t h e S o n to t h e Fat h e r B ut t h e p oiso n of .

e rror yi e ld s to n o ot h e r anti d ot e t h an u n d i l u t e d tru th ,

an d at the e n d O f t h e controv e rsy Ari an is m i d e ntifi e d

its e l f w i th t h e ass e rti o n that t h e S o n is u n li ke t he
Fath e r .

H istory r e p e ats its e lf Th e re a re sti l l m e n w h o r e fus e

.

to call C h ri st God an d say \ Ve w i ll cal l C h rist t h e ,

‘

w is e st o f proph e ts t h e n obl e st of t e ac h e rs s e n t fro m God

, ,

t h e fai r e st charact e r am ong t h e so n s o f m e n S o n of Go d ,

i n cl os e st l ik e n e ss to t h e Divi n e Patt e r n o f m an h oo d S o n ,

b y a d option from t h e fi rst d ays o f H i s p u b li c m i n istry,

8 0 11 by grac e conti n u al l y m an i fe st e d i n graci ous w ord s
an d l ovi ng s e lf sa c ri fic e S o n by p e rfe ct e d ob e d i e n c e to
-
,

t h e Fath e r s w i ll d e i fi e d by t h e R e su rr e cti o n from th e

’

d e a d on l y l i k e ou rs e lv e s a c r e ate d b e i ng n ot t h e
, ,

o n l y b e gotte n S o n o f Go d e t e rn al l y G od of Go d of
-
, ,

o n e e ss e n c e w ith t h e Fat h e r i n t he s e n s e i n w h i ch
t h e J e ws u n d e rstoo d o u r Lor d s w o r d s :
“
I an d My
’

Fath e r are o n e ( J u x an d for wh ich th e y tri e d

. .

to sto n e H i m What fol l ows ? M isu n d e rstan d ing m i s e ry

.
’
,

o f wav e ri ng d o ubts an d fe ars Th e A rian h ypot h e sis

.

a n d its m o d e rn su bstitu t e s are i n n o s e ns e a platfor m

6 TH E N IC ENE CRE ED

A ri u s was a cl e v e r an d i nfl u e n ti al pari sh p ri e st i n the ,

d istri ct of Al e xan d ri a k n ow n as B a u c ali s H e i s d e .

scri b e d as tall with a m e la n ch ol y though tfu l fac e a

, , ,

grav e m an n e r a n d a pl e asan t v oic e I t cam e to t h e

, .

e ars o f t h e B i slI O , A l e xan d e r that h e h a d b e e n sp e ak

p ,

i ng O f C h ri st as o n l y t he e l d e st an d h ig h e st O f Go d s ’

c r e atu r e s n ot d e n y i n g H im t h e titl e God bu t e x pl ai n

,
-
,

i ng awa y i ts m e ani n g R e m on stran c e s fol l ow e d by an

.
,

i n te rvi e w p rod uc e d n o e ffe ct A t a m e e ti ng of cl e rgy

, .

t he Bis h op s po k e strongl y Ariu s was s u r e e n ough o f

.

h i ms e l f an d h i s o w n O p i n i o n s to c ri tici s e v e ry s e v e r e l y
t h e t e rm s of t he Bis h op s a dd r e ss as favou ri ng t h e
’

S ab e l li an h e r e sy He fo u n d a l arg e ci rcl e of a d m ir e rs
.

w h o d r e ad e d S ab e l lian ism , wh o w e r e r e a d y to b e l i e v e
th at t h e i d e a of an e t e r nal S on sh i p i s u n thi n k abl e , wh o
w e r e r e ad y to fol lo w t h e popu l ar pr e ach e r wh e n h e
ratio n al is e d t h e i d e a of t h e C h ri stian Trin ity .

S O Ari us le d o n an d w as le d o n by t h e m u ltitu d e
,
It .

i s so e asy to start a p op u lar m ov e m e nt an d s o har d to

co n trol i t H e was carri e d awa y b y a fal s e l ogic A ri u s
. .

ask e d What d o e s the n am e S on m e an ? I f t h e S o n i s a

,

S o n H e m ust h av e com e i nto e xist e nc e afte r H i s Fat h e r

, .

O n c e H e d i d n ot e xist T h e r e was a ti m e w h e n th e S o n
'

w as n ot H i s l ogic s e e m e d to r e qu i r e a fu rth e r d e d uc
.

tio n I f th e r e was a tim e wh e n t h e S o n was n ot th e n

.
,

H e was n ot u n cr e at e d b u t a cr e atu r e ,
A ri u s bro ug h t .

h im s e l f i nto a d i l e m m a Eith e r he m u st be con si d e r e d

.

t o t e ac h t h at t h e r e a r e two God s a h igh e r an d a l ow e r ,

o r m ust be consi d e r e d to t e ach that i t i s rig h t to wo rs h i p

a c r e ate d b e i ng wh i ch i s i d olatry I t w o u ld on ly h a v e
, .

b e e n p ossibl e for h i m to e scap e from t h i s d i l e m m a by

d e n yi ng to th e Lo rd both d ivi n ity an d wors h i p .

Th e fact w as t h at A ri u s was u tt e rl y s h ort si ght e d In -

.

spit e o f warni ngs he i n si ste d o n tran slati n g hi s t h e ori e s

,

i nto pop ul ar forms w rot e songs w h i ch w e r e se t to tu n e s

,

us e d fo r l i c e n tiou s an d com i c songs an d e n co u rag e d i d l e

,

gossi p o n t h e d e e p e st m yst e ri e s o f t h e ology .

S G r e go ry o f Nyssa d e scri b e s t h e situ atio n as i t pre

.

s e n t e d its e l f to h im som e y e ars lat e r v e ry v ivi d l y ‘

Me n .

o f y e ste r d ay an d t h e day b e for e m e r e m e c h ani cs o ffh an d

, ,

d ogm atists i n th e ol ogy s e rvants too an d slav e s t h at

, ,
 TH E CRE ED O F TH E CO UN C I L 7

h a d b e e n fl ogg e d r u n aw ays from s e rv il e w or k , are

,

s ol e m n w ith u s an d p h i l osoph is e ab ou t t h i ngs i n co m

p r e h e nsibl e As k ab ou t p e nc e an d t he tra d e sm an w il l
.
,

d iscuss t he G e n e rat e a n d th e I ng e n e rat e I n qu i r e t h e .

p ric e o f br e a d an d h e w i l l say
,
“
Gr e at e r i s t h e Fath e r
,

a n d th e S o n is l e ss S ay t h at a bath w oul d s uit you

.
,

an d h e d e n e s that t e o n s o u t o f n oth i ng
fi “
h S i “
.

S p e cu l ati o n ran ri ot an d t h e m i sc h i e f b e gan n o t with

,

t h e fact that q u e sti on s w e r e ask e d by al l s orts an d co n

d i t i o n s O f m e n b u t w ith t h e i rr e v e r e n t s pirit i n w hi ch
,

th e y w e r e as k e d .

Th e co ntrov e rs y gr e w an d s pr e a d fro m A l e xan d ri a to

Pal e sti n e Fi n al l y t h e n e ws of d i stu rban c e s caus e d b y
.
,

i t cam e to t h e e ars o f t h e E m p e ro r C on stanti n e , wh o

s e nt H o si u s B ish op of C or d ova to m ak e p e ac e
,
But ,
.

H o si u s w as u n su cc e ssfu l e v e n w it h t h e su p port of a
stro ngl y w or d e d l e tt e r from C o n stanti n e Th e n t h e .

Em p e ror too k th e m om e ntou s ste p o f su m m on i n g a

G e n e ral C o u n ci l O f al l t h e Bi sh ops o f th e C hr i stian
C h u rch .

( 2) The Coun c i l of N i cee a .

The C ou n ci l m e t at Ni c ae a, i n th e p rovi n c e O f
Bith yn ia , i n the North W e st corn e r o f Asi a M i n or I t .

was a pl ac e w e l l a d apte d fo r s u ch a gath e ri ng , e asi l y

ap p roac h e d b y se a o r l an d t h e gr e at R om a n roa d s ,

ra d iati n g from i t i n al l d i r e ctio n s The ad m irabl e p ost .

i ng arra ng e m e nts of t he I m p e rial C iv i l S e rvic e w e r e r e

q u i si t i o n e d Th e bi sh ops w i th th e i r att e nd ants trav e l l e d
.

at t h e p ub l i c e x p e ns e Th u s gath e r e d m or e th a n th r e e
.

h u n dr e d bish ops from al l t h e i m p ortan t c e ntr e s o f

C hu rch l i fe fro m Egypt , S yria A sia W e st e r n Asi a
, , , ,

G r e e c e I tal y Gau l , S pai n S i ci l y an d o u r o w n Br itai n

, , , , .

The att e n d an t pri e sts an d d e aco n s s w e l l e d t h e n u m b e r

to s om e fi ft e e n h u n d r e d .

Th e arl i e st m e e tings o f th e C o u n ci l w e r e h e l d i n a
e
ch u rc h afte rward s i n an O b long h al l o f t he I m p e ri al
,

p alac e w ith b e n c h e s an d ch ai rs rang e d al o n g t h e sid e s

,
.

I n t h e c e ntr e , o n a rais e d s e at, was se t a cop y of t h e H ol y

8 TH E NI C ENE CR EED
Gosp e ls Th e Em p e ror sat o n a sm al l th ron e i n a
.
,

s carl e t rob e b lazi ng w i th j e w e l s H is m ost trust e d.

a d vis e r H o si u s B i sh o p of C o rd ova was o n o n e si d e ;

, ,

o n t h e oth e r E u s e bi u s Bi s h o p of C ae sar e a t h e gr e at
, , ,

C h u rch h istorian Th e r e m e t O ld an d yo u n g ; ag e d
.

b ish ops w h o h ad l iv e d th roug h t h e l ast an d fi e rc e st o f

t h e p e rs e cuti on s , v e t e ran sol d i e rs of t h e C ross wh o h a d
com e ou t of t h e battl e s carr e d an d m u tilat e d by tortur e
an d w it h th e m cam e b e ard l e ss d e aco n s wh o co u l d bar e l y
r e m e m b e r t h e p u bl icatio n O f t he Em p e ro r s e d i ct of ’

tol e rati on , whi c h h a d op e n e d a n e w e ra o f C h u rch e xte n

si o n I t was i n d e e d t h e characte r o f t h e gr e at com pan y
.
, ,

of c o nfe ssors o f t h e Fait h w h ic h gav e so m u ch w e igh t i n

afte r y e ars to t h e d e cisi on s of t h e C ou n ci l .

Pray e rs w e r e r e ad a n d a n a d d r e ss w as pr e s e nt e d to
t h e Em p e ro r wh o e x h ort e d t h e m to u n i ty
, Th e n t h e .

d e l i b e rati o n s b e gan I t s e e m s to h av e b e e n d e ci d e d v e ry
.

soo n t h at t h e o n l y w ay to e n d th e c o ntrov e rsy was to

d ra w u p a form o f c r e e d as a t e st o f orth od ox y to be
sign e d b y bish ops w ith o ut an y i d e a o f s u bstituti ng i t fo r
,

t he Baptismal c r e e d s of t h e c h u rc h e s .

At fi rst t he Bish ops e n d e avou r e d to agr e e o n som e S cri p

tu ral argum e nt w h i ch sh ou l d e ff e ctual ] e xcl u d e t h e Arian
th e ory To th e i r d i sm ay t h e A rian e ad e rs fou n d t h at
.

th e y co u l d n ot cou n t o n t h e su p port o f m or e t h a n som e

s e v e nte e n bish o ps Th e i r co n fi d e n c e O f a sp e e d y v ictory
.

h a d b e e n m is pl ac e d so th e y soug h t r e fug e i n e vasi on

,
.

“7 h e n t h e tra d itio nal S cri ptu ral ph ras e s w h ich w e r e h e l d ,

to t e ach t he e t e rnal God h e ad of t he S o n w e r e b roug h t ,

u p t h e y acq u i e sc e d w h i sp e ri ng to o n e an oth e r an d h i nt
, ,

i ng h ow e ac h ph ras e m ig h t be e m pti e d o f its m e an i ng .

Th e sc e n e h as b e e n v i vi d l y d e scri b e d by S Athanasi u s .

‘
Wh e n b ish ops said th at t h e \Vo rd m u st be d e s cr i b e d as
the
t h e Tru e P ow e r an d I m a g e O f t h e F ath e r i n a ll th in g s e x a c t and
,

l i k e t h e Fath e r an d as u na l te ra bl e a d as a lway s a d a s i
, ,
n ,
n n

H i m w i thou t di v isi o n (for n e v e r wa s t he “ 0 rd n o t bu t H e was 7

,

a lway s e x istin g e v e rl as t in gl y w i th t h e Fa th e r as t h e r adian c e o f

, ,

l i gh t ) E u se b i u s 1 a n d h is fe llow s e nd ur e d ind e e d as n ot da r in g
, ,

to contr adi c t b e in g p u t t o s h am e by t he a rgu m e n t s wh i ch w e r e

,

1 O f N i co m e di a .
 TH E CRE ED -
O F TH E C O UN C I L 9

urg e d ag ainst t h em bu t inste ad th e y w e r e c augh t wh ispe r in g t o

,

e a ch o t h e r an d win k in g w it h th e i r e y e s t h at l i k e an d a lw ay s “ “ ”
, , ,

an d
“
p o w e r an d i n H i m w e r e as b e fore co m m o n to u s and t h e
,
” “
,
”
, ,

S o n an d th at it was n o difficul ty t o a gr e e to t h e s e As to li ke
“ ”
.
, ,

t h e y s aid th at it is wr itt e n o f u s M a n is t h e i m ag e an d glory o f ,

Go d ( 1 C o r x i 7 ) alw ay s th at it was wr itten For we w h i ch

,
”
. .
,
”
,

l i v e ar e alw ay ( 2 C o r i 11) i n Him I n H i m we l i v e an d

. v.
“
,
”

m ov e a d h a v e our b e in g (A c ts xv ii
n u n a l te r abl e th at it .
,
”

is wr itte n N o th in g s h a ll s e pa r ate u s fro m t h e lov e o f C hr ist

,
“
,

( Ro m v iii 35 Wh o sh a ll sep a r a te) : as to p ow e r th at t h

”
. . ,
e
,

c a t e r pi ll ar an d th e locu st a re c a ll e d p ow e r an d gr e at p ow e r ”

( J o e l ii a n d t h a t it is O ft e n said o f t h e p e o p l e f o r instan c e
.
, ,

A ll t h e p ow e r o f t h e Lor d c am e ou t o f t h e l and o f E g y pt
“ ”

( E x x ii
. .a n d th e r e a re o th e r s a l s o h e av e n l y o n e s f o r S cr ip , ,

ture say s Th e Lor d o f p ow e r s is wit h u s th e Go d o f J a cob is

, ,

our r efug e (P s xlv i 7 ) I nd e e d A ste r i u s by ti tl e t h e S o p h ist

. . .
, , ,

h ad said t h e l i k e i n wr itin g h av ing l e arn e d it from th e m an d , ,

b efor e h im A r i u s h a v in g l e a r n e d i t a l s o as h as b e e n said B u t
, ,
.

t he b is ho ps dis c e r nin g i n t h is t oo th e i r dissi m ul ati o n an d wh e r e ,

as i t is wr i tt e n D e c e it is i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e i rr e l i g i ou s th at
,
“

i m ag in e e v i l (P rov x ii ”
w e r e ag ain co m p e ll e d o n t h e i r par t
. .

t o coll e c t th e s e ns e O f t h e S cr ipt ur e s an d t o r e s ay an d r e wr it e ,

wh at th e y h a d said b efor e m or e distin c tl y sti ll nam e l y th at , , ,

1 w it h t h e F a th e r
t h e S o n is o n e i n e ss e n c e ; by way o f si g nify
i n g t h at t h e S o n was f ro m t h e F ath e r a n d n o t m e r e l y l i k e bu t , ,

t he sam e i n l i k e n e ss an d o f s how in g th at t h e S o n s l i k e n e ss an d
’
,

u n al te r abl e n e ss w as diffe r e nt from s uch co py o f t h e s am e as is

as cr i b e d to u s wh i ch we a cqu i r e fro m v i rtu e o n t h e gr o u nd o f
,

O b s e rv an c e o f t h e co mm and m e nts
2 ’
.

The d ay of
d e cisiv e m e e ti ng cam e an d Eus e b i u s
t he ,

of Ni com e di a appar e ntly c o n vi n c e d t h at h al f m e asu r e s

,

w e r e u s e l e ss p r e s e nt e d a stat e m e n t o f h is b e l i e f i n wh i ch
, ,

t h e A ri a n b e li e f w as c on ci s e l y e x p r e ss e d I t w as m e t .

wi t h angry clam o u r a n d t h e d o c u m e n t w as tor n to

pi e ces .

The n c am e for war d Eu s e bi us of C ae sar e a r e n ow n e d fo r ,

h is gr e at s e rvi c e s to C h ri sti an l e ar ni ng b u t as P r ofe ssor ,

G wat ki n says
’
n e ith e r a gr e at m an n o r a cl e ar th i n k e r
,
.

H i s th e ology w as h a z y an d h e was sp ok e sm an for t h e ,

gr e at b u lk O f t he bi sh ops w h o cam e fro m S yri a an d A si a

M i nor an d h a d l ittl e k n ow l e dg e O f A rian i sm an d sm all
,

capacity to d isc e r n its d an g e r E u s ebi u s p rod u c e d a .

1 Gk . ho mo -
o u si o s
-
.
2 D e d ecr e ti s ,
20 .
10 TH E NI CENE C RE ED

form ul a, con si sti ng of t h e c r e e d O f h i s ow n ch u rch ,

tog e t h e r w it h an a dd itio n m o d e l l e d on t he C r e e d o f
Lu cian an d d i r e ct e d agai n st S ab e ll iani sm .

Th is h e sai d was w h at h e h a d l e ar n t as a cat e ch um e n

, ,

a n d taught as a p ri e st an d a bish op F ro m t he p oi n t of .

vi e w o f S cri ptu r e an d trad iti o n i t was i rr e p roachabl e .

B ut i t l ai d n o e m phasis o n t h e e t e rn al S o nshi p I ts .

ph ras e s Fi rst b e gott e n o f al l cr e ati o n an d b e for e al l

‘ ‘ ’

ag e s m igh t m e an as G wat ki n p oi nts o ut , b e gott e n

’

,
‘

(‘n ot e“t e rnal l y b ut ) b e fo r e oth e r th i ngs w e r e cr e at e d

’

, .

I ts Go d o f Go d w as n o m or e th a n A ri u s h ad re
pe at e d ly co n fe ss e d w h i l e i ts sol itary ,
was m a d e fl e sh
l e ft t h e wh ol e d octri n e o f t h e I n carn ati o n i n u n c e r
’
1
tai n ty .

Th e E m p e ror e x pr e ss e d h i s approval b u t was prom pt e d ,

i t s e e m s b y Ho si u s to i n s e rt t he wor d homo o usi os O f -

‘

’
o n e su bstan c e E u s e bi u s o f C ae sar e a con fe ss e s i n h i s
.

l e tte r th at t h e w or d was O f ol d u sag e i n t h e C h u rch .

Te rtu lli a n has t h e p h ras e O f the s u bstan c e of th e ‘

Fath e r 2 Poss ibl y O rig e n h ad us e d t h e w ord 3 I t

.
’
.

m e ans as h as b e e n w e l l sai d , t h e i n m ost b e i ng of th e

,
‘

Fath e r H i s v e ry s e l f The tran sl ati o n s ubsta n c e w h ic h

,
.

com e s to u s th rough t h e Lati n ( s u bstan t i a e sse n t i a) i s z

n ot sati sfactory “
Ess e n c e har d ly con v e ys to E ngli sh
.

e ars t h e r e al m e ani ng an d
“ ”
n atu r e too i s stri ctl y q u it e
,

i na d e q u at e Th e p h ras e i s i nt e n d e d to m ark t h e
.

e ss e ntial u n ity of t h e S o n w ith t h e Fath e r d e clari ng ,

that He has H i s e xist e n c e fro m n o so u rc e e xt e rn al to t h e

Fath e r b ut i s o f t h e v e ry b e i ng of t h e Fat h e r— so th at
,

t h e Fat h e r H im s e l f i s n ot d o e s n ot e x ist i s n ot , ,

co n c e iv e d of as h av i n g b e i ng apart fro m t h e S o n
’
.
,

Th e w ord h ad b e e n u s e d b y Pau l O f S a m o sa ta an d ,

accor d i ng to som e w ri te rs h ad b e e n con d e m n e d by a

C ou n ci l at A n tioc h i n A D 26 9 B u t t h e e vi d e n c e i s
. . .

c on fl icti ng an d for ou r p r e s e nt p u rpos e i t d o e s n ot

,

m att e r wh e th e r t h e e arl i e r C ou n ci l ha d c o n d e m n e d i t or

1
Gwatki n , S tu d i es o f A r i a n i sm, 42p . .

2 I n P ram , 4 . .
3 Vi d P am h A
p .
p l , 5 . o . .

4Be thu
ne B a -
ke r ,
I n tr od . to E a r ly H i st of Chr i sti a n D tr i ne ,
. oc
p . 168 n 5 . .
 TH E C R E ED O F TH E CO UNCI L 11

TH E C R EE D O F E U S EB I U S . TH E C R EE D O F TH E CO UN C IL .

We b e l i e v e We be l I e v e
I . 1 . i n o n e Go d t h e F ath e r ,
I . 1 . in Go d th e F at h e r
one ,

A l m i gh ty t h e m ak e r ,
A l m i gh ty mak e r o f ,

o f a ll t h in g s v isi bl e a ll th in g s v isi bl e and

a n d in v isi bl e . in v isi bl e .

2 . A n d i n o n e Lor d J e s u s II . 2 . A n d i n o n e Lor d J e s u s
C hr ist t h e W or d o f ,
C hr ist the S on
,
of

Go d Go d o f Go d , , Go d b e got te n o f th e
,

Li gh t o f Li gh t Life ,
F ath e r o n ly b e gotte n
, ,

of Life S on O nly ,
th at is o f t h e s ub stan c e
b e gotte n fir st bor n o f ,
o f t h e F at h e r Go d o f ,

e v e r y cr e a t ur e b e f or e ,
Go d Li gh t o f Li gh t
, ,

all t h e ag e s b e got te n ,
v e r y Go d o f v e ry Go d ,

fro m t h e Fath e r by ,
b e go tte n n o t mad e O f ,

whom al s o a ll th ing s o n e s ub stan c e w it h t h e

w e r e mad e F ath e r by whom a ll ,

th in g s w e r e mad e bo t h ,

t h o se i n h e av e n an d t h o se
on e arth
3 . Wh o our sa lvati o n
fo r 3 . Wh o u s m e n and
fo r
wa s m ad e fl e s h and ,
f o r our salv ati o n c am e
l i v e d as a c iti z e n d ow n and w as mad e
a m on g m e n ,
fl e s h and l i v e d as Ma n
,

am o n g m e n ,

4 . A n d s ff e e d u r 4 . S u ff e r e d ,

5 . A nd ro g
s e a ain th e th i rd 5 . A n d ro s e th e t h i r d d ay .

d ay ,
6 . c
A n d as e nd e d t o t he 6 . As c e nd e d int o h e av e n .

F ath e r ,

7 7 .

8 An d wi ll com e again I s comin g t o ju d g e th e 8 .

in glor y t o j u d g e qu i ck and d e ad .

t h e qu i ck an d d e ad .

9 A n d we b e l i e v e a l s o i n II I 9 A n d in th e H ol y Gho st
. . . .

o n e H ol y Gho st
B l i vi g
e e ch f th to b d
n ea B u t th o wh
o y O c H w
e se e an se o sa n e e as

to xi t t h F th r truly
e s e a e no t , r H w b
’
a nd B e fo e e as e

F th r t rul y S g tt H w
,

d H
’
a d th S
e an e on on, o ten e as n o an e

H oly G h t trul y c m i to xi t c out f

, ,

an d th e os a e n e s en e o

H ol y G h t l osL rd , a s a so o u r o wh t w aor Th t th as no t,
’ ‘
a e

d i g for h H i d i c i pl d i ff r t
,

se n n f t s s es or S f G d w
on o f o as o a e en

t h pr
e ch i g id G t ch
ea n sa O ea c ( hy p t i ) b i g
e sse n e o s as s ~
or e n

or Th t H w
,

ti b pti i g th m i
,
‘
a ll na o ns a z n e n a e as

th m f th F th r d f m d i c h g bl or ‘
’
e na e o e a e an o a e, or s an ea e
d of t h H ol y G h t m ut bl t ho t h C t h l i c
’ ’
th S e o n an e os . a e, se e a o

C o c r i g wh m w
n e n n 0 fi o e c n C hurc h th m ti ana e a se s .

l t ly ffirm th t
( en a w h ld a so e o
w t hi k
,

an d so d ew n , an so e

h v h ld f r ti m
a e e d w a o e e, an e
m i t i t hi f i t h
a n a n t th s a un o e

d th ea th m ti i g v y
, an a e a s n e er

g dl o h r y
e ss e es .
12 TH E NICENE CR EED
n ot Th e y h ad c e rtai nl y n ot c on d e m n e d i t i n th e s e n s e
.

i n w h ic h i t was u s e d by t h e N ic e n e C ou n ci l ‘ .

O n t h e ot h e r h an d A ri u s h ad d i sclai m e d i t ’ an d ,

E u s e bi u s o f Ni com e d i a h ad w ritte n i n a l e tt e r : I f we call

H i m t h e S o n o f t h e Fat h e r an d u n cr e ate th e n ar e we ,

granti n g th at He i s o n e i n e ss e n c e ( homo
A ccor d i ng to S A m bros e 3 t h i s i n fl u e n c e d t h e C o u n ci l i n
.
,

ad opti ng t h e t e rm .

I t i s a m istak e to s u ppos e that S A t h an asi us i n siste d .

o n i t as e ss e n tial S o l ong as m e n h e l d t h e truth w h i ch

.

i t co n v e y e d h e w as co nt e n t H is attitu d e to war d s i t was

,
.

al ways l o y al bu t as Lo ofs puts i t : He was m ou l d e d ‘

t h
,

by e Ni c e n e C r e e d , d id n ot m ou l d i t h im s e l f "
1
.

H av in g d e ci d e d th i s cru ci al poi nt th e C ou n ci l ,

d e t e r m i n e d t o ov e r h au l th e C r e e d y e t fu rt h e r a n d m a d e ,

som e ot h e r i m p ortan t c h ang e s .

Th e word S o n was pu t fi rst i n p l ac e of Logos

’
‘

Th e i n s e rti o n of t h at i s of t he s u bstan c e o f t h e Fat h e r

’

as w e ll as O f o n e su bstanc e an d Go d o f God was

‘
,
’ ‘
,
’

sp e cial l y d i r e ct e d agai n st E us e bi u s of Nicom e d i a .

Droppi n g l i fe of l i fe an d first born o f al l c r e atio n ’

‘ ‘ ’

th e y i n s e rt e d tru e G o d o f tru e God an d t h e n r e su m e d

‘
,
’

b e gott e n n ot m a d e parall e l to b e gott e n o f t h e Fath e r

’

contrasting t h e two parti ci pl e s w h ich t h e Arian co n

fus e d .

To was i n carn at e t h e y a dd e d ‘ l iv e d as m an am on g
‘ ’

me n .
’ "
I n G wat ki n s word s Th u s the Lo r d too k som e
’
,

t h i ng m or e th an a m e r e h u m an b o d y : b ut i t was l e ft
u n d e ci d e d w h e t h e r H e assu me d h u m an n atu r e o r m e r e l y
e nt e r e d i nto u n io n w ith a m an N e stori an e rror o n t h e
.

’
5
I n carn ati on i s sti l l l e ft O p e n bu t A rian i s s hu t ou t,
.

To t h e C r e e d w e r e ad d e d anat h e m as as M r Tu rn e r , .

s ays o n l y b e cau s e t h e C r e e d i s n o l ong e r t h e laym an s

’

con fe ssi o n of fait h bu t t h e bisho p s Th e O ld pri n ci pl e

,
’
.

that t h e profe ssi o n o f b e li e f o f cat e ch u m e n s s h oul d be

p ositi v e i n ch aract e r i s n ot i n fri ng e d : t h e C ou n ci l h as
n ot e v e n i n vi e w t h e cas e o f t he cl e rgy sti l l l e ss th at o f ,

1 S e e G ibs o n , p 1 26 . .

2 E pi p h an i us, H a e r , 69 . .
3 D e fid e , iii . 7 .

4 L e i tf a d en , p 15 1. .
5 0p . cit .
,
p . 45 .
14 THE NICENE CR EED

m an y s u pport e rs , alth ough for a l o n g ti m e h i s party w e r e

u n ab l e to d e clar e th e i r poli cy The fi rst st e p w as to .

O btai n t h e r e cal l o f A rian l e ad e rs O II t h e str e n gt h O f th e i r

g e n e ral p ro fe ssi on s of ort h o d ox b e l i e f Th e n e xt w as t o .

attac k N ic e n e l e ad e rs O n vari ou s pr e te xts S Athan asi u s ,

. .

wh o h ad s u cc e e d e d A l e xan d e r as Bish op o f A l e xan d ri a ,

an d M arc e l l u s o f A n cyra w e r e d e os e d from th e i r s e e s

p , .

Th e y cam e back aft e r C on stanti n e s d e ath b u t w e r e s oo n ,

agai n e xi l e d Th e way was th e n p re par e d fo r a fu rth e r

.

attack o n t h e Ni c e n e C r e e d n ot so m uch by op e n ly ,

d e n yi n g it as b y r e pl aci ng i t wi th som e th i ng e ls e The

, .

A ri an s tri e d to fi n d a form u l a whi ch e v e ry o n e wh o

d i sl i k e d th e w or d homo ousi os wou l d acc e pt -
.

I n A O 341 a C o u n ci l m e t o n t h e occasi o n o f t he
. .

d e d icatio n of C o n stan ti n e s Gol d e n C h u rch at A n ti och

’
.

Th e A rian bis h ops u n d e r E u s e bi u s form e d a com pact

b od y an d b e ga n t h e w or k o f C r e e d m ak i ng W hi l e
, .

p rofe ssi ng to acc e pt t he Ni c e n e C r e e d t h e y b rough t

forward an oth e r wh i ch was r ej e ct e d Th e n a C r e e d w as
, .

agr e e d u po n w h i ch i s com m on l y call e d t h e Sec on d Cr eed

of A n ti oc h I t i s of som e i m portan c e b e caus e i t aft e rwar d s
.
,

b e cam e a st e ppi ng ston e by wh i c h s om e s e m i A rian s lat e r

- -

o n a d van c e d to ful l acc e ptan c e o f N i c e n e lan g uag e .

I t i s cat h ol i c i n t he ass e rti o n o f th e e xact l i k e n e ss o f ‘

t h e S o n to t he Fat h e r s e ss e n c e
’ ’ ’
‘
Th e wor d e ss e n c e .
,

h on e stly acc e pt e d w ou l d co n fu te an y att e m pt to e xplai n

,

i t aw ay by t h e m e ntal r e s e rvati on t h at th i s h a d n ot b e e n
al ways tru e C at h ol i c al so i s t h e ph ras e
. m e d iator ‘

b e tw e e n G o d an d m e n ’
B u t i t m arks t h e b e gi n n i ng o f
.

a d octri nal r e acti on Th e ph ras e s wh i ch E us e bi u s o f

.

C ae sar e a h a d p rop os e d to e xcl u d e S ab e l l ian i sm r e ap pe ar l

.

\ Vhat i s m or e i m p ortan t t h e t e rm ho m o o u s i os i s om itt e d

,
-
.

Un d e r s u ch ci rcu m stan c e s i t was of l ittl e avai l to b e at u p

S cri ptu ral ph ras e s to d e fe n d t h e Lord s Di vi n i ty Th e
’

A ri an s gai n e d b y th is c r e e d A s G wat ki n says t h e y .

,
‘

c o u l d n o t e x p e ct an y d ir e ct san cti o n fo r th e i r d octri n e ;

bu t t h e y coul d r e tu r n to t h e C h u rch as soo n as i t h ad
c e as e d to be e xp r e s sl y forbid d e n B ut i f t h e A ri an s cam e .

i n at o n e d oo r t h e N i c e n e s w e nt ou t at anoth e r
,
Th e r e .

1 Vi d my I n tr od u t i on ,
. c p . 83 .
 TH E CRE ED O F THE C O UN C I L 15

was n o al te rnativ e fo r wh e n o n c e t h e co n trov e rsial

claus e s h ad b e e n sol e m n ly i n s e rt e d i n t h e cr e e d i t was ,

i m p ossibl e to d ro p th e m w it h o u t m ak i ng t h e Lor d s
’

Di vi n ity a n op e n q u e sti o n
’
1
.

Wh e n t h e w ay h a d o n c e b e e n op e n e d for m ak i n g n e w
cr e e d s th e art fl o u rish e d The party that ral l i e d rou n d
.

Eu s e bi u s o f Ni c om e d i a w e r e n ot agr e e d am on g th e m
s e lv e s A n d d i r e ctl y th e y v e ntu r e d to d e c lare a pol i cy
.

o f th e i r o w n , t h e party b e ga n to fal l to p i e c e s Th e y .

m a d e cr e e d aft e r cr e e d b u t al l i n vai n Th e p ol itical

,
.

A rians o r E us e bian s w e r e w ill i ng to say th at th e S o n i s

, ,

l i k e ( ho moi os) t h e Fath e r , or e v e n e ss e nti al ly l i k e ( ho mo i

o usi os) Both th e s e t e rm s had b e e n u s e d b y S Athan asi u s
. .

h i ms e lf a s com patibl e w ith homo ousi os B ut t h e u ltra

,
-
.

A rian s argu i ng from t h e p oi n t o f v i e w th at l i k e n e ss i s a

,

r e lati v e t e rm an d m ay i m pl y s om e d e gr e e of u n l i k e n e ss ,
,

rej e ct e d t he w or d homo i o usi os an d tri e d to twist t h e

-
,

w or d homoi os i nto a c o n form it y w i th th e i r ow n t e n e ts .

Th e y r e al l y h e l d that t h e S o n i s u n li k e (a n o mo i os) t he
Fath e r A n e w coali ti o n was e ngi n e e r e d by Val e ns a n
.
,

A ri a n bi sh op o f t h e you n g e r g e n e rati o n b e tw e e n t h e ,

u ltra Arian s a n d thos e pol iti cal A ri an s wh o o n l y wi sh e d

-

to say th at t h e S o n i s l i k e ( homo i o s) t h e Fath e r Th e y .

m et i n a s m al l syn o d at S irm i u m i n A D 35 7 an d c o m . .
,

p l e t e ly ov e rr e ach e d th e m s e lv e s T h e y ass e rt e d th e u n i qu e
.

I o d h e a d of t h e Fat h e r an d t h e s u bj e ctio n of t h e S o n t o
,

t h e Fath e r pr oscri bing both ho mo o usi os an d ho mo i o u si os

,
- -
,

an d al l d iscu ssio n of t h e w or d e ss e nc e as ap pl i e d to
‘ ’

God Th u s t h e w ay was l e ft O p e n for t he u ltra Arian s

.
-

o r A n omoean s to m ai ntai n t h e e ss e ntial u n l i k e n e ss of

‘ ’

t h e S o n to t h e Fath e r B u t th i s tru m p e t bl ast o f d e fian c e

.
-
,

wh i ch m or e cl e arly tha n an yt h i n g r e v e al e d th e d u pl i ci ty
O f t h e A ri an s fright e n e d t h e m o r e m o d e rat e m e n
,
wh o ,

h ad h ith e rto l e n t th e m th e ir su pport Th e y m e t at A n cyra .

i n 358 an d d r e w u p a stat e m e n t o f th e i r b e l i e f wh i ch was

, ,

al most N ic e n e W h e n t h e Em p e ror J u l ian cam e to t h e

.

t h ro n e h is poli cy was to k i l l t h e C h u rc h b y r e stori ng t he ,

e x il e s an d al lo wi n g fr e e scop e fo r i nt e sti n e q u ar r e l l i n g
, .

B u t t h e r e su l t w as v e ry d i ff e r e nt from h i s e x p e ctati on s .

1 0p . c i t. , p . 66 .
 16 THE NI C ENE CR EED
Pr e ss e d by t h e tyran n y o f fi rst o n e an d th e n an oth e r
A ri an party t h e m or e ol d fash ion e d bish ops a n d th e s e m i
,
-

A ri an s s way e d ov e r to t he N i c e n e doctri n e ‘
Bish o p .

aft e r bis h op cam e ov e r to t he Ath an asian si d e cr e e d ,

aft e r c r e e d was r e m o d e ll e d 0 11 t he Ni c e n e B u t th e d e ath .

’

of J u li an d e la y e d t h e u lti m ate tri u m p h for tw e nty y e ars .

Th e East e rn Em p e ror was a m e r e too l i n t h e h an d s of

A rian i ntri gu e rs l i k e Val e n s a n d Ursac i u s w h o sai d that
-
,

l i k e t he Fath e r bu t tol e rat e d a n d e v e n

’
t he S o n i s
‘
,

su ppo rt e d t h e d octri n e t h at H e is u n l i k e .

Th e Em p e ror Val e n s vigoro u sl y p e rs e cu t e d thos e w h o

u ph e ld t h e Nic e n e cr e e d B ut h e cou l d n ot stay th e
.

fl owi ng ti d e A n e w ge n e ratio n of th e ol ogian s was grow

.

i ng u p fu l l o f a dm i rati o n for t h e n ob l e sp i ri t O f Athan asi us

, ,

an d m uch m ov e d b y t h e app e al o f h i s work O n the Co un c i ls ,

i n wh ich h e e x pos e d Arian i ntrigu e s an d ask e d fo r p ray e r ,

th at al l strife a n d rival ry m ig h t c e as e an d futil e q u e s ,

t i o n i n g s be co n d e m n e d a n d stri fe s a bo u t w ord s an d th at
, ,

t h e truth m igh t s hi n e agai n i n t h e h e arts of al l .

S Basi l t h e G r e at at that ti m e a yo u n g d e acon wh o

.
, ,

h a d accom pan i e d S Basi l O f A n cyra from t h e S yn o d o f

.

S e l e ucia to C o n stanti n opl e adopt e d t h e w or d s of S Ath an

, .

asi u s : O n e God we con fe ss o n e i n n atu r e n ot i n

‘
,

n u mb e r for n u m b e r b e lon gs to t he cat e gor y of q ua ntity

,

n e ith e r Li k e n o r Un l ik e for t h e s e t e rm s b e l on g ,

to t h e cate gory o f q uality H e that i s e ss e ntially

Go d i s co e ss e ntial wi th H im th at i s e ss e ntial l y G od , , .

I f I am to state m y o w n opi n i on I acc e pt Li k e i n ,

‘

w i t h t he ad d iti on of e xactl y as i d e n tical i n

’ ’
e ss e n c e , ,

bu t e xac t ly l i k e [wi t h ou t
’ ’
‘ ‘
s e ns e w ith co e ss e nti al
‘
e ss e n c e I s u spe c t A ccor d i ngly si n c e c o e sse n t i al
.
‘ ’

i s t he t e rm l e ast op e n to abu s e o n t h is grou n d I to o ,

a d opt i t 1 I t i s o f gre at i m porta n c e to n oti c e t h i s an d

’
.

si m i lar stat e m e nts of S Basi l It has i n r e c e n t y e ars

. .

b e e n s a i d b y som e sch ol ars s uch as Dr H arn ack an d .

Profe sso r S e e b e rg t h at aft e r A D 36 2 t h e A ntioc h e n e s

,
. .

an d t h e C ap pad oci an fath e rs S Basil S Gr e gor y O f N yssa ,

.
, .

an d S Gr e gory of N az i an z u s r e all y su rr e n d e r e d t h e
.
,

Ni c e n e p ositi on an d w e r e foll ow e d by t h e r e st of t he
,

1 Ep . v iii . 9 .
 THE CRE ED O F THE C O UN C I L 17

C ath oli c C h u rc h at th e C o u n ci l of C o n stanti n opl e I t .

i s u rg ed th at w h i l e th e y acc e pt e d t h e w or d homo ou si os -

t h e y i nt e rpr e t e d i t i n a s e n s e w h i c h m a d e i t e q u ival e n t
to homo i o usi os Th e y a re th e r e for e sai d to h av e fou n d e d
-
.

a n e w ort h o d ox y wh i ch w as s u bsta ntial l y S e m i Arian -

.

B ut it w oul d be far m or e tru e to say that th e y o n l y acc e pt e d

ho moi o usi os so far as i t i m pl i e d ho mo o usi os
-
, N e it h e r -
.

th e y , n or t h e C h u rch as a w h ol e w ou l d h av e c om m itt e d ,

t h e fol ly o f givi n g away t h e tru t h th at t h e S o n o f G o d is

e ss e ntial l y d ivi n e Th e th e ory of Dr H ar n ack th at t h e
. .

C hu rch e xch ang e d a b e l i e f i n t h e e s s e n ti al u n ity of b e i ng ,

for a b e l i e f i n a m e r e l ik e n e ss of b e i ng has th u s b e e n ,

fit ly criticis e d by M r B e th u n e Bak e r .
-
.

‘
Th i s i s i n e ff e ct to say th at i t was p e rm itt e d to ,

b e li e v e i n th re e b e i ngs w ith n atu r e s li k e e ach oth e r o usi a

“ ”
r e c e ivin g a s e ns e m or e n e arl y e qu ival e nt to nat u r e
than to b e i ng I nst e a d o f o n e Go d h e a d , e x isti ng pe r
.

m an e n t ly e t e rn all y — i n th r e e d isti n ct form s o r s ph e r e s

o f e x i st e n c e th e r e w o u l d be th r e e d isti n ct fo rm s o f
,

e x ist e nc e of l i k e n atu r e with e ac h oth e r w hich tog e th e r ,

m ak e u p t h e Go d h e a d Th i s am ou nts to sayin g t h at a
.

d octri n e w h i ch i s h ard l y to be d i sti ngu ish e d from p ol y

th e ism e xc e pt i n t h e l im itatio n of t h e n u m b e r of Go d s
,

to th r e e was u lti m at e l y acc e pt e d by th e C h u rch S u c h

, .

a con cl u sio n wo ul d i n d e e d be a scath ing sati r e o n t h e

w or k of cou n ci ls an d th e ologian s t h e N ic e n e Faith
at last triu m p h an t— th e w h ol e C h urch o f t h e East at
last co nv i n c e d th at its t e rm s alon e e xpr e ss an d safe gu ar d
s o m u ch o f t h e truth as h u m an m i n d s can appr e h e n d
t h e Nic e n e C r e e d agai n a ffirm e d — its ch i e f watch w o r d
proclai m e d : an d al l i n a d i ffe r e n t ! t h e v e ry s e n s e o f
t h at v e ry rival t e r m agai n st w h ich t h e w h ol e b attl e h a d
b e e n w ag e d 1 .
’
B u t th is n e w r e a d i ng o f h istor y i s a
para d ox . I t i s n ot r e all y s u p port e d b y t he e vi d e nc e
’
cit e d i n its favou r 2 .

O n e wor d i n co n cl usi o n o n t h e h istory o f t h e C r e e d i n

t h e W e st H ilary o f Poiti e rs was a m an o f go o d bi rth
.
,

h ighl y e d ucat e d a stu d e n t of N e w Plato n i sm wh o w as

,
-
,

1 Texts a n d S tud i es vol , . v ii NO 1

. . C am br id g e , 1901
. .

2 I n tr od to E a r ly H i st
. .
f
o Chr i sti a n Doc tr i n e, p 194 . .

B
18 TH E NICENE CRE ED
co nv e rte d to C hristian ity i n t he m atu rity of h i s pow e rs .

H e cam e to t h e fait h as S A ugusti n e sa y s l i k e C yprian

.
‘

a n d ot h e rs wi t h t he gol d an d si lv e r a n d raim e n t of
He b e cam e a Bi sh op abo ut 350 A D Th r e e
’
Egypt . . .

y e ars l at e r w h e n S At h anasi us w as co n d e m n e d b y a
,
.

C ou n ci l at A rl e s o n fals e c h arg e s o f i m m oral it y H ilary

was p ro babl y pr e s e n t an d acc e p t e d t h e Em p e ror s w o r d .

Two y e ars afte rward s h e d iscov e r e d h i s m i stak e an d to o k

h is si d e w ith t h e p e rs e cu t e d Nic e n e pa rty Fro m h i s .

O wn l i ps we h e ar t h at h e n e v e r h e a r d t h e Ni c e n e C r e e d
u n ti l e x il e d fo r t h e tr u th wh ich i t gu ard e d H e was .

c harg e d w i t h fom e nti ng pol iti cal d isco rd I f he h ad .

k e pt q u i e t h e wou l d h av e b e e n l e ft al o n e A s i t was h e .

w as ban is h e d to Asia M i n or w h i ch w as a fata l m istak e ,

o f A rian p olicy H e was t h u s bro ug h t i nto tou c h w i t h

.

t h e Ni c e n e l e a d e rs an d al l h i s vigo ur of m i n d was
,

e x e rt e d to e x pl ai n t h e East to t h e W e st to r e m ov e m is ,

u n d e rstan d i ng to s e co n d t h e gr e at w ork of S Ath a nasi u s

,
.

w h e n he l abo ur e d to wi n t h e con fi d e n c e o f t he S e m i
A ri an s W h e n h e was al low e d to r e tu r n to Gau l t h e
.

v i ctory was assu r e d A ri an ism w on p artial an d l ocal

.

s u pr e m acy at t he co urts of c onqu e ri ng Go th i c ki n g s bu t ,

t h e ti d e o f N ic e n e i n fl u e n c e was al ways r isi ng an d t h e ,

h ig h ti d e of Gal li ca n orth odoxy i n t he fi ft h c e ntu r y

u n d e r t he gr e at bish ops of t he s c h ool of Le ri n s H il ary ,

of Arl e s Lu p us Faustu s Cae sa r i u s spr e ad e v e ntu al ly to

, , , ,

Visigot h i c S pai n .

T h e follo wi n g wor d s of S H i lar y of Poiti e rs ca n n e v e r

.

be q uot e d too oft e n to p rov e h ow si nc e r e l y an d m o d e stly , ,

an d fait h ful ly h e acc e pt e d t he t e ac h i ng o f t h e C r e e d .

A lo n e th e y o ffe r s u fli c i e n t p roof t h at i ts ad vocat e s w e r e

n o t d ryas d u st d ogmatists e ag e r o nl y fo r v e rbal an d
,

l ogical tri um ph s

F aith ful s oul s woul d be con t e nte d w ith t he w or d of Go d

wh i ch b ids u s Go t e ach all na t i o ns b apt i z in g th e m i n t h e n am e
,

o f th e F ath e r an d of t h e S o n a n d o f t he H ol y Ghos t
, , B ut .
”

we a r e dr a w n by t he fa ult s o f our h e re t i ca l o pp on e nts t o d o

t h in g s u n l a wful to s ca l e h e i gh ts in a cc ssi bl e to spe a k ou t wh a t
,
e ,

is u nspe a ka bl e t o p r e s u m e wh e r e we ought n o t A n d wh e re as i t
,
.

is by fai th a lon e th a t we s houl d wors h ip t he Fa th e r a n d r e v e r ,

e n c e t h e S o n an d be fi ll e d wit h t he S pi r i t we are n o w obl i g e d to

, ,
 TH E CRE ED O F THE C O UN C I L 19

str ain our w e a k hu man l an gu a ge i n t h e u tte r a n c e of th in g s

b e y ond i ts s cop e ; f orc e d into th is e v i l p roc e d ur e by t h e e v i l
p roc e d ur e o f our fo e s H e n c e wh at s houl d be m atte r o f si l e nt
.
,

r e l i g i ou s m e di t ati o n m u st n ow n e e ds be i m p e r i ll e d by e x po siti o n
i n w or ds 1
’
.

\Ve com e back to t h e p robl e m o f probl e m s W e r e .

S H ilary an d S Atha nasi u s p layi n g w ith sh ad ow s ?

. . Or
w e r e th e y abl e to se e a l ittl e b e tt e r tha n oth e rs y e t as i n ,

a glass d ark ly som e th i n g m or e o f th e li gh t of tr uth ?

,

S H i la r y li k e S A u g u sti n e aft e r h i m b as e d t h e d octri n e

.
, .
,

of t he Tri n ity o n t h e bapti sm al form u l a o f t h e C h ri stian

C h u rch A s Dr I lli ngw orth h as w e l l sai d : Th e r e
. .
‘

su lt i n g cr e e d s a re n ot h i ng m or e t h an t h e aut h ori s e d
e pitom e s of w h at i n v i e w of th e i r c om p os e rs t h e G osp e l s
, ,

c on tai n C on cr e t e facts wh e n th e y are tran sl at e d i n to

.

t h e t e rm s of s ci e n c e o r ph i l osoph y l oo k v e r y u n l i k e
th e m s e lv e s A d ai sy for e x am pl e i s n o t li k e its
.
, ,

botan ical d e scripti o n n or a son ata li k e its m u sical s cor e

,
.

A n d s o t he si m pl e p assw or d t h at giv e s e n tran c e i nto a

worl d w i d e fam il y w i l l n atu ral l y di li e r fro m t h e i nt e l
-
,

l e ctual stat e m e n t o f w h at a gr e at r e ligi o n m e an s l

.
’

S u c h th e n i s t he h istory o f t h e fi rst N ic e n e Cr e e d It .

i s t h e m on u m e n t o f a l o n g stru ggl e i n w h i ch t he e a rl y ,

h op e s th at c e n tr e d ro u n d t h e gr e at C o u n ci l w e r e d oom e d
.

to d isapp oi ntm e n t De bat e brou gh t n o t p e ac e b u t a

.

sw or d Y e t t h e con fl i ct d e v e lop e d i n t h e d e fe n d e rs o f
.

t h e faith fi n e r q u al iti e s t h a n wou l d h av e b e e n fost e r e d

b y u n d istu rb e d p rosp e rit y I n t h e wo r d s of S H il ary o f . .

Poiti e rs : B u t l trust t h at t h e C h u r ch b y t h e li gh t o f
‘

h e r d octri n e w i l l so e nligh t e n t h e w orl d s vai n w is d om

’

, ,

th at e v e n th ough it con fut e n ot t h e m yst e ry of t he fait h ,

i t w il l r e cogn is e t h at i n ou r co n fl ict wi th h e r e tics we an d

n o t t h e y ar e t h e tru e r e p r e s e ntati v e s of th at m yst e ry .

For gr e at i s th e forc e o f tr u t h : n ot o n l y i s it its ow n

s u ffi ci e nt witn e ss b ut th e m or e i t i s assail e d t he m or e
,

e vi d e nt i t b e com e s ; t h e d a il y sh ock s wh i ch i t r e c e iv e s
o nl y i n cr e as e i ts i nh e r e nt stabi l ity I t i s t he p e cu l i a r .

p rop e rty o f t h e Ch u rc h that w h e n sh e i s b u ffe te d sh e i s

tri u m pha nt w h e n sh e i s assau lt e d w it h argu m e n t she
,

1 D e Tr m ii . 1, 2 .
2 D i v i n e I mma n en ce, p . 153 .
20 THE NICEN E CR EED
p rov e s h e rs e l f i n t h e right wh e n sh e i s d e s e rte d by h e r
,

su p port e rs sh e h old s t h e fi e l d 1 .
’

Th e fi rst Ni c e n e C r e e d with i ts an at h e m as was n ot

, ,

d e sign e d fo r u se as a Baptism a l C r e e d n or i n Pu b li c
Worsh i p I t was p ut for war d as an d i t r e m ai n e d a
.
, ,

stan dard of orth o d ox y fo r Bish o ps as r e sponsi b l e t e ach e rs

o f th e C h u rch I n th i s r e sp e ct i t i s a d ocu m e n t o f t h e
.

h igh e st i m portan c e b e caus e i t s u m m e d u p w h at t h e

,

com m o ns e ns e o f t h e C h u r ch agr e e d o n as t h e t e ach in g

o f H ol y S c ri ptu r e co n c e rn i ng t h e Divi nity o f o u r Lor d
J e su s C h ri st
.

1 D e Tr i m , v ii . 4 .
22 THE NI C ENE C R EED
n e v e r m e nti on e d th e Nic e n e C r e e d b u t sign i fi cantly tol d ,

h i s h e are rs t h at t h e i r o w n C r e e d o f J e ru sal e m w as n ot
p ut tog e t h e r b y t h e w i l l of m e n b u t ha d b e e n bu i lt u p ,

strongl y o ut o f all t he S criptu r e s 1 I n fact h e s e l d o m .

’

touch e d o n t h e gr e at d ogm ati c con trov e rsy of t h e d ay .

Th i s was n ot b e caus e h e d i d n ot r e cogn is e t h e i n fl u e n c e

o f faith o n con d u ct H e w as car e fu l to i n struct h i s
.

h e ar e rs accord i ng to t he propo rtio n o f fa ith ta u gh t i n

th e i r Baptism al C r e e d A n d h e w arn e d t h e m vi gorou sl y
.

agai ns t strang e e rrors o f G nosti c J ews an d S am aritan s ,

w h i c h w o u l d c u t away th e i r h istori c faith by its roots .

He r e fe rs to two C r e e ds a sh ort e r form w h ich was u s e d

,

at th e m om e nt of B aptism an d a l onge r fo rm wh ic h th e y ,

w e r e r e q ui r e d to r e p e at on t h e d ay w h e n t h e y stoo d u p
i n t h e gr e at c on g re g ati o n to m ak e th e i r v ows o f
Re n u n ci atio n an d Fait h .

E A R LI ES T CR E E D or J E R US A L E M , A .D. 34 1

I . 1 . I b e l i e v e i n t he Fath e r ,

II . 2. A n d i n the S o n ,

I II . 9 . A n d i n t h e H ol y Gh ost ,

11 . A n d i n o n e baptis m o f r e p e ntan c e fo r t he re

m i ssi o n o f si n s .

Th is fi rst c r e e d was e vi d e ntl y r e gar d e d as a su mm ary

o f t h e s e con d , c o nv e n i e nt fo r u se at t h e su pr e m e m om e nt

o f th e i r r e c e ptio n i n to th e H ol y C h u rch A t t he sam e .

ti m e i t i s p l ai n that t h i s was t h e basis u po n wh i ch t he

ot h e r was b u ilt u p I n its si m pli city it r e m i n d s u s of t he
.

t e achi ng o f S P e t e r o n t he d ay o f P e nt e cost , an d m ay
.

go back to v e ry e a r l y d ays i n t h e h i story of t he C h u rc h

i n J e r u sal e m .

S C yri l s s e co n d c r e e d i s l i k e a m ap o f g e ol ogi cal

’

strata w h ich a re sho w n to w i tn e ss to th e i r gra d u al form a

ti on .

1
Ca t ,
v . 12 .
 C O N STA N TI N O P O L I TA N U M 23

TH E C R E E D or J E R US A LE M I N A D.. 34 7
C Y R I L Ca t , v i xvi i i
, .
-
.

I . 1 We b e l i e v e i n o n e Go d th e Fath e r A l mig h ty ,
.

m ak e r o f h e av e n an d e arth an d of all th i n gs ,

v i si bl e an d i nvi sibl e .

2 . An d i n one Lor d
J e su s C h ri st th e on ly b e gotte n ,

S o n of God b e gott e n o f H is Fat h e r v e ry

, ,

God b e for e al l w or l d s b y w h o m al l t h i ngs

, ,

w e r e m ad e ,

an d w as i n car nat e an d was m ad e m an

,
1
,

was cr u c i fi e d an d was b u ri e d ,

an d ros e agai n t h e th ir d day

an d asc e n d e d i nto h e av e n ,

an d sat at t h e righ t h an d of t h e Fath e r ,

an d i s com i ng i n gl ory to j u dg e th e q u i ck an d
t h e d e a d wh o s e k i ng d o m sh al l h av e n o e n d
,
.

9 . A n d i n o n e H ol y Gh ost, th e Paracl e t e wh o ,

s pak e i n t h e p ro p h e ts ,

a n d i n o n e baptis m of r e p e ntan c e for t h e

r e m issio n o f si n s ,

an d i n o n e H o ly C at h ol i c C h u rch ,

an d i n t h e r e su rr e ctio n o f t h e fl e sh an d i n th e ,

l i fe e t e r n al .

The t e rm O n ly b e gotte n S o n an d t h e titl e Par acl e t e

‘ ’

p oi n t u s bac k to t h e t e ac h ing of S Jo h n Th e wor d . .

C ath ol i c r e m i n d s u s of t h e t e ach i ng o f I gnati u s t h e

’

m artyr bi sh op of A nti oc h The w or d s w h os e k i ngd o m.

s h al l h av e n o e n d s e e m to be a r e c e n t ad d itio n gu ard i n g ,

agai n st t h e h e r e sy of M arc e ll u s of A n cyra 2 .

S C y r i l s t e ach i ng o n th e s e p oi nts i s fu l l o f i nt e r e st
’

.
,

a n d sh al l be q u ot e d m or e fu ll y w h e n we com e to d e al
w ith t h e t h e ology o f h i s r e vi s e d C r e e d I t is n e c e ssar y .

at th i s poi nt to k e e p stri ctl y to t h e h istor y of t h e fo rm .

T h e r e i s o n l v o n e oth e r poi nt wh i ch m u st be tak e n b e for e

1 or i g inal wor d ( ua dpw no d ) r ath e r e x p r e ss e s
Th e e
’
v r vr a t he
though t l i ve d a m o n g m e n as man (VVe stc o tt )
,
‘
.

2 S ee p . 75 .
24 TH E NICENE CR EED
we pass o n to d i scu ss th e e vi d e nc e of S E i ph a n i u s . .

Th e or d e r o f t h e arti c l e s r e v e als u n m i st akab y t h e d e

pe n d e n c e o f t h e s e con d C r e e d o n t h e fi rst The Art 1 1 . .

o n Baptism p r e c e d e s t h e A rt 10 o n t he C h u rc h , i f we
.

n u m b e r th e m i n t h e u s u al or d e r accor d i n g to th e i r
s u bj e ct m att e r
-
.

1 1 A n d i n o n e Bapti sm of r e p e ntanc e fo r th e
.

r e m i ssi o n of si ns .

10 A n d i n o n e h ol y C at h oli c C h u rch
. .

I t i s e v i d e nt that t h e J e ru sal e m C r e e d h as g row n u p

rou n d th e fram e w ork o f t he origi nal sh ort C r e e d .

( 2) S . Ep ip ha n i a s f
o S a lami s

E pi ph a n i us, B i sh op o f S al am i s was a m an wh o h ad ,

trav e l l e d an d h a d m any goo d m e n am ong h i s fri e n d s

, .

The v i ol e n c e of hi s t e m p e r an d h is p e d an try h av e som e

wh at d am ag e d h i s r e p utati on as a t h e ologian B ut we .

m ay say t h at h e w as b e yon d q u e sti o n l e arn e d an d d i d a ,

gr e at work i n h i s d ioc e s e .

I n th e y e ar A D 374 h e w rot e a book cal l e d The A n c ho red

. .

On e for t h e i nstru ctio n of s om e p ri e sts an d l e ad i ng

,

C h u rch m e n of S y e d ra i n Pam ph yli a w h o h ad ap pli e d to ,

h im for an e x positi on o f Cath ol ic t e ach i ng o n t h e Tri ni ty .

Th e titl e of h i s boo k p rom i s e d to th os e wh o h a d b e e n

toss e d o n storm y s e as o f d ou bt that th e y sh o ul d fi n d a n
anch or o f t h e so u l .

He q u ot e d tw o C r e e d form s ( i ) o u r N i c e n e C r e e d —
,

( u ) an e laborat e paraph ras e of t h e origi n al N ic e n e C r e e d .

We gath e r t h at t h e form e r h a d b e e n i n tro d u c e d i nto h i s

d ioc e s e as a Baptism al C r e e d b e fo r e h i s co nse crati o n to
t h e e p i sco pat e w h i c h took pl ac e i n A D 3 6 7
, H e re . . .

gar d e d i t as t he C r e e d o f t he A postl e s e x pl a i n e d b y t h e
Nic e n e Fath e rs , an d add e d to i t th e i r a nath e mas wi t h ,

som e variatio ns Th e latte r cr e e d s e e m s to h av e b e e n

.

h i s ow n com o si t i o n for t h e u se o f co n v e rts w h o h a d ,

h e l d h e re ti c a opi n i on s I t i s v e rbos e an d w e aris om e

.
,

a n d n e e d n ot d e ta i n u s .

Dr B i n d le y m a k e s t h e im portant sugg e stion that t h e

.

wo r d s w ith wh ich S E pi phan i u s i ntrod u c e s thi s cr e e d m ay

.
 C O N S TA N TI N O P O LI TA N UM 25

w ith o n e si m p l e e m e n d ati o n th e a dd iti o n o f t h e w or d ,

[ an d ] be ta k e n to i m p l y th at t h e cr e e d was com pos e d o f

,

A postol i c J e ru sal e m an d Ni c e n e e l e m e nts E pi ph an i us

, , .

say s , An d t h i s Faith was h an d e d d ow n b t h e h o l y

‘

A ostl e s an d i n t he Ch u rc h th e h ol y city an d ] from

a lp
,

t h e h ol y
y bi sh O s tog e th e r ab ov e t h e n u m b e r o t th r e e
p
h u n d r e d al l d t e n l .
’

CR E E D Q U O TE D B Y S . E P I P H A N I US
A n e or a tu s ad fin .

I . 1 . We b e l i e v e i n G o d , t h e Fat h e r A l mighty,
one
m ak e r of h e av e n an d e arth an d of al l thi n gs ,

bo th v i si bl e an d i nvi s ibl e .

2 . A n d i n o n e Lo r d J e su s C h ri st, t h e o n ly b e gott e n
S o n of G o d b e gott e n o f H i s Fath e r b e for e al l
,

wo rl d s tha t i s of the s ubstan ce of the F a ther

-
,

Ligh t o f Light v e ry Go d of v e ry G od b e gott e n

, , ,

n o t m ad e b e i n g o f o n e s u bstan c e w it h t h e
,

Fat h e r b y w h o m al l th i n gs w e r e m a d e both tha t

, ,

a re i n hea ven a n d tha t are i n e a rth ; w ho fo r u s

m e n an d fo r ou r salvati o n cam e d ow n from

h e av e n ,

3 . an d was i n carn at e o f t h e H ol y G host an d t h e

Vi rgi n M ary an d w as m ad e m an ,

4 . an d was c r u cifi e d fo r u s u n d e r Po nti u s Pi lat e ,

an d s u ff e r e d an d was b u ri e d ,

5 . a n d r os e agai n t he th i rd d ay accor d i n g to th e ,

S crip tu r e s ,

an d asc e n d e d i nto h e av e n ,

an d sitt e th at t h e right h an d o f th e Fath e r ,

an d i s com i ng agai n wi th gl ory t o ju d g e t he qu i c k

a n d t he d e a d ; w h os e k i ngd om shal l h av e n o e n d .

111 . 9 . A n d i n th e H ol y Gh ost t h e Lor d an d G i v e r of ,

l i fe wh o p ro c e e d e t h from t h e Fat h e i w h o w ith

, ,

t h e Fath e r a n d t h e S o n tog e th e r i s w ors h i pp e d

an d gl ori fi e d wh o spak e by t h e p rop h e ts
,

1 Oe cu men i ca l Docu men ts , ed. 2, p . 302 .

26 TH E NICENE C RE ED
10 . in H ol y C ath ol i c an d A postol i c C h u rc h
o ne .

11 . \Ve ack n owl e d g e o n e bap ti sm fo r t h e r e m issi o n

of si n s .

12 . We l ook fo r t he r e su rr e cti o n o f t h e d e ad an d ,

t h e l i fe of t h e worl d to co m e .

\Ve m u st tu r n to t he d isti n cti v e fe atu r e s of th i s r e vi s e d

C r e e d to n ot e fi rst h ow i t d i ff e rs fro m t h e t e x t w h i c h we
u se to d ay -
Th e s e sligh t vari ation s are p robabl y d ue to
.

C o pyi sts o f th e t e xt o f S E pi ph an i u s A rt 1 both ; A rt 2 .

—
.
,
.
,

t hat i s of the s u bsta n ce of the F a the r bo th the thi ngs i n the ,

hea ven s a n d the thi ngs o n t he e a r th Two oth e rs are o f .

i m portanc e I n Art 2 God of God i n Art 9 a n d the

. .
, ,
.
,

S o n are abs e nt
, Th e h i story o f th e i r i ntro d u cti o n m ust
.

be r e s e rv e d to t h e n e xt c h a pte r t o g e t h e r w i t h a d iscu s ,
'

s ion of t h e r e aso n w h y t he wor d ho ly i n A rt 1 0 h as b e e n .

om itt e d from o u r Engli s h tran slation .

Th e r e are t h r e e i m po r tan t c h ang e s u pon w h i ch

Dr H ort bas e d h i s m ai n argu m e nt t h at S C y r i l was t h e
. .

aut h o r of t h i s r e vi si o n The ch ang e from s a t to sitt e t h .

i n A rt 7 agr e e s w i t h t h e t e ac h i ng i n h i s l e ctu r e s t h at
.
,

t h e S o n was fr o m al l e t e rn ity si tti ng at t h e righ t h an d

o f t h e Fath e r an d n ot o nl y aft e r th e A sc e n si o n l The
, .

c h ang e from i n g lo ry to wi th g lory i n A rt 8 i s i n

‘ ’ ‘ ’
.

accor d anc e with C yri l s t e ach i ng Ca t xv 3 The m ost ’

, .
,
. .

i m portant i s t h e c h ang e from r esur r ec ti on of the fl esh

’
‘

to r esurr ec ti o n of the d ead i n accor d an c e w i t h h i s i nt e r ,

’

pr e tat i o n of t h e cl aus e ( Ca t , x vii i 1 an d h i s h abi tu al . .

p h r as e .

Upo n th e s e ch ang e s Dr H ort bas e d h i s argu m e nt t h at .

S C yri l o n h i s r e tu r n from e xi l e to h is d i o c e s e i n A D 3 62
. . .

36 4 w ou l d fi n d a n atu ral occasio n fo r t h e r e vis i o n o f t h e

p u bl i c c r e e d by t h e sk i l fu l i ns e rtio n of som e of t h e C o n
c il iar languag e i ncl u d i ng th e t e rm wh ich p roclaim e d t h e
,

r e storati o n of ful l c om m u ni o n w ith th e c h am pion s o f

N i caea an d oth e r ph r as e s an d cl aus e s a d apt e d for i m
,

p r e ssi ng o n t h e p e opl e positi v e tr u t h ”

.

Dr H o rt trac e d ot h e r c h ang e s to t h e foll owi ng sou rc e s

.
,

h )
’ ‘
e of
’
‘
u n d e r P o n ti u s P i la te a n d A p os toli c ( C u rch
,
l f
i ,

1
Cu t .
,
xi . 17 ; xi v . 17 30-
. Di sser ta t i on , p . 91 .
 C O N S TA N T I N O P O LI T A N UM 27

the age to co me t o t h e c r e e d of t h e A p osto li c Co n s ti t u

’

ti on s , toge t h e r w i th f r o m the heaven s, fbr u s, su ffe re d ;

‘ ’

( w it h gl ory ) Th e M e s opotam ian C 1 e e d s up pl i e s

‘ ’
a ga i n .

’ ‘
a paral l e l for t h e om i ssi o n o f of r ep e n tan c e afte r on e ‘

bap ti sm
’
The Paracl e t e s e e m s to hav e b e e n om itt e d
.
‘

b e cau s e o f th e accom pan y i ng e nl a r g e m e nt

’
.

I t i s e asy to p rov e t h at S E pi ph an i u s h a d con n e ctio n s .

w ith J e rusal e m H e h a d liv e d for so m e ti m e i n Pal e sti n e

. .

H e s h ows k now l e dg e o f ci rcum stan c e s r e l atin g to J e r u

sal e m E le u th e r o po li s n e ar h i s bi rt h plac e a n d Cae sar e a
, , ,
.

H e g i v e s a l ist o f B isho p s o f J e r usal e m wh o l iv e d t h r o ug h

t h e troub lo u s ti m e s I n A D 377 h e co rr e s po n d e d w ith
. . .

S Bas i l ab o u t som e q u arr e ls am ong t h e b r e t h r e n o n t h e

.

M o u nt o f O l iv e s .

Dr H o r t s t h e o ry has com m e n d e d i ts e l f to t h e gr e at
’
.

m aj ority o f w rit e rs o n t h e s u bj e ct b oth i n Englan d an d i n

G e rm an y Dr Kat t e n bu sc h acc e pt e d i t e nt h u si asti cal l y
. .

with th e w o r d s Th e o n l y wo n d e r i s t h at i t was n ot d i s
‘

cov e re d b e for e
B ut t h e t h e ory h as lat e l y b e e n cal l e d i n qu e sti o n by a
R u ssi an sch olar P ro fe ssor Le b e d e ff of M osco w w h o h ol d s
, ,

t h at Epi pha n i u s t e xt h as b e e n d e li b e rate l y alte r e d H e

’
.

th i n k s that E pi ph an i us gav e t h e origi n al Ni c e n e C r e e d .

that th e l at e r t e xt h as b e e n i nt e rpol ate d ; al s o th at t h e

e arl y C r e e d o f J e ru sal e m was t h e i nv e nti o n o f sch olars .

H is argum e nts ar e n ot co nvi n ci ng .

H ort s t h e ory h as al so b e e n call e d i n q u e stio n b y t h e

’

B ish op of G l ouc e ste r 1 whos e a rgu m e n ts d e s e rv e d e tai l e d

,

c o n sid e rati on : He d i r e cts att e nti o n to t h e fact th at

th e r e i s i n t h e s e co n d d i visio n of t h e C r e e d a co n si d e r
abl e amo u nt o f m at e rial t h at i s n e w b ot h to t h e C r e e d of
N i c ze a an d to t h e C r e e d of J e ru s al e m s o t h a t e v e n i f ,

t he C r e e d of J e rusal e m l i e s at t h e b asis o f t h e e nl arg e d

C r e e d it h as b e e n rai s e d by t h e h e l p of oth e r b r e e d s as
, ,

t h os e of t h e Ap osto li c Co n s ti tu ti on s an d t h e C h u rc h o f
A n tioc h ’
A s a m att e r o f fact th e s e sou rc e s m ay be fo r
.

p racti cal p u rpos e s r e gard e d as o n e I t i s g e n e ral l y re .

cogn is e d t h at t he S e v e nt h Book o f t h e A postoli c Co n

s ti tu ti on s was p ut tog e th e r b y an u n k n ow n writ e r at

1 Dr E C S . . . . G i b s on , The Thr ee Cr eed s, p . 169, n ote

28 TH E NICENE CR EED
A ntioch c 375 A D 1 s o th at i ts e vi d e n c e i s o n ly e vi d e nc e
. . .
,

that s u ch an d su c h ph ras e s w e r e u s e d an d ap pr e ciat e d by

o n e o r m o r e w rit e rs of t he C h u rc h i n A n ti och at or so on ,

afte r, t he tim e wh e n S C yri l m ay be su pp os e d to h av e .

m a d e h is r e v isi on M or e ov e r we r e fl e ct that S C yri l as a

.
, .

fo l low e r o f Me l e ti u s of A nti och was i n cl os e to uc h w i th

t h e c u rr e n ts of th e ological th ought th e r e an d t h at i t was ,

to th is C h u rc h that S A th anasiu s ad d r e ss e d t he fam ou s .

l e tt e r w h i ch was u n d e r God s P rovid e n c e t he starting

’

, ,

poi n t o f a b e tt e r u n d e rstan d i n g with t he S e m i A rian s -

,

i n d e e d o f S C yri l s ow n r e con ci l iatio n wi t h t he Ni c e n e

’
.

party an d of t he w h ol e m ov e m e n t i n t h e e n l arg e m e nt o f
,

cr e e d s . T h e s e facts s u r e l y l e a d u s to e x p e ct th at
S C yri l i f h e u n d e rtook a n y s u ch e n larg e m e n t w ou l d
.
, ,

tu r n to t h e A ntioch ian C r e e d for sugge sti on s Th i s .

so u rc e w o ul d accou n t for al l t h e ad d ition s from h e av e n ‘

,
’

o f t he H ol y G h ost an d t h e Vi rgi n M ary also cru cifi e d ,

’

for u s u n d e r Po ntiu s P il at e
’
agai n ( i n Art ,
.

With r e fe r e n c e to t h e c h ang e from sat of t h e O ld

‘ ’

J e ru sal e m C r e e d to s itte t h an d fro m i n to w it h ‘ ‘ ’

( gl ory ) Dr G i bso n go e s 0 11 to sugg e st : Now i t s e e m s

’ ‘
.

i m p robabl e th at th e s e ph ras e s wo u l d hav e b e e n alt e r e d

i n a r e v i si on of t h e C re e d Th e y a re both S cri ptu ral .
,

an d th ough i t i s e asy to u n d e rsta n d h ow C r e e d s w ou l d be

e nl arg e d b y t h e a d d i ti o n of word s an d t h e i ns e rti o n o f
n e w cl aus e s ,
y e t t h e m i n ut e a ltera ti o n of p h ras e s i s
an oth e r matt e r an d i t can h ar d ly be th ought l i k e ly to
,

h av e ta k e n pl ac e He e nti r e l y ov e rl ooks t h e fact th at

.
’

S C y ri l i n h i s t e ach i ng l ays str e ss o n e ach o f th e s e r e a d

.

i ngs S o t h at we are positiv e l y le d to e x p e ct s uc h alte ra

.

ti o n s from h i s pe n i f be r e v i s e d th e form .

I n Ca t , x iv 27 h avi ng q u ot e d t he Baptism al C r ee d
.
,

w ith th e r e a d i ng s at h e agai n an d agai n s p e aks of t h e

‘
,
’

’ ’
S o n s ‘ s it ti ng as of e t e rnal co nti n uan c e an d con d e m n s ,

t h os e W h o fals e l y say th at i t was aft e r H i s C ross an d

‘

Re s u rr e cti on an d Asc e n si o n i nto h e av e n t h at t h e S o n ,

be an to sit 0 11 t h e rig h t h an d of th e Fath e r

’
.

x v 3 aft e r q u oti n g t h e ol d C r e e d as i n gl ory,

‘ ’
11 Ca t .
, .
,

h e writ e s : O ur Lor d J e su s C h ri st th e n com e s from

‘
, ,

1 B is ho p Wor ds wor th ,
The lif i n i str y o f G ra ce p,
. 45 .
30 THE NI C E N E CRE E D

( 3) The Co un ci l o f Co nslan ti m ple

Th e e v e nts w h ich le d u p to t he C ou n ci l o f C on sta nti
n 0 le i n A D 38 1 are m an y o f th e m obscu r e an d t h e
p . .
,

A cts o r as we s h o u l d say t he M i n ut e s of t he C o u n ci l
, , ,

h av e b e e n l ost We h av e e v i d e n c e as w il l be s h ow n
.
,

p r e s e ntl y t h at at t h e C o u n ci l o f C h alc e do n t h e r e vis e d

,

C r e e d was q u ote d from t he A cts as com pos e d o r acc e pt e d ,

by t h e h ol y Fath e rs at C on stanti n opl e S o we are j u sti .

fie d i n scru ti n i si n g t he e v i d e n c e to fi n d ou t som e r e ason

fo r t h e acc e ptanc e of t h e C r e e d at t he C ou n cil .

N i c e n e p1 i n c i ple s w e r e sp r e ad i ng o n al l han ds I n .

R om e an i m po rtant s e ri e s of S yn o d s w as h e l d u nd e r
Po p e Dam asu s ( A D 369 .O n t h e acc e ssi o n of t h e
.

E m p e ro r Th e o d osi us i n A D 38 0 n e w h op e cam e to al l
, . .
,

w h o r e m ai n e d tr u e to t he N ic e n e fai th .

Th e odosi u s co nv e n e d a gr e at C o u n ci l at C o nstanti n opl e ,

i n viti ng Dam asu s to att e n d i t wi t h oth e r W e st e r n Bish ops .

Possib l y Th e o d osi u s h a d som e i d e a o f obt ai n i n g p oli ti cal

s u pport from Easte r n Bi sh ops by s u m m oni ng t he C ou n ci l
i n t h e cap ital of t h e East e rn Em p i r e Th e W e ste r n .

Bish ops w o u l d n ot com e an d Da m a su s s e e m s to h av e ,

b e e n bad l y a d vis e d ab out t he tr e n d o f e v e n ts i n t he

East .

Th e C o u n ci l m e t i n Ma y A D 38 1 Th e r e w e r e p r e se n t
. . .

s om e 15 0 Bis h ops wh o e l e ct e d as t h e i r fi rst Pr e si d e n t

, ,

M e l e ti u s Bi sh o p of A ntio c h wh o h a d form e rly b e e n

, ,

t h e l e ad e r of t h e S e m i A ri an grou p of Bis h op s to -

w h i c h S C yri l had b e l ong e d Th i s brou gh t w it h i t th e

. .

tri u m phant vi n d icati on o f C yri l s ort h od ox y Dr H o rt

’
. .

s ugg e st e d t h at wh e n c h arg e s w e r e bro u gh t agai n st

S C yri l h e prod u c e d h is C r e e d to p rov e h i s b e l i e f
. He .

w as d e fe n d e d by G r e gor y of Nyssa to wh om t h e C r e e d ,

h as b e e n attri bu t e d B ut t h e r e i s n o con cl u si v e e v i
.

d e n c e t h at S C yri l s orth od ox y was e v e r s e ri ou sl y i m

’

pug n e d .

U n fortu n ate l y wh e n M e l e ti us had s e ttl e d t he a ffairs o f

,

t h e C h u rch 1 n C on sta nti n opl e h e d i e d Di ffi cu l ti e s h ad , .

aris e n i n con n e ctio n wi t h t h e i n stallati on o f Gr e gory o f

Na z i an z u s as Bi s h op of C on stanti n opl e He h ad b e e n co n .

se c rat e d again st h is wil l an d w e n t to C onsta nti n opl e i n

,
 C O N S T A N TI N O P O L I T A N U M 31

the d ays o f A ri a n s u pr e m ac y an d h a d b e e n w on d e r ,

fu l l y su cc e ssfu l i n k e e pi ng t he ort h o d ox co ngr e gati o n

tog e t h e r b e i ng a m a n of ste rl i n g c h aract e r an d m arv e llo u s
,

e l oq u e nc e .

Not u n n atu ral l y h e was ch os e n to s u cc e e d M e l e ti u s

as Pr e si d e nt of t h e C o u n ci l b u t h e w as n ot a good c h ai r
,

m an Disp ute s a ros e a t o n c e abo ut t he su cc e ssi o n of a

.

b ish op to t h e S e e o f A n ti och W h e n M e l e ti us was sti l l

.

a S e m i Ari an a bis h op had b e e n con s e crat e d to m i n i st e r

-
,

to t h e ort h o d ox faithfu l i n A n tioch P au l i n u s by n am e , ,

w h os e clai m was st r ongl y su pport e d b y P op e Da m asu s .

G r e gory w as h i m s e l f of opi n i o n that Pau l i n u s s h o u l d be

r e cogn is e d as tru e Bi sh op of A n ti oc h H e p l e a d e d w ith .

t h e C o u n ci l th at P au l i n u s was an ol d m an n o t l i k e l y to ,

l i v e l ong B y acc e pti n g h i s cl ai m t h e y w o u l d h e al t h e

.

sc h ism an d co ncil iat e t h e W e st e rn s I f i t costs s om e .

‘

t h i ng le t u s m ak e t h e sacri fi c e fo r t h e sak e of a gr e at
’
r e ligio u s gai n B u t s oci al fe e li n g si l e n c e d cou n s e l s of
.

p e ac e .Th e y o u ng e r b ish ops w h om S Gr e gory bitt e rl y ,

.

com par e s to a fl ig h t of crow s t o g e e s e o r cran e s i n a ,

q u arr e l t o a w h i rl w i n d raisi n g a clo u d o f d u st to a

, ,

s war m o f wasp s d arti ng agai n st a trav e ll e r s fac e i n si st e d ’

t h at to acc e pt Pau l i n u s w ou l d giv e a tri u m p h to t h e

‘Ve st w h e r e as t h e E ast w h e r e C h ri st app e a r e d h ad
, , ,

t h e righ t to asc e n d e n cy S G r e gory r e tort e d th at t h e

. .

East was t h e l an d w h e r e C h ri st was cru cifi e d ! S u c h

s qu ab bl e s w e r e u n di g n i fie d an d co ul d d o n o goo d .

Flavi an was e l e ct e d to be B is h op o f A n tioch an d co n ,

se c rat e d at A n ti och aft e r t h e clos e of t h e C ou n cil Th e n .

a p e rsonal at tac k was m ad e o n S G r e gory o n t h e grou n d .

,

o f a n obsol e t e can o n wh ich forbad e t h e tran s latio n o f a

bi sh op from o n e se e to an oth e r A s a m atte r o f fact h e .

h ad n e v e r act e d as Bis h op of S asi m a for wh i ch se e he ,

h a d b e e n co ns e crat e d n o r h ad h e e v e r h e l d t h e se e of
,

N az i a n z u s so t h e obj e ctio n h ad l ittl e su pp o rt o n t e c h ni cal

,

gro u n ds B ut i t was s u ffi ci e n t to p r ocu r e h i s r e signa

.

ti o n . I n t h e bri l li an t s e rm o n w h i ch h e pr e ac h e d o n
t h e occasion h e c on trast e d t h e pr e s e n t an d t h e past
po siti o n of C ath ol i ci s m i n t h e city A littl e d rop h ad .

s wol l e n i nto a mi g h ty str e am H e e n d e d w ith a p e rora .

tio n wh i ch e v e n Gi bbo n calls path e ti c an d alm ost s u b ‘

32 THE N ICENE CRE ED
He bad e far e w e ll to t h e gr e at C h u rch of t h e
’
lime .

Re su rr e cti o n
’
to h i s Bi sh op s s e at t he cl e rgy t he
, , ,

m e m b e rs o f r e l igi ou s comm u n iti e s , t h e w id ows t he ,

o rph an s an d t he poo r t he h ou s e h ol d s wh i ch ha d t e n d e d
,

h i s i n firm i t i e s th e au d i e nc e s w h i ch wh e n h e p r e ac h e d
,

h ad cro w d e d u p to t h e c h an c e l gat e s h e r e as D r B righ t .

says c om e s i n a to u ch o f s e l f com plac e ncy ‘ to t he

,
-
,

e m p e ror a n d t h e palac e an d its trai n o f s e rvan ts

’

,
wh e th e r ,

fait h fu l t o th e i r m ast e r or n ot h e d i d n ot p ro fe ss t o ,

k n o w b u t h e d i d k n ow ( h e r e t h e rapi e r s e e m s to flash
,

o ut) t h at fo r t he m ost part th e y w e r e u n faith fu l to G o d

to t h e gr e at C h ri stian city wh os e citiz e n s m igh t w e l l be
u rg e d to s ee k G o d m or e e arn e stl y an d m or e i n te l lig e ntl y
to t he East a n d to t h e W e st i n t h e cau s e o f w h i ch an d ,

b y w h i ch h e was alt e rn at e l y assai l e d whi ch h e h a d

, ,

striv e n to r e co n ci l e wh ich p e rh aps cou l d be r e c o nci l e d

,

i f oth e rs w ou ld i m itate h i s ab d i cati on : for th os e wh o

“

q u it t h e i r thr on e s d o n o t l os e th e ir God b u t w i l l rath e r ,

s e c u r e a h igh e r th ron e i n h e av e n Fi n al l y, aft e r b i dd i n g

.

far e w e l l to t h e A ng e l gu ard ian s o f t h i s ch u rch an d ,

p rayi ng t h at th e H ol y Tri n ity mi gh t be t h e r e i n co n

t i n u a lly ack n owl e d g e d an d i n c r e asi ngl y w ors h i pp e d h e ,

e xh ort e d t h e p e o pl e wh om h e t e n d e rl y d e scri b e d as sti l l

h is own — “
M y d e ar ch i ld r e n k e e p I p ray yo u t h e , , ,

d e p osi t ; r e m e m b e r h ow I was sto n e d : th e grac e of o u r

”
1
Lo rd J e su s C h rist be wi th y ou al l i
H i s p ray e r was fu lfi ll e d i n o u r Nic e n e C r e e d wh i ch ,

fro m t he d at e o f th i s C ou n ci l h as b e e n k n ow n b y t h e
n am e o f his se e a c r e e d wh ich i n t h e Li tu rg y o f t h e
,

C h urch h as d on e s o m u ch t o prom ot e worsh i p o f t h e

H ol y Tri nity .

S G r e gory s s u cc e sso r was Ne kta ri u s a n e l d e rl y m an ,

’
.
,

o f goo d bi rth an d pl e asant m an n e rs b u t w ith ou t trai n i ng

i n t h e o log y w h o h ad h e l d t he o ffic e o f a Pr aeto r b u t at
, ,

t he tim e of h i s e l e ctio n w as sti l l u n bapt i z e d H i s n am e

s e e m s to h av e b e e n s e l e ct e d by t he Em p e ror from a l i st
s u ppl i e d b y t h e Bish ops p ossi bl y u n d e r t h e i n fl u e n c e o f
,

Di o d o re of Tarsu s H i s e arl y l i fe h ad b e e n sta i n e d b y

.

so m e i m m oral iti e s an d th e r e w e r e p rot e sts agai n st h is

,

1 W '

. B r i gh t , The A g e f
o the F a ther s, i . 433 .
 C O N S TA N T I N O P O L I T A N U M 33

e el cti o n b ut t he m aj ority ap prov e d i t H i s lax r u l e was

,
.

a gr e at contrast to t h at of t h e au st e r e S Gr e gory , an d .

was n ot a s u cc e ss B ut at th e tim e it was acc e ptabl e

. .

H avi ng b e e n baptiz e d h e was co n s e crat e d i n h is w h it e

,

bap tism al garm e nts .

A m ost i ng e ni o us co nj e ct u r e h as b e e n m a d e b y
Dr K u n z e that t h e r e vis e d J e ru sal e m C r e e d was u s e d as
.
,

h i s baptism al c on fe ssi on Th e e vi d e n c e o n w h ic h i t i s
.

bas e d b e longs to th e h i story of t he C o u n ci l o f C h al c e d o n

an d m ay be d e fe rr e d for t h e m om e n t .

The C o u n cil of C on stanti n opl e m e e ti ng agai n u n d e r ,

t h e pr e si d e n cy o f N e k t ar i us r e a ffi rm e d t h e C r e e d o f ,

Nic ae a an d pass e d c e rtai n C an on s Th e y als o s e n t a .

l e tt e r to t h e Em p e ro r w ith a r e cor d o f t h e i r w or k .

Th e fol lowi n g y e ar t h e C o u n ci l r e ass e m bl e d an d s e n t a ,

l e tt e r to Pop e Da m asu s an d oth e rs i n w h ic h t h e y state d ,

th at fo r t h e proof o f t h e i r orth o d ox y i t w as su ffi ci e n t fo r
th e m to r e fe r to t h e tom e fro m A ntioc h an d to a sim i lar ,

form u lar y i n w h i ch th e y hav e co n fi rm e d t h e Ni c e n e faith

an d anath e matis e d h e r e si e s an d also e x pan d e d t h e ,

co n fe ssi o n of faith Dr B i n d le y su gg e sts th at th e fi rst

. .

C an o n e xactly corr e s po nd s to t h e con fi rm ati on of t h e

Ni c e n e faith an d t he an ath e m atisati o n o f h e r e si e s re
,

fe rre d to an d th at t h e m o r e e x pand e d con fe ssi o n o f t h e

,

faith m a y h av e b e e n t h e r e vi s e d C r e e d of J e rusal e m .

Th e fol l owi n g y e ar A D 38 3 t h e Em p e ro r Th e od osi u s

,
. .
,

su m m o n e d a t h i r d C o u n ci l an d d e man d e d th at d i ffe r e n t,

form s of C r e e d sh ou l d be s u bm itte d to h im O n l y th e .

C r e e d of N e kt ari u s fou n d favou r .

At t h e C o u nci l o f Eph e su s i n A D 4 30 th e h e r e ti c . .

N e stori u s wh o w as o n h is tri al qu ot e d t h e w or d s o f Art 3

, ,
.

i n carnat e o f t h e H ol y G h ost an d t h e V i rgi n M ary a s

‘ ’

fro m t h e Ni c e n e C r e e d to th e asto n i sh m e n t o f S C yr i l
,
.

of A l e xan d ria wh o q u ot e d t h e co rr e ct form of t h e fi rst

,

Ni c e n e C r e e d 1 .

Th e n th e c u rtai n fal l s u n ti l t h e C o u n ci l of C h al c e d o n
A D . . 45 1 wh e n we fi n d t h e C o n st an t i n O po li t an C r e e d
,

an d t he origi nal Ni c e n e C r e e d q u o te d sid e b y s i d e as

t h e C r e e d s o f t h e 1 5 0 h ol y Fat h e rs an d t h e 31 8 h o l y
Fath e rs r e sp e ctiv e l y .

p c i t p 73
1 0
. . .
,

c
 34 THE NI C ENE C RE ED
A t th e fi rst s e ssi o n o n e o f th e Bish ops Di og e n e s o f ,

C yzi cu s d e fe n d e d t he t e xt of t h e r e vi s e d C r e e d as an
,

a d d iti o n to t he Ni c e n e C r e e d The d iscu ssi o n abou t i t

.

was v e ry p rotracte d Wh e n i t gr e w d ark wax can d l e s

.

w e r e b rought i n b u t d i d n ot p r e v e n t som e d isord e r At

, .

last the I m p e rial C om m issi on e rs ask e d al l th e B ish ops to

wri t e d o w n th e i r cr e e ds .

The Ni c e n e C r e e d w ith i ts an ath e m as was r e a d out b y

E u n o m i us Bi shop o f N i c o m e di a Th e r e was l o u d app lau s e
,
.
,

t h e Bi s h ops e xclaim i ng
‘
Th i s i s t h e faith o f t h e
o rt h o d ox i nto th i s we w e r e baptiz e d i nto th is we baptiz e
, , .

S C y ri l ( B is h op o f A l e xan d ria ) b e li e v e d th is
. Le o .

( Bish o p o f Rom e ) h as i nt e rpr e t e d th u s Le o h ad s e nt a

’
.

m ost i m porta n t l e tt e r com m o n ly k n ow n as h is Tom e

, .

Th e n t h e C om m ission e rs sai d : Le t t h e thi ngs se t o ut

b y t h e 1 5 0 h ol y Fath e rs be also r e ad A e t i u s A rch d e aco n .
’

of C on stan ti nopl e r e ad t h u s : Th e h oly fai th w h i ch

‘

t h e 1 5 0 Fath e rs se t o ut agr e e i ng with t h e h oly an d gran d

S yn o d i n Nic aea Th e n fol low e d t he C onstanti n opolitan
’
.

C re e d . Th e Bish o ps c r i e d o ut Thi s i s t h e fait h of al l

t h e orth o d ox Thi s we al l b e li e v e
’
. .

Th e C om m issi on e rs p rop os e d a co nfe r e nc e wh ich h a d ,

i m portan t r e su lts i n th e r e v isi o n of t h e te xt A t t he sixt h .

s e ssi o n t h e two C r e e ds w e r e r e a d agai n a nd t h e t e xt ,

gi v e n of t h e Con sta n ti n opoli ta n u m was th at w hi ch we are

l e d to co n n e ct wi th t h e t e xt afte rward s u s e d i n Rom e It .

d o e s n ot s e e m i m pru d e nt to c onj e ctu r e t h at i t h a d b e e n

r e vis e d w it h t h e assistan c e of Le o s l eg ate O n t h e oth e r
’

h an d th e ( pr e s um ably ) C on stanti n o po li tan t e xt w h ich

,

A e t i u s h a d r e a d at t h e s e co n d s e ssi o n i s t h e t e xt w h ich we
s h al l afte rwar d s fi n d carri e d ov e r from C o nstanti n opl e
to S pai n
No w we com e to t h e e xtraor d i n ari ly i nt e r e sti ng
e vi d e n c e on wh i c h Dr K u n z e s t h e ory abo u t t h e C 1 e e d
’
.

i s bas e d . At t h e e n d o f t h e C ou n ci l a l l t he Bi sh ops
sign e d t h e i r n am e s to i ts d e cr e e s w it h l i ttl e n ot e s O n e .

o f th e m Ka lli n i ku s B ish op o f A pam e a ( My rl e a ) i n

,
!

Bi t h y ni a a cc e pti n g t h e C r e e d s as t h e sym bo ls o f t h e 3 18
an d 15 0 Fat h e rs r e fe rr e d to t he C ou n ci l of C on stan
,

t i n o ple as h avi n g b e e n h e l d at t h e or d i n ati on of t h e

1 Da s N i cci n i sch — K o n sta n ti n o o li ta m sche S mbo l p 35
’ ’

p y ,
. .
 C O N S TA N TI N O P O LI TA N U M 35

m ost p i ou s N e kt ar i u s t h e Bish op O bv i o u sl y th e r e w as
.

som e co n n e cti on i n h i s m i n d b e tw e e n t h e C r e e d an d t h e
c on s e crati o n of N e kt ar i u s as Bi sh op Pro babl y it w as
.

t h e C r e e d w hi c h h e h a d profe ss e d at h i s baptism an d i t ,

b e cam e t h e Bapti sm al C r e e d o f h i s c ity .

Th e r e i s som e fu rth e r e vi d e n c e A c e rtai n offi c e r of

.

th e i m p e ri al s e rvi c e i n C o n stan ti n o pl e N i l u s b y nam e , ,

w h o c am e from A n cyra i n Gal atia an d afte rwar d s w e n t ,

to l iv e as a m o n k on M o u nt S i n ai , s e e m s t o hav e q u ot e d
th i s form of C r e e d .

Th e pri e st Procl u s , wh o oppos e d N e stori u s i s su p ,

p os e d to sh ow acq u ai ntan c e w ith t he C r e e d i n t h e

w or d s Lo t h e H ol y G h ost i s w ors h i pp e d w it h t h e
,
’
Fath e r an d th e S o n Th i s i s s ligh t e v i d e n c e i n its e lf
.
,

b u t i s w orth y o f co n si d e ratio n tak e n wi th ot h e r possi bl e

q u ota tio ns e g by M ar k th e h e rm it , w h o l iv e d at A n cyra
,
. .
,

an d was a pu pi l of S C h rysostom . .

Ce rt ai n l y t h i s i s th e d i r e cti o n i n w h i ch futu r e r e s e arch

m u st wor k .

( 4 ) I n tr od u c ti on i n to the Li tu rgy
We h av e trac e d th e r e v is e d C r e e d fro m its o rigi nal
h om e i n J e r usal e m to its a d opt e d h om e i n C o n stanti n opl e .

Y e t anoth e r c h apt e r i n i ts r om an ti c h i sto ry i s op e n e d .

I t h a d b e e n i n A n t e N i c e n e tim e s an i n stru cti o n i n t h e

-

faith for cat e ch u m e n s I n t h e fo u rt h c e n tu ry i t b e cam e

.

al so a gu arant e e of o rth o d ox y I t n e xt b e cam e t h e

.

d oxol ogy o f th e faith i n t h e Litu rgy To t h is p osi ti on

’

as M r Tu rn e r has w e l l sai d n o ot h e r form o f C r e e d

.
,
‘

e v e r asp i r e d th an that o f C o nstanti n opl e A li k e i n t h e .

G r e e k th e Lati n an d e v e n t h e C opti c C h u rch e s i ts

, , ,

m aj e sti c rh yth m an d its d e fi n it e bu t sim p l e an d straig h t

fo rw ar d t h e ol ogy h av e m ark e d i t o u t as t h e C r e e d o f
’
Ch ri sti an worsh i p .

Th e odor e t h e R e a d e r i n hi s Chu r c h H i sto ry ( abo u t

,

5 20 A D ) t e l l s u s t h at P e t e r t h e Fu l l e r M on oph y sit e
. .
,

Patri arc h o f A ntioch from 4 76 to 4 8 8 d e vis e d t h e sayi n g ,

of t h e C r e e d at e v e ry s e rv i c e an d agai n th at Tim oth y of

,

C on stanti n op l e ( 5 1 2 an oth e r M on oph y sit e ord e r e d ,

th at t h e S Vm bo l of t h e Fai th o f t h e 3 18 Fath e rs s ho u l d
36 THE NI C ENE C RE ED
be sai d at e v e ry s e rv ic e as a n i n si n u ati on th at Mac e
,

d o n i u s [hi s ort h od ox p r e d e c e sso r ] di d n ot acc e pt t h e

C r e e d for i t had form e rl y b e e n sai d o n l y o n c e a y e ar
, ,

o n t h e occasi o n o f t h e cate ch e ti cal i n str ucti ons giv e n by

t h e bish op o n Go od Frid ay " .

Re a d i ng b e tw e e n t h e l i n e s we ca n se e that t h e M o n o
,

ph y si t e s wh o cl u ng to t h e i d e a th at i n t h e O n e C h rist
,

t h e r e was o n l y o n e Natu r e took u p a n d u s e d t h e C r e e d

,

i n thi s wa y as a p rot e st agai n st t h e De fi n itio n o f Fait h

p u t for war d at th e C o u n ci l of C h al c e do n i n wh i c h t h e ,

d octri n e of t h e Two Natu r e s h a d b e e n v e r y b e au ti fu l l y

a n d v e ry e x pl i ci tl y stat e d .

M r T u rn e r q u ote s a c u ri ou s n arrativ e wh i ch h as
.
‘

b e e n e m b e d d e d am on g th e acts o f t h e C o u n ci l o f
C o n stanti n opl e h e l d b y t h e patri arch Me n n as i n 5 36 .

Ti m oth y t h e M o n o physi t e patria rch d i e d i n 5 1 7 ; A nas

t asi u s t he M on op h ysit e e m p e ro r o n Ju l y 9 5 18 Th e , .

n e w e m p e ror J u sti n w as an ad h e r e n t of t h e C h al c e d o nia n

De fi ni ti on an d th e n e w patri arc h Joh n it was s u ppos e d

, , ,

h a d o n l y an at h e m atis e d i t u n d e r com pu lsion On .

’

M on d ay J ul y 16 5 18 a sol e m n c e l e b ra tio n w as h e l d i n
, , ,

t h e cat h e d ral i n h o n o u r o f t h e Fou rth C ou nci l Th e ‘

.

pat riarc h o n h i s e ntran c e was gr e e te d w ith fr e sh d e man d s '

fo r t h e i ns e rti o n i n to t h e ch u r c h d i pty ch s of t he m e m o rial

of t h e orth od ox patriarc h s Eu p h e m i u s an d M ac e d o n i us ,

as w e l l as o f P op e Le o ; satis fi e d agai n o n th i s h e a d t h e ,

c ongr e gati o n bro k e o u t for a goo d h ou r i nto an ti ”

p h o nal si n g i n g o f t h e B e n e di ctus At l ast th e s e rvi c e .

was al low e d to p roc e e d an d t h e ch oi r b e gan t h e Tri sag i on :

,
“
a n d afte r t he r e ad i ng o f t he h ol y Gosp e l t h e d ivi n e ,

litu rg y tak i n g its u su al cou rs e and t h e d oors h av i ng

b e e n cl os e d a n d the holy i n stru cti on ( p daqp a i e t h e
, , . .

C r e e d ) ha vi ng bee n r ec i ted a cco rd i ng to c usto m at t h e ,

m om e n t o f t he d i ptych s t h e w h ol e m u ltitu d e q u i e tly

gath e r e d r o u n d t h e san ctu ary an d l i st e n e d ; an d w h e n
o n l y t h e n am e s o f t h e afor e sai d fou r H ol y S y n o ds w e r e
m e ntion e d by t h e d e acon an d t h os e o f t h e arch bish ops
,

o f h ol y m e m ory Eu ph e m i u s Mac e d o n i us an d Le o al l
, , ,

w it h a l ou d v oic e c ri e d o u t “
Gl o ry be to Th e e , O
,

1 h e o d oru s Le c tor
T ,
H E
. .
, 11 . fra gm e nts 48 an d 39 .
38 THE NICENE CR EED
S yn o d
’
b y t h e c ol lati ng of th e 3 18 h ol y Fath e rs Th at .

h e m e an t t h e Consta n ti n op oli ta n um i s p ro v e d by r e fe r
e n ce s i n t h e e ig h t h an d tw e l ft h C o u n cils of Tol e d o
A D 6 5 3 6 8 1 wh e r e t h e C r e e d
. .
, , as it is pro cl aim e d i n t h e
s ol e m n iti e s of t he M ass i s tran scri b e d i n fu ll .

We m u st n o w tu r n to t h e s ubs e q u e n t h istory o f t h e
C r e e d i n t h e W e st e rn Litu rgy w h i ch i s m ai n l y co n c e rn e d
,

w ith t h e ad d iti o n o f t h e w or ds A n d t h e S o n B ut i t i s .
’

n e c e ssary al so to tak e acco u n t o f t he ad d itio n Go d o f ‘

’
God .

Th e w ord s Go d o f G o d stoo d i n t h e origi nal C r e e d

‘ ’

of Cassar e a as q u ot e d b y E u s e b i u s at Ni c aea an d cam e ,

i nto t h e C r e e d of t h e C ou nci l Th e y w e r e n ot i n cl u d e d
.

b y S Cy ri l i n h i s r e vi sio n o f t h e J e ru sal e m C r e e d but

.
,

w it h ou t an y d ogm ati c p u rpos e si n c e th e y a re i m pl i e d i n

,

t h e wor d s tru e God of tr u e Go d

’
‘
At C h a l c e d on th e y .

app e ar i n t h e form q u ot e d at t h e s e co n d S e ssi o n b y

A e t i u s p r e su m ab l y as t h e t e xt u s e d i n t h e C h u rch of
,

C on stanti n opl e a n d cam e n atu ral l y i nto t h e fo rm u s e d

,

b y t h e S pan i sh C h u rch as we sh all se e p r e s e ntl y B u t .

t h e y d o n ot occu r i n t h e t e xt q u ote d at t h e si xth S e ssio n

o f t h e C ou n ci l o f C h alc e d o n .

I m ay s u m u p t h e co n cl usion s w h i ch we h av e th u s far
r e ach e d i n t h e e l oq u e nt wor d s of M r Tu rn e r .

Th e C r e e d of C o n stanti n o pl e d i d n ot m e r e l y m ak e i ts
way i nto oth e r baptism a l ri te s th an th os e o f i ts o rigi nal
h om e at J e r usal e m an d i ts a d opte d h om e at C o n sta n ti
n o ple I ts r e al sign ifi can c e i n hi story li e s i n a d i ff e r e n t
.

d i r e cti o n altoge t h e r I f t h e A postl e s C r e e d i s i n a li e n

.
’

ab ly associ ate d w ith t he i n itial stag e s of t h e C h ri sti an

l i fe as part o f t h e pr e paratio n for t h e S acram e n t o f
Baptism th e C o nsta nti n op ol i ta n C r e e d h as acq u i r e d a n
,

e q u all y o rgan i c con n e cti o n w it h t h e fu ll e st e x pr e ssi o n o f

C h ri sti an l i fe i n t h e S acram e nt o f t h e E u ch arist 1

.
’

1 0p . ci t .
, p . 46
.
 C H A P TE R III

TH E L A TE R H I S TO R Y OF O UR N I CE N E CR E ED
IT h as b e e n ass u m e d s om e what too h asti ly i n m an y
, ,

m o d e rn t e xt b ook s t h at t h e l ast sc e n e i n t he h i story of

-

o u r N i c e n e C r e e d w as e nact e d at t h e fam ou s C ou n ci l o f
T ol e d o i n A D 5 8 9 . Th e an ci e nt tow n w alls o f To l e d o
. .

w h i ch fr ow n d ow n o n th e wat e rs of t h e Tagu s as th e y d ash

u n d e r t h e o l d b ri d g e d at e back i n part b e yon d t h e i nva
,

sio n o f th e M oo rs to t h e d ays of t h e Visigot h ic su pr e m acy .

N e v e r h av e m e n p ass e d w i th i n th e m to a m or e strik i ng
sc e n e th an t h e m e m orabl e C o u n ci l at wh i ch K i n g Re c c a
re d ,
i n t h e nam e of hi s n atio n an d i n t h e pr e s e n c e o f
,

hi s c h i e f cou n ci llor s tog e t h e r w it h al l th e Bis h o p s o f

,

t h e C at h o li c C h u rch w it h i n h i s d om i ni on s , a bj u r e d t h e
h e r e s y o f A ria n i sm w h ich h ad b e e n h e r e d itary i n h i s
rac e an d acc e pte d t h e Ni c e n e C r e e d as t h e tru e stan d ar d
,

o f prim i tiv e C h risti an d octri n e H e i ntro d u c e d i nto

.

h i s ad d r e ss part o f t h e De fi n iti o n of C hal c e d o n an d th e n , ,

s ubscri b e d i t w ith t h e w or d s : I , K i n g Re c c a r e d h av e ,

s u bscr ib e d thi s h ol y faith an d th is tru e co n fe ssi on w h ich ,

alo n e t h e C ath ol i c Ch u rch th roug h th e w h ol e glo b e p ro

’
fe ss e s .

Th e Q u e e n fo ll ow e d h i s e x am p l e an d som e t e n Bi sh o ps ,

wi tn e ss e d th e i r su bscri pti o n w i th e xp r e ssi on s o f t h an k

fu l n e ss Th e Bi s h op s t h e n m e t i n S y no d an d agr e e d o n
.

som e tw e n ty th r e e an ath e m as for t h e pr e s e rvati on of tr u e

-

d octri n e an d som e C an o n s , o n e o f w h i ch m u st be q uot e d

,

i n fu l l .

‘
For th e in cr e as e o f t h e Faith an d to str e n g th e n th e minds o f
m e n it is or d e r e d by t h e S y n o d at t he ad v i c e o f R e c ca re d t h at
, , ,

i n a ll t h e C hurch e s o f S p ain and Ga lli c i a f ollow in g t h e f or m o f ,

t h e O r i e nta l C hurch e s t h e S y m bol o f t h e F ait h o f t h e C ou n c i l

,

o f C o nstan t in o p l e t h a t i s o f t h e o n e hu nd r e d a n d fi f t y b is ho ps
, ,

s h all be r e c ite d ; s o th at b e for e th e Lor d s P r ay e r is s aid t h e C r e e d

’

39
40 THE N I CENE CRE ED
s h all be ch ante d w ith a cl e ar vo i c e by t h e p e o pl e th at testim o n y
m ay t hu s be bor n e t o t he tru e fai th a n d t h a t t h e h e a r ts o f t h e
,

p e o pl e m ay co m e p ur i fi e d by t h e fai t h t o t as t e t h e B o d y and
B loo d o f C hr ist .

O n e of t h e l e a d i ng t h e ol ogian s at t h e C o u n ci l , Jo h n
o f B i c laro , B i s h o p o f G e r on a , h ad r e c e ntly r e t u rn e d from
C o nstanti n op l e , w h e r e h e h ad r e si d e d fo r som e y e ars .

I t was n o d o ub t d ue to h is i n fl u e nc e t h at t he l itu rgical

u se of t h e C r e e d was i n trod u c e d , accord i n g to t h e
cu stom at C o n stanti n opl e M o r e ov e r t he t e xt o f t h e
.

C r e e d i ts e l f i n t h e A cts o f t h e C ou n cil fo ll ows cl os e l y

t he form q u ot e d at t h e s e co n d S e ssi o n of t h e Cou nc i l of
C h al c e d on , w h ich we fou n d r e aso n to r e gard as t h e form
c u rr e ntl y us e d i n t h e C h u rch of C onstanti n opl e 1
,
.

Th e s e c on si d e rati on s r e n d e r i t i n t h e h ig h e st d e gr e e
i m probabl e t h at th e C ou n ci l cou ld h av e acc e pt e d t he 111
t e r po lat i o n of t he wor d s A n d t h e S o n i n A rt 9 wit h o u t
‘
.

p rote st fro m a p r e lat e w h o was q ualifi e d to sp e ak with

aut h ori ty o n t he t e x t u s e d b y t h e East e r n C h u rc h t h e ,

e xam pl e o f wh i ch t h e y al l e vi d e ntly wi s h e d to copy .

I n m y I n tr od u cti on t o the Cree d s 2 I q u o te d t he fact th at

t w o e arl y e d iti o ns of t he C ou n cil s C o l ogn e ( 15 30) an d
—

Pari s ( 15 35 ) — om it th e wo r d s i n t he t e xt o f t h e C r e e d as
q u ot e d at To l e d o I n d e e d C ard i n al d Ag u i r re ad m its
.
’

that som e M SS d o n ot co ntai n t h e m I am n o w abl e t o

. .

p ro d h c e e vi d e n c e
3
from som e of t h e m ost i m p orta nt MS S
, .

o f t h e S pan is h C ou nci ls at t he Escu ri al an d at M a d ri d ,

w h i c h con fi rm s m y co nvi cti on th at t h e C ou nci l n e v e r

a d d e d t h e word s at al l S om e M S S om i t t h e m al to
. .

g e t h e r a n om i ssi o n w h i c h w oul d n ot be m ad e i n te nti on

,

a ll y afte r co n trov e rsy h ad ari s e n w it h t he East e rn C h u rc h

i n t h e n int h c e n tu ry S om e M S S pu t t h e m i nto th e
. .

m argi n o r b e tw e e n t he l i n e s W h e n t h e C r e e d occu rs
.

tw i c e fi rst u n d e r t he h e a d i ng C o nstanti n opl e an d t h e n

, ,

u n d e r t he h e adi ng Tol e d o it i s alway s u n d e r th e h e ad

,

i ng Tol e d o t h at t he wo r d s c r e e p i n b e for e t h e y a re ,

ad d e d i n t h e ot h e r t e xt fo rm Th e r e aso n i s not fa r to
-
.

s e e k Th e cop yi st h as r e ad i n o n e of t h e an at h e m as o f
.

1 E g it. in clu d e s t h e w or ds Go d o f Go d i n A rt 2
.
‘
,
’
. .
2 P 1 15. .

3 I h a v e p ubl ish e d it i n a n o te i n t h e J ou r n a l of Th eol . S tud i es,

J an . 1908 .
 LA T E R H I STO R Y O F N I C E N E CRE E D 41

th i s C ou nci l o f Tol e d o : Wh o e v e r d o e s n o t b e l i e v e o r
‘ ‘

h as n ot b e l i e v e d th at t he H ol y S pi ri t p roc e e d s from t h e
Fath e r an d t h e S o n an d has n ot sai d th at H e i s co e t e rnal
,

an d co e ss e ntial w i th t h e Fat h e r an d t h e S o n le t h i m be ,

anath e m a . Wi th th at fat e h angi ng o v e r h i s h e ad w h at

’

w as a po or copyi st to d o ? \Vi t h o ut larg e r k n owl e d g e h e

co ul d n ot i m agi n e th at t he C r e e d h a d n ot con tai n e d t h e
w or d s A n d t h e S o n from t h e b e gi n n i ng \ Ve can n ot
‘ ’
.

bl am e h i m W h e n t h e w or d s o nc e cr e pt i nto t h e Tol e d an
.

t e xt i t was n atu ral th at t h e y sh ou l d s pr e ad i nto t h e

for m q u ot e d as fro m t h e C o u n ci l of C o nstan ti n op l e .

The C r e e d th u s i nte rpol at ed sp r e a d .

A t fi rst sig h t i t s e e m s som e w h at i l l ogi cal t h at th e

C o u n ci l o f Tol e d o s h ou l d lay s u ch str e s s o n t h e p oi n t ,

an d y e t k e e p t h e C r e e d t e xt pu r e B ut we m u st r e .

m e m b e r th at th e r e w e r e oth e r p oi n ts i n th e i r anath e m a ,

s u ch as t h e ass e rtio n of t h e co e ss e nti al ity an d co e t e rn ity

o f t h e H ol y S p i rit w h i ch to t h e m w e r e e q u al l y i m
,

portant y e t n e ith e r o f t h e m w e r e e xpl i ci tly ass e rt e d i n

,

t he C r e e d A s i n s o m an y c as e s it h as happ e n e d t h at
.
,

t h e p rogr e ss of e rro r si n c e t h e m aki ng o f t h e C r e e d h as

r e n d e r e d furt h e r d ogm ati c d e fi n iti o n n e c e ssary fo r cl e ar
i nt e rp r e tati on o f t h e fu n d am e ntal trut h s w hi ch t h e C r e e d
i n i ts si m pli city p rot e cts I f t h e H ol y G h ost i s w orsh ipp e d
.

w i th th e Fat h e r an d t he S o n s u ch h o n o u r ca n o n l y
,

be rig h tl y pai d o n t h e grou n d t h at He i s co e ss e n tial a n d

co e qu al as t h e S o n h as b e e n ack n ow l e dg e d to be at t h e
,

cost o f t h e lo ng A ri a n con trov e rs y T h e r e for e t h e

.

T ol e d an Fat h e rs w e r e o n l y d raw i n g o u t w h at s e e m e d to
th e m l ate n t i n t h e C r e e d
A s r e gar d s th e P roc e ssi on from t h e S o n t h e y w e r e l oyal
to t h e e arl i e r t e achi ng of th e i r C h u rch A C ou n ci l o f .

Tol e d o i n A D 4 4 7 h ad ad opt e d t h e C an on
. . Th e Fath e r
i s u n b e gotte n t h e S o n b e gott e n t h e Paracl e te n ot be
, ,

gott e n b ut p roc e e d i ng from t h e Fath e r an d t h e S o n

’
.

Th e l att e r p h ras e occ u rs t wi c e Dr N e al e s ugg e sts t h at

. .

t h e S pan is h C h u rch i n its c onti n ual con trov e rsy w i t h

A ri an is m s h ran k fro m t h e i d e a t h at t h e Fath e r h a d an
,

attri b ute w h ic h t h e S 0 11 h ad n ot 1 B u t i t i s m or e p rob

.

ab l e t h at w itho u t m u ch r e fl e cti o n t h e y w e r e sim p l y

1 H i st E a ster n Ch u r c h I nt ro d i i 1 15 3
. . . . .
,
 42 TH E NICENE CR EED
l oyal to wh at h a d b e e n a m ark e d charact e risti c of W e st e r n
t e ach i ng s i n c e t h e ti m e o f S A u gusti n e I t i s i m portant
. .

to m ak e th i s fact q u ite p lai n East e r n an d W e ste rn

.

t h i n k e rs start e d from t wo d i ff e r e n t poi nts o f v i e w .

T h e r e i n l i e s t h e j u stifi cati o n fo r t h e ag e l o n g q u arr e l o n-

t h i s s u bj e ct, w h i c h can n e v e r be c om p os e d u n ti l j u sti c e is

d on e to t h e si n c e r ity of both parti e s .

The l itu rgi cal u se of t h e C r e e d spr e a d far an d w i d e .

Am ong th e M e trop ol itan s wh o s ubscri b e d t he A cts of t h e

C o un ci l was M i g e t i u s M e tropol i ta n of Narbon n e Bish o p
, ,

o f t h e provi n c e of Gau l Th e p rov i n c e of Narb on n e was

.

a co n stitu e nt part of t h e Vi sigoth i c k i ng d o m wh ic h e x

t e n d e d as far as t h e Rh on e At t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e
.

s e v e nth c e ntu ry th e r e w e r e s e e s e stabl i sh e d at S aragossa ,

Barc e l on a G e ron a
,
.I n t h e fol l o w ing c e ntu ry t he
k i ng d om o f C h arl e s t h e Gr e at e xt e n d e d s outh war d to
,

Barc e lon a s o t h at e v e n i f t h e i nt e rpolat e d C r e e d h a d n ot

,

p e n e trat e d to Narb o n n e i n th e pr e viou s c e ntu ry i t migh t ,

w e l l h av e com e from Barc e l on a i nto Gau l .

1) The Con trover sy

Th e a d d ition of t h e w or d s A n d t he S o n d i d n ot b e gi n
to attract n oti c e u nti l t h e e n d of t h e e ighth c e ntu ry
'

A t t h e C ou n ci l o f G e nti l l y i n A D 76 7— 5 0 we are i h . .

form e d b y t he C h ron i cl e r A d o o f Vi e n n e — t he q u e stio n

was v e n ti l at e d b e tw e e n th e Gr e e k s an d t h e R om an s
abou t th e Tri n ity a n d w h e t h e r t h e H ol y S pi ri t s o r o
,

c e e d s fro m th e S o n as H e proc e e d s fro m t h e Fat i e r .

S om e am bassad m s o f t h e East e r n Em p e r o 1 C o n stanti n e

C 0 pro n y m u s w e r e pr e s e nt an d 1 e m o n st rat e d We h e ar
n o m or e u n ti l A D 78 7 w h e n C h arl e s th e G r e at r e m o n
. .
,

s t rat e d w ith Pop e H a d ri a n b e cau s e h e acc e pte d t he

C r e e d of Ta rasi u s, Patri arch o f C onsta nti n opl e , i n w h i ch
t h e w or d s o cc u r I b e li e v e i n t h e H ol y G h ost t h e Lor d
‘ -
,

an d Gi ve r o f Li fe , w h o p roc e e d e t h from t h e Fath e r

t h rough t h e S o n , an d H i m s e l f both i s an d i s ack n o w
l e d g e d as Go d .
’
C h arl e s q u ot e d t h e i n t e rp olat e d Ni c e n e
C re e d . H adri an answ e r e d t h at Taras i u s r e l i e d o n t h e
t e ach i ng o f t h e H ol y Fath e rs q u oti n g S Athanasi u s
, .
,

S E us e bi us , S H i lary an d ot h e rs
. . Th e pas s ag e s are n ot
.
 L AT E R H I S TO R Y O F N I CE N E CRE E D 43

al l to t h e p oi n t , an d i t i s r e m ar kabl e th at th e Po pe d i d
n ot r e pl y to t h e K i n g s app e al to t h e N i c e n e C r e e d
’

B e caus e h e d ar e d n ot ? M o r e p robab l y b e cau s e h e w as

p uzzl e d by th e e vi d e n c e o f t he M SS .

At t h e C ou n ci l of Fri u l i u n d e r Pa u l i n u s B i sh o p of
, ,

Aq ui l e ia, i n A D 79 1 t h e i nt e rp o lati o n wa s d e fe n d e d
. .
, ,

an d a l e tte r w as s e nt b y Pau l i n u s to th e K n g i n wh ic h
occ u rs th e fo l l ow i n g passage
‘
For v e n e r abl e compi l ati o n o f t h e N i c e n e S y mb ol be
i f the
e x amin e d n o t h in g e l s e w i ll be f ou nd t o be se t f or t h t h e r e in c o n
,

c e r nin gth e H ol y Gho st t h an t h is Th e y sa y

. A nd i n th e H oly
‘fl

Gho st . H o w is th is s o v e r y br i e f p rofe ssi o n o f t h e i r s t o be

r e c e i v e d e xc e pt th at th e r e is g i v e n u s t o u nd e r stand t h e r e l i g i ou s
d e vo ti o n o f th e p ur e f ait h o f t h e i r minds and th at th e y b e l i e v e d as
, ,

is most l i k e l y in th e H ol y Gho st ju st as i n th e F at h e r an d in t h e
,

S o n ; as afte rw a r ds w as d o n e by t h e 150 hol y F ath e r s wh o te sti ,

fie d t h at t h e fait h o f th e S y m bol o f t h e N i c e n e C ou n c i l s houl d

r e main f o r e v e r in v i ol ate Y e t as i f f o r e x p ou ndin g t h e m e anin g
.
,

o f th e i r p r e d e c e ss or s ; t h e y m a d e addi t i o ns a n d co nfe ss t h at t h e
, y
b e l i e v e i n th e H oly Gh ost the L or d a n d G i ver of lif e who p ro
, ,

c eed e th f r o m th e F a ther f o r t h e se w or ds a n d t h e r e st t h at
”
,

f o llo w are n o t co ntain e d i n t h e sa cr e d d og ma o f t h e N i c e n e S y m bol .

B u t af t e rw ar ds t oo o n a ccou nt f or s oo t h o f t h e s e h e r e ti c s w h o
,

wh isp e r th a t th e H oly S pi r it is of t h e F ath r a lo n e and p roc e e ds e ,

fro m th e F ath e r a lo n e th e r e w as add e d — wh o p r oceed eth f r om

,
“

th e F a th er an d th e S o n A n d y e t t h e s e hol y F ath e r s a re n o t t o be
”
.

bl am e d as i f t h e y h ad add e d any t h in g t o or tak e n an y th in g

, ,

a w ay from t h e fa i th o f t h e 318 Fat h e r s w ho h ad n o though t o n ,

di v in e s ubj e c ts c o n trar t o th e i r m e anin g but i n an ho ne st

mann e r st u di e d t o c o mpie te th e i r s e ns e withou t sp o i l in g it
l
,
’
.

Th e w e ak poi nt i n t h i s argum e n t i s th at Pau l i n u s

c o ul d n ot q u ot e an oth e r C o u n ci l o f a ut h ority as s u p p l e
m e n t i n g th e C r e e d o f C o nstan ti n opl e by th i s a dd i ti o n .

W h il e t h e m atte r was th u s si m m e ri ng i n t h e m i n d s o f
t h e th e ol ogian s at t h e cou rt o f C h arl e s t h e Gr e at a n e w ,

tur n w as gi v e n to t h e d iscussi o n by a l e tte r w hi ch c e rtai n

Lati n m o nk s wh o w e r e l iv i n g o n M o u nt O l i v e t an d ,

oth e r s w h o w e r e l i vi n g at B e th l e h e m , s e nt h om e to
t h e Pop e Both at J e rusal e m an d at B e t h l e h e m t h e y
.

w e r e acc u s e d by a c e rtai n m o n k call e d Joh n o f h e r e sy ,, ,

b e caus e th e y san g t h e i nt e rpolat e d C r e e d o n C h ristm as

Day . S o t h e y s e n t o n e o f th e i r n u m b e r to ask t h e Pop e
wh at th e y sh ou l d d o an d r e q u e ste d h i m to i n form t h e
,
44 TH E N I CE N E CR EED
Em p e ror Th e y u rg e d th at th e y ha d h e ar d t he C r e e d
.

s u ng w ith th e s e w or d s i n t h e Em p e ro r s chap e l a n d t h at
’

su c h t e ac h i ng was gi v e n i n a h om i l y of S G r e go ry , an d .

i n t he R ul e o f S B e n e d i ct M S S w h i c h h a d b e e n gi v e n
.
, .

to t h e m by t h e Em p e ror ; also i n a d i al ogu e o f S B e n e d i ct .

w h ic h t h e Pop e h a d gi v e n to t h e m an d i n t he At h anasian
,

Cree d .

No d i r e ct r e pl y from th e Pop e h as com e d ow n to u s ,

b ut th e r e i s a p r ofe ssi o n o f faith w h i c h m ay h av e b e e n

,

i n cl u d e d i n h is an sw e r Le o to al l t h e ch u rch e s of t h e
’
East . It is a cl e ar e x p r e ssi o n o f t he d octri n e o f t h e
R om an C h u rc h an d c o ntai n s a d e fi n it e stat e m e n t o f
,

t h e P roc e ssi on fro m t h e S o n .

L e o s e n t a form al l e tt e r to t h e Em p e ror wh o at o n c e ,

s u m m on e d t h e Bi s h op s to m e e t h i m at A i x Th e y w e r e .

u n an i m o us i n u p h ol d i ng t h e d octri n e A s r e gardin g t h e .

i nt e rpol ati o n i n t he C r e e d , th e y fe lt t h at t he m att e r

r e qu i r e d d e l i cat e h an dli n g Th e Pop e sai d n oth i n g
.

abo ut i t , an d th e y k n e w t h at th e p racti c e o f th e R om an
C h u rch d i ff e r e d from th e i r ow n as to t h e u se o f t h e
C r e e d i n t he Litu rgy S o t h e y d e ci d e d t o s e n d a m issi o n
.

to t h e Pop e , c on si sti ng accord in g to Eg i n h a rd ( th e

,

E m p e ror s s e cr e tar y ) of B e rnh ard Bish op of “f o rm s

’

, , ,

an d A d alh ar d A bbot o f C orbi e Pe ta v i u s says t h at h e

,
.

fou n d m e n ti o n i n s om e ol d acts o f t h e con fe r e n c e o f ,

J e ss e t h e Bis h op of O rl e an s t h e n e ig h bou r an d d i oc e san

, ,

o f Ad alh a rd w h o is t h e m or e l i k e l y to h av e b e e n ad d e d
,

to th e m i ssion b e cau s e h e h ad b e e n s e n t by C harl e s o n a

p ol iti cal m i ssio n to C o n stanti nop l e i n A D 802 . . .

A m ost i nt e r e sti ng accoun t o f t h e con fe r e n c e wh i ch

was h e l d b e tw e e n t h e Pop e an d th e s e l e gat e s i n t h e
S e c re tari u m o f S t P e t e r s h as b e e n pr e s e rv e d b y t h e
’
.
,

A bbot S m arag d u s Th e Pop e r e a d i l y ass e nt e d to t h e

.

d octri n e as stat e d by t h e C ou n ci l of A i x an d agr e e d ,

w i th th e m t h at wi l fu l r ej e ctio n of i t was h e r e sy Bu t .

h e d e cli n e d to ass e rt t h at acc e ptan c e o f t h e d o ctri n e was

i n al l cas e s n e c e ssa r y to salvati on an d h e r e sol u t e l y ,

r e fus e d to i ns e rt t h e w or d s i n t h e C r e e d Th e l e gat e s .

l e ad e d th at th o usan d s o f s ou ls h ad gain e d t h e i r k n o w
p e dg e o f t h e trut h by h e ari ng t h e i nt e rpolat e d w o rd s

s u ng i n th e C r e e d at Mass an d th at t h e Pop e h im s e l f
,
46 TH E N ICE N E CR EED
an d w ith i t cam e
gr
l y st e ri e s, th e u se of th e i nte rpol ate d
ee d .

M r Tu rn e r h as d e alt co n cis e l y with

. th e d i ffi cu l ty th at
c e rt ai n G alli can w rite rs of th e n i n th c e ntu ry m ak e or ,

app e ar to m ak e stat e m e n ts to t h e c ontrary v i z to t h e

, ,
.

e ff e ct t h at t he C r e e d was u s e d i n t h e Li tu rgy i n R om e .

‘
We h av e j u st go t to e xp lai n th e m away Th u s wh e n .

Am alari u s o f Tr ev e s i n cl u d e s i n h is Co mme n ts on the Or d o

R o ma n us a m e nti o n o f t h e C r e e d we m u st su pp os e wh at ,

i s e as y e nou g h th at h e i s com m e nti n g o n t he O r d o

,

R om an u s as u s e d i n Gaul A n d wh e n Wa lafr i d w rit e s

.

that t h e l itu r g ical u se of t h e C r e e d i s b e l i e v e d to h av e ‘

com e from t he East to Rom e an d s o to Ga u l t hi s r e pr e s e n ts

’

, ,

w h at C h arl e s an d h i s Fran kish th e ol ogi a n s wante d to be

tru e an d o n a p r i ori grou n d s b e l i e v e d to be tru e rath e r
, ,
’
1
th an wh at was tru e i n fact .

Th is W alafri d S trabo was A b bot of Re ic h e nau c A D , . . .

8 5 0 an d t e l l s u s t h at t h e cu stom of si ngi ng t h e C r e e d
,

b e cam e m or e p opu l ar i n th e Gal lican an d G e rm an

C h u rch e s at t h e ti m e of t h e A d opti on ist co ntrov e rsy .

Th i s i s probab l y tru e Th e tr e atis e o f t h e Ital ian Bis h op s

.

agai n st t he A d o pti on i st Eli pa n d u s pu bl ish e d i n 794 , ,

contai ns v e ry strong stat e m e nts o n t h e d octri n e of t h e

Proc e ssio n from t h e S o n \Valafri d gi v e s tw o r e ason s
.
,

as M r Tu rn e r says both sou n d i n th e i r way to e xp lai n

.
, ,

w h y i t was t h e Cons tan ti n op oli ta n u m an d n ot t he N i cce n u m

w h ich w as u s e d n am e l y th at t h e form e r was p e rh ap s
, ,

e asi e r to si ng an d t h at i t h a d ou st e d t h e l att e r owi n g to

,

t h e l ocal p atri otism of t h e p e opl e of C on sta n ti nop l e .

( 2) La te r hi sto ry
It r e m ai n s to trac e t h e h i story o f t h e r e vi s e d C on sta n
t i n o po li t an t e xt o u r N ic e n e C r e e d , i n t h e S e rvic e b ook s
,

of t h e Ce ltic an d S axo n C h u rch e s an d o f its translati o n ,

i nto E ngl is h at t h e tim e of t h e R e formatio n .

B ri tis h bis h ops att e n d e d t h e C ou n ci l o f A rl e s i n A D . .

3 1 4 an d w e r e s um m o n e d to t h e C o u nci l o f Nic ae a from

, ,

wh ich th e y e x c us e d t h e m s e l v e s o n t h e grou n d of d istan c e

an d po v e rt v . The e arl i e st t e xts o f t he C r e e d of t h e

p c i t p 60
1 0 . . .
.
,
 LA TE R H I S TO R Y or N I CE N E CRE E D 47

C ou n ci l wo u l d p e n e trate i nto B ritai n th rough Gau l .

Thu s we fi n d a C r e e d wh i ch co m bi n e s charact e ri sti cs

,

o f t h e Ni c e n e an d A postl e s C r e e d s i n t h e Bangor
’

,
.

A nti ph onar y o f t h e sixth c e ntu r y B ut we m u st wai t .

u nti l t h e n i nth c e ntu r y b e fo r e we com e u p o n t h e t e x t o f

t h e Con sta n ti n Op o li ta n u m Probabl y t h e S tow e M issal i s
.

t h e e ar l i e st r e pr e s e ntativ e an d I w i l l q u ot e its t e x t i n t h e
,

A p p e nd i x 1 .

Th i s is o n e o f t h e e arl i e st r e m ai n in g s e rv i c e book s of
th e I rish C h u rch an d contai n s an u n i nt e rpol at e d t e xt
, ,

t h e w or d s F i li o qu e h av i ng b e e n ad d e d b y a l at e r h an d i n
t he m argi n Th e q u e sti o n o f i ts wi tn e ss to t h e i n t r o d uc
.

ti o n o f t h e C r e e d i nto t h e I rish l it urgy i s sti l l i n d isp ut e .

B ut t h e fo rt h com i ng e d ition w h ich Dr G F War n e r ,

. . .

i s e d iti ng for t h e Brads h aw S oci e ty w i l l n o d o u bt s u p p l y ,

m ate rial s for a fi n al j u d gm e nt o n th e q u e sti o n .

Th e var iatio ns i n t h e La ti n t e xt cu rr e nt i n E nglan d

d u ri ng t h e Mi dd l e Ag e s h av e n e v e r b e e n i n v e stigate d .

Th e u se of t h e C r e e d i n t h e Li tu rgy was com m o n c e rtai n l y

from t h e t e nth c e ntu ry .

Th e fi rst tran slatio n of t h e Nic e n e C r e e d i nto En glish

ap p e ar s to h av e b e e n m a d e b y A rch bi sh op C ran m e r i n
o n e o f h i s fi rst e x p e rim e nts i n tran slati o n o f th e M ass ,

a n d was pu b l is h e d i n t h e fi rst Pray e r Book of Ed war d V I .

Th e fi rst d r aft i s fo u n d i n a M S i n t h e B ritish M u s e um 2 .

,

an d t h e t e xt d i ff e rs from th at fo u n d i n t h e Fi rst Pray e r

B oo k o n l y i n sm al l d e tai l s 3 I t d i d n ot i n cl u d e t he w or d s
.

wh os e k i ng d o m sh al l h av e n o e n d Bi sh op Dow d e n
‘ ’
.

has sh ow n that t he omi ssio n was d e l ib e rat e as a r e s ult o f ,

critical i nv e stigati on b ut that C ran m e r fou n d th at h e had

,

b e e n m istak e n an d r e stor e d t he w or d s i n t h e S e con d

P ray e r Boo k .

Bish op Gibso n su gg e sts th at C ran m e r i ns e rt e d I ‘

b e l i e v e b e for e o n e cat h ol i c an d apostol ic ch u rc h to

’

m ak e a d i stin ctio n b e tw e e n b e l i e v i ng i n t h e H ol y Gh ost

an d b e li e vi ng t h e C ath ol i c C h u rch i e b e l i e v i ng t h at t h e r e ,
. .

i s su ch a Cat h ol i c Ch u rc h R u fin u s an d ot h e r Lati n w rit e rs

.

1 P 114
. .

11
r
B it M us
. . M S 3 4191
. W . H . Fr e r e i n J .T S , i p 232
. . . . .

3 And was cruc i fi e d

‘
fo r us ’
:
‘
t o ju d ge th e q uy c ke
’ ‘
wh i ch
spak e by the p ro p h e ts .
’
48 THE N I CE NE CRE E D
o ft e n d raw th is d i sti n cti o n b e tw e e n b e l i e vi ng i n Divi n e
P e rson s an d b e l i e vi ng ab out th e i r w ork i n t he C h u rch o r
i n t h e r e m issi on o f si n s e t c C ran m e r h im s e lf i n h i s .

A n n ota ti ons up o n the K i ng 8 B o o k writ e s I b e l i e v e i n t he ‘

,

H ol y Gh ost , an d t h at th e r e i s a h ol y C ath ol ic C h urc h 1 .

’

Th at h e sh ou l d i n s e rt t h e wor d h ol y w h e n q u otin g ‘ ’

’
fro m t h e A postl e s C r e e d m ak e s i t m or e n otic e abl e that
,

h e om its t h e w ord i n t h e Ni c e n e C r e e d Th e r e can be .

n o q u e sti o n th at thi s was d u e to t he om issio n of t h e w ord

i n t he t e xts o f th e C r e e d giv e n i n e arl y e d itio n s o f t he “

C ou n ci l s w h i ch h e co nsu lt e d
,
We are n ow i n a positio n .

to p rov e th at t he o m issio n was charact e risti c of t h e ol d

Lati n t e xt both of S pai n an d R om e an d also appar e ntl y , , ,

o f t h e t e xt u s e d i n t h e C h u rch of C o nsta nti n opl e Wh y .

i t sh o ul d t h u s d i ffe r fr om t h e t e xt o f t h e J e rusal e m C r e e d
of S C yri l an d t h e C r e e d of S Epi ph an i us h as n ot y e t
.
, .
,

b e e n di scov e r e d The R e form e rs foll ow e d t he b e st t e x t

.

w h ic h th e y cou l d fi n d but th e o m i sso n is n o n e t h e l e ss

,

to be r e gr e tte d s i n c e h ol y was a n ot e of t he C h u rch i n

’

t h e Baptism al Cr e e d from t h e e arl i e st tim e s .

Th e p ractical i m portan c e o f t h e d octri n e wh i ch h as

th u s b e e n i n corporat e d i n t h e Li tu rgy an d A rti cl e s o f
o u r C h u rch w il l com e b e for e u s agai n We a re n o w .

co n c e rn e d o n l y with t h e h i story o f t h e form o f th e C r e e d

u s e d We h av e trac e d i ts e vol u ti o n fro m i ts fi rst b e gi n
.

ni n g u nti l t h e pr e s e nt d ay A s I h av e s ai d e l s e wh e r e
.
,

Th e fai th of t h e Nic e n e C o u n ci l i s r e lat e d to ou r Ni c e n e

C r e e d as a bu d fro m a gard e n ro s e to t h e wi l d ros e stock - -

i nto wh i ch i t i s grafte d Th e ros e grow e r w ith c u n n i ng

.
-

h an d u n it e s t h e b e au ty of col o u r an d form w h i c h h e h as
c ultiv at e d to t h e h ard y n atu r e an d vigor ou s gro wt h of
t h e w i l d plan t O u r N ic e n e C r e e d i s t h e ol d Baptism a l
.

C r e e d of J e ru sal e m r e v is e d b y t h e i n s e rt i o n o f Nic e n e
th e ol ogi cal t e rm s T h u s t h e i m prov e d t h e ol ogy was
.

grafte d i n to t he stock o f t h e ol d h istori c faith 2 “7 e

’

m a y th an k Go d th at t h e g e n iu s o f a gr e at C at e c h i st h as
gi v e n u s i n t h e C r e e d of o u r E u ch ari sti c w o rsh i p o n e
fitt e d , al i k e by i ts rhyt h m an d by t h e p rop ortio n i n i ts
th e ol ogi cal t e ach i ng to be a l itu rgical tr e as u r e for all
,

C h ri st e n d om .

1 G ibs o n 0 0 c i p 2 I n r o d u c i on
, 1 t . 17 5 .
, t. t . to th e Cr eed s p 98 ,
. .
 P A RT 11 — TH E T H E O L O G Y
.

C H A P TE R I V

A N TE - N I C E N E T H E O LO G Y
TH E R E ar e tw o m ai n l i n e s of attack u po n t h e Ni c e n e
C r e e d : F i rst, I t i s m ai ntai n e d t h at a d ogm ati c C r e e d
has b e e n se t i n t h e for e gro u n d o f C h ristian t e achi n g
w h e r e C h rist se t n ot a C r e e d b u t a S e r m o n S e con d ly ,
.

I t is sai d that t h e Gr e e k m e tap h ysical t e rm s i ntro d u c e d

i n to t he C r e e d m ar t h e si m pli city of t h e plai n Bi bl e
t e ac h i ng wh ic h i t w ou l d oth e rwi s e sh ar e w ith oth e r
an ci e nt fo rm s of t h e A p ostl e s C r e e d I n t h e fi rst cas e
’
.

it i s sai d t h at we sacri fi c e t h e clai m s o f c on sci e n c e to t h e

s u ppos e d i nt e r e sts o f r e aso n ; i n th e s e co n d so it i s,

al l e g e d we a re c h al l e ng e d to d e ci d e b e tw e e n cr e d u l i ty
,

an d com m on s e ns e .

( a ) Th e ol ogy m u st at al l c osts pr e s e rv e th e d e l icat e

balan c e b e tw e e n t h e d e m an d s o f Re ason an d C o nsci e n c e .

I t was t h e s u pr e m e m e rit o f S A t h an asi u s th at h e saw

.

t h i s n e e d , an d labo u r e d u n fl i n ch i n g ly to p r e s e rv e i t .

Li k e S . Pau l h e gav e m ost w e ig h t t o con sc i e n c e .

’
C h ristian ity i s t h e i m itatio n of Ch ri st s p e rfe ct l i fe t h e ,

e n d e avou r to l iv e m or e an d m or e str e n u o u sl y acc or d i n g

to t h e patt e r n s e t forth i n t h e S e rm o n o n t h e M ou n t .

B u t t h e m oral e ffort d e m an d e d i s so gr e at t h e p ri c e t o
,

be pai d for all e gian c e to su c h a M ast e r i s so costl y , th at

t he q u e stion m u st ar is e By w h at autho rity d i d t h e
‘
,

P roph e t of Nazar e t h t e ac h s u ch t h i ngs an d m ak e su ch

Th e wh ol e d ri ft of H is t e ach
’
d e m an d s o n con sci e n c e ?
i n g le d m e n to ask t h e qu e sti on wh i ch at l ast u n d e r t h e
,

m ost s ol e m n ci rc um stan c e s H e pu t to th e A p ostl e s wh e n ,

e v e nts w e r e s h api n g towar ds a cri si s i n t h e h istory o f

1)
50 TH E NI C E NE CREED
H i s m i ssi o n to H is p e op l e Wh om say y e th at I am ‘ i"
, .

Th e an sw e r o f t h e A postl e s Th o u art t he C h rist t he,

‘

S o n o f t h e l ivi ng Go d was t h e o n l y p ossi bl e an sw e r

’

w h i ch co u l d sati sfy O n e wh o cl ai m e d to sp e ak with an

au th ority s u p e ri or t o t h at of M os e s o r t he P roph e ts .

I f H e was n ot Go d H e was n ot good Th e xe 13 n o e scap e .

fro m th e ol d d il e m m a I t p r e s e nts i ts e l f to t he m i n d s
.

o f s u cc e e d i ng g e n e rati o n s i n m an y d i ff e 1 e n t form s b u t ,

t h e q u e stio n ca n n e v e r be s e ttl e d o t h e 1 W1s e than o n t h e

l i n e s w h i c h S Ath anasi u s as t h e for e m ost apologist o f
.
,

t h e N ic e n e C ou n ci l has lai d d ow n ,
\Vh e n we b e li e v e i n .

C hrist we yi e l d to t h e attracti o n of a P e rson ali ty w h i ch

,

h as th rou gh al l t h e c e ntu ri e s w o n t h e all e gianc e o f

c ou ntl e ss h e arts wh o can say w it h S Pau l Th e l i fe .
,
‘

t h at I n ow l i v e i n t h e fl e sh I l i v e b y t h e faith o f t h e S o n
o f G o d wh o l ov e d m e an d gav e H i m s e l f fo r m e Th e y .
’

are consci ou s o f a m y sti cal u n i o n th rough whi c h t h e i r

c h aract e r i s r e m ad e t h e i r co nsci e n c e str e ngth e n e d t h e i r
, ,

wh ol e o u tl ook o n l i fe wi d e n e d Th e i r fait h b e com e s i h .

v i n ci bl e H o w e v e r i m p e r fe ctl y wor d s m ay e x pr e ss t h e i r
.

gratitu d e i t i s pl ai n th at n o con fe ssio n s h ort of t h e

,

fu l l e st ack n owl e d gm e nt o f C h rist s Lor d sh i p of C h rist s ’

’

Div inity can j u stify th e i r i nsti n ctiv e d e si r e to w o rs h i p

'

H i m A n y co m prom is e wit h r e gard to t h i s a c kn o wle d g

.
‘

m e n t t h e A rian o r a n y oth e r l e ads to n ot h i ng e ls e t h a n

, ,

i d ol atry o r t h e r ej e cti on o f Ch ri st Th u s S A t h an asi u s . .

d e fe n d e d t h e m ai n t h e si s o f t h e N ic e n e C r e e d wh i c h i s ,

a l e giti mat e an d r e ason ab l e con cl usion bu i lt u p o n t h e

p ractic e of t he A postl e s wh om t h e t e ac h in g o f t h e ,

S e rm o n o n t h e Mou n t le d to worsh i p t h e Pr e ach e r .

T h u s t h e fi rst l i n e of attac k t h e fals e antith e sis i n w h i ch

,

t h e Ni c e n e C r e e d i s put to t h e S e rm o n o n t h e M ou nt ,

b r e ak s d ow n No o n e w h o h as n ot t e st e d t h e val u e of
.

h i s cr e e d i n l i fe i n t he h ou r o f t e m ptati on wh e n h is
, ,

wi l l 1s w e ak w h e n al l t h e fin e array o f i n te lle c t u al argu

,

m e nts i s e n d ang e r e d b y t h e on s e t o f passi on wh e n pri d e ,

an d pr ej u d ic e s w e e p awa y t h e last r e m n an ts of th e
ord e r e d r e si sta n c e o f h i s facu lti e s to fi e rc e ang e r an d
b itt e r w0 1 d s an d o n l y t h e fe e b l e m y o f a totte ri n g co n
,
‘ ’
sci e n c e to J e su s C h xi st has avai l e d to tur n d e fe at i nto
v i ctory h as an y r igh t to criti ci s e i n t h e stu d y t h e
,
—
 A NTE N I C E N E - T HEO LO GY 51

t e rm s i n w h i c h o n t h e battl e fie ld of l ife C h ri sti an s

-

e xp r e ss t h e i r l ov e to H i m i n w h o m th e y a re m or e than
c o n q u e ro

( b) Th e s e co n d l i n e of attack i nsi sts th at G r e e k m e ta

p h ysi cal t e rm s h av e c or ru pt e d t h e t e ach i n g of t h e Bi b l e
an d are u n s u i t e d to t h e p r e se n t d ay Th i s attack i s .

m or e d i ffi c ult to m e e t t h an t h e fi rst b e ca u s e i t can n ot be

,

d e n i e d th at ou r m o d e s o f th ou ght d i ffe r w i d e l y fro m

'

t h os e o f t h e fo u rt h c e n tu ry a n d n o o n e i n h i s s e ns e s
,

w ou l d ass e rt th at h u m an t h ough t h as n ot p rogr e ss e d .

At fi r st t h e r e for e t h e co nt e nti o n t h at G r e e k m e ta
, ,

ph ysi cal t e rm s ar e o ut of d ate i n C h ristia n cr e e d s s e e m s

r e ason ab l e B u t o n s e co n d th ou g h ts we p e rc e iv e th at
.

th e r e i s a m u ch m or e i m p o rta n t p rob l e m i n volv e d t h an

t h e m e r e q u e sti o n of t h e h istory o f c e rtai n Gr e e k p h il o
sop h i cal t e rm s A s Dr S trong h as pu t i t w i th r e gar d t o
. .

t h e fam o u s t e rm H o mo o us i os : -
Th i s also r e q u ir e s tran s
l ati o n ; i t m u st be e x p r e ss e d i n t h e l angu ag e i n wh i c h
we th i n k . B u t it i s t h e form al d e fi ni ti o n o f th e C h u rc h
o f o n e ag e co nti n u all y a cc e pt e d b y su cc e ss iv e age s o f
, ,

t h e C ath oli c b e l i e f as to t h e n atu r e o f t h e S o n It ex .

p r e ss e s t h e con vi cti o n t h at J e su s C h r ist i s t h e S o n o f

God We m ay tran sl at e t h i s i n to an y la ngu ag e we l i k e
.
,

b u t we can n ot e x plai n it away wi th o u t a total d e partu r e

from t he an ci e nt fait h of C h ri st e n d om To say th e r e .
,

for e t h at i t h as o n l y a h istori c i nt e r e st as r e pr e s e ntin g

, ,

t h e p oi n t o f v i e w of that d ay d o e s n ot q u it e corr e sp on d
,

w ith t h e facts I t i s t h e N ic e n e form gi v e n to t h e

.

thou gh t th at C h ri st i s S o n o f Go d j u s t as éuo o é m o v i s ,

t h e Gr e e k w or d e xpr e ss e d i n E n gl i s h b y t h e p h ras e o f
‘

’
o n e su bstan c e The r e al m att e r i s o n e of fact o f tru th
.
,

or fal sity an d n ot of e x pr e ssio n m e r e l y 1 W e tu r n t h e n

,
.
’

to t h e su bj e ct of A nt e N i c e n e Th e ol ogy to watch th e
-

d e v e lopm e n t o f i d e as w h i c h th e N ic e n e t e rm s syste m a
t i se d b u t d i d n o t cr e at e .

( 1 ) N ew Testamen t Theology
I t i s n e e d l e ss to say th at t h e w rit e rs of t h e N e w Te sta
m e n t assu m e d t h e e xi ste n c e o f Go d an d taugh t th e ,

1 M a n ua l o
f Th eolog y B l a ck p 198 , , . .
52 TH E NI CEN E CRE ED

d octri n e o f th e c r e atio n o f t he w orl d by Go d as t h e y h a d

l e arn t it from t h e J e w is h S cri ptu r e s Th i s b e cam e a .

b u rn i ng qu e sti on w h e n t h e Gn osti cs cam e o n th e h orizo n .

I t i s p robabl y d u e to t h e pr e ss u r e o f s u ch e rror t h at t h e
East e r n C r e e d s i n c lu d e d a r e fe r e n c e to t h e cr e ati o n o f
al l thi ngs v isibl e an d i nvi sibl e by t h e A l m igh ty Fat h e r .

A n d i t i s pr e cis e l y i n th is con c e ptio n o f Go d as Fat h e r ,

t h at t he t e ach ing of t h e N e w Te stam e n t i s o ri g i n al Th e .

i d e a w as n o t n e w b ut i t was t h e t e ac h i ng o f J e su s w h i ch
,

h a d m a d e i t c u rr e nt coi n an d h a d fi l l e d i t w ith n e w
‘
,
’

m e an i n g To form e r t e ac h e rs G o d was Fat h e r of I sra e l

.

an d l sra e lit e s 1 bu t th e y al low e d o nl y l im it e d rang e to

,

t h is i d e al an d k n e w n ot h o w to co m bi n e i t wi th t h e i d e a
,

of God as C r e ato r an d S u stai n e r o f t h e u n iv e rs e O n .

t h e oth e r han d i n H is S e rm on o n t h e M ou n t t h e Lor d

,

J e sus m ov e d n at u ral ly as i t w e r e i n th e s e h igh e st r e al m s

o f th oug h t H is Fat h e r was th e i r Fath e r also l ovi ng e v e n
.
,

to t h e u n than k ful an d e vi l as He giv e s rai n both to t h e ,

j ust an d t h e u nj ust an d car e s for t h e l ittl e bi rd s an d,

fl ow e rs so that n oth i ng th at He h as m ad e i s b e yo n d t h e
,

rang e o f H is i nt e r e st an d H is P rovi d e n c e 2 O nl y u p o n .

s u c h t e ac h i ng co u l d be rais e d t he strong fou n dati o ns o f

t h e t e ac h i ng of S Jo h n i ns pi r e d t e achi ng w h ic h i s th e
.
,

v e ry ch art e r of fr e e C h ristian t h ought Go d is Lov e , .

A n d i t was t h e b e l ov e d d isci pl e wh o pro claim e d also th at

Go d i s Ligh t 1
s o t h at t he S o n o f Go d com e s i nto t h e
,
’ ‘

w o rl d as l ig h t i nto d ark n e ss to d i sp e l t h e shad ows o f

G o d i s a S pi rit 5 s o that tru e ‘ ’
e rro r an d e vi l an d agai n , , ,

r e l igi o n m u st al wa y s t e ach w ors h i p i n spirit an d i n

trut h T his p ri n ci pl e i s e n ough to gu ar d t he c o n c e p
.

tio n th at S acram e n ts ar e i n H ook e r s ph ras e m oral n ot , , ,

m e ch an i cal m e an s o f grac e Th e two ch i e f S acram e nts .

o f t he Gosp e l w e r e v al u e d b y t h e e arl y C h ristian s a s

m e an s o f grac e wh ich e n abl e d th e m to wal k i n t h e st e ps
o f t h e ir Lor d to r e prod u c e H is e xam pl e to grow a fte r
, ,

H i s l ik e n e ss B u t t h e y fol l ow e d t h i s ai m always with a

.

m oral p u r pos e A n d t h e r e i s n o q u e stio n about t h e

.

r e ason Th e y h ad al ways i n t h e i r t h oughts t h e b e l i e f

.

1 C .
f D c u t i 31 ; P 8 c iii 1 3 ; J e r iii 4 19 ; I s lx iii 16 ; lx i v 8
. . . . . .
,
. . . .

2 M a t t v 45 v i x 9 3 1 J ohn i v 8
.
; . 26 ; 2 . . . . .

4 1 J oh n 1 5 5 J oh n iv 24
. . . .
54 THE NICENE CR EED
Fi v e y e ars lat e r h e was ban ish e d Th i s says h i s .
,

bi ograph e r was h i s r e war d for w it h drawi ng from l ivi n g

,

s ig h t a h o rror l i k e th at o f h e ll an d fo r savi ng hi s co u ntry

,
’ ‘

fro m b e com i ng t h e e m pty sh e l l of a n e x i l e d p opu latio n .

’

Th is i s an e xamp l e wh i c h sh o u l d app e al to u s o f
t h e t w e nti e t h c e ntu ry w h o tal k so m uc h w h e th e r
, ,

we car e o r n ot abo u t sc h e m e s for s ocial r e form s

, .

\Ve n e e d n ot a d d a w o rd i n d is parag e m e n t of t h e s e l f
sacri fi c e o f sci e nti st o r ph i lant h ropi st w h o i s u nabl e to ,

ack n owl e d g e wi t h u s t h e gl ory of t he Ete r nal Tri n ity

or t h e Di vi n ity of ou r Lor d We o n l y claim as o u r .

p ro u d e st boast t h at t h e r e h av e n e v e r b e e n l acki n g
v ol u nt e e rs for any w ork o f m e rcy w h os e i nspiratio n h as
com e fro m ou r C r e e d an d that s u c h l ov e , s e l f forg e tti ng
,
-
,

h u m bl e l o y al to c om rad e s u n b e l i e v e rs as w e l l as be
, ,

li e v e rs, is t h e su p r e m e t e s t of i ts truth .

( 2) The Ap ostoli c F a ther s

Th e m ost i m portant for o u r p u rpos e of t h os e writ e rs i s
Ign ati us t h e m artyr Bi s h op o f A ntioch I n Lightfo ot s
,
.
’

w ords h i s l e tt e rs t e ac h a th e ol ogy w on d e rfu ll y m atu r e

,
’
i n s pit e o f i ts i m matu ri ty I gn ati u s i n h i s t e achi ng o n
.

t h e Tri n ity co nti n u e s t h e Pau li n e t e ach i ng o f 2 C o r .

x i ii 1 3 t h at t h ro ug h t h e S o n i s t h e w ay to t he Fat h e r
.
, ,

a n d t h at u n i o n w i th t he Fath e r t h rough t he S o n i s a
com m u ni o n i n t h e S p i ri t Agai n an d agai n h e r e it e rate s
.

h is t e stim on y to t he h istori c fait h as we fi n d i t outl i n e d

fro m t h e d ays of t he A p ostl e s i n t h e Bapti sm al C r e e d s .

Th us to t he Tral l ian s h e w rit e s e g B e y e d e af, . .

‘
,

th e r e for e , w h e n an y m a n sp e ak e t h to yo u apart from

J e s us C hri st wh o was of t h e rac e of Davi d w h o w as t h e
, ,

S o n of M ary wh o was tr u l y born an d a t e an d d ran k

, ,

was tr u l y p e rs e cut e d u nd e r Po nti u s Pi lat e was tru l y ,

cru cifi e d an d d i e d i n t h e sight o f t h os e i n h e av e n an d

th os e o n e art h an d t h os e u n d e r t h e e a rth ; w ho m or e ,

ov e r was trul y rais e d fro m t h e d e a d H is Fath e r havi ng

, ,

rais e d H i m w h o i n t h e li k e fash i on w i ll s o rai s e u s al so

,

w h o b e l i e v e o n H i m — H i s Fat h e r I say w i l l rais e u s — i h ,

C h rist J e su s apart fro m w h om we h av e n ot tr u e l i fe

’
.
,
 ANTE N I - C ENE TH EO LO GY 55

I n h i s t e ac h i n g o n th e P e rso n o f C h ri st I gn ati u s go e s
fu rth e r th an t he ol d e st Bapti sm al C r e e d s h e m ay e v e n ,

be sai d to an ti cipat e S At h an asi u s by h i s cl e ar cu t .

-

antith e s e s ( ad Ep h Th e r e i s o n e o n l y p h ysici an
.
,
‘
,

o f fl e s h a n d o f spi rit b e gott e n an d u n b e gott e n Go d i n

, ,

m an , tr u e Li fe i n d e ath , S o n o f M ary an d S o n of Go d ,

fi rst p assi bl e capabl e of s ufie r i n g ) an d th e n im pas s ibl e

(! i n capabl e o f su ffe ri n g ) J e su s C h rist ou r L ord
,
1
.
’

T h e r e m igh t be j u stifi cati o n for q u e sti on i n g wh e th e r

th e s e w ords t e n d i n an h e r e tical d i r e cti o n if Ign ati u s ,

h a d n ot m a d e it q u it e p lai n t h at h e b e l i e v e d i n t h e pre
e x ist e nc e o f t h e S o n He s p e ak s o f J e s u s C h ri st w h o
.

w as b e for e th e ag e s w ith t h e Fat h e r an d i n th e e n d

app e ar e d 2 B ut t h e co n c e pti o n of t h e e t e rn al G e n e ra
’

tio n o f t he S o n h ad n ot y e t fo u n d cl e ar e x p r e ssio n i n
C h ristian t h ough t .

C l e m e n t of R om e w rit e s w ith ou t r e fe r e n c e to a C r e e d
,

b u t o n t h e sam e l i n e s : H av e we n ot o n e God an d o n e
C h rist an d o n e S pi rit of grac e , w h i ch w as pou r e d o u t
A s Go d l i v e s an d t h e Lor d J e su s C h ri st
’
u po n u s 3 .

li v e s an d t h e H ol y S pi ri t t h e fait h an d h op e of t h e
,
’
e le c t .
1

Th e t e ach i ng of H e rm as , a p roph e t o f t he C h u rch i n

R om e i n h i s al l e gory The S hep he r d is l e ss d e cisiv e
,
It , .

w as at o n e ti m e cit e d as S cri ptu r e b y s om e ch u rc h e s b u t ,

w as si l e ntl y r ej e ct e d i n t he fi n al shap in g of t h e N e w
Te stam e nt C an o n The au tobiograph i cal d e tai l s wh i ch
.

i t s u p pli e s a r e ful l o f i nt e r e st H e rm as w as an ob scu r e .

,

probabl y s e con d rat e s h o pk e e p e r i n Rom e at t h e b e gi n

-

n i n g of t h e s e con d c e n tu ry I n sp it e of m an y fail u r e s .

h e tri e d to k e e p h o n e st an d to sp e ak t h e tru th , He .

ha d m an y d isappoi ntm e n ts i n h i s bu si n e ss an d i n h i s
h o me a n d y e t h e tri e d to k e e p ch e e r fu l Th e r e i s som e
, .

t h i n g pat h e ti c abo ut h i s con fe ssion s o f t h e d ou bl e

m i n d e d n e ss w h i c h i nj u r e d h i s bu si n e ss an d t he q u i ck ,

t e m p e r w h i c h m arr e d t h e p e ac e o f h i s h om e Bot h h e .
,
‘ ’
says , gri e v e t h e H o l y S pi rit ‘
Th e r e for e r e m ov e .
,

s orro w from th y h e art a n d a ffl ict n ot t he H ol y S piri t

1 Ep h , 7
. .
2 M ay n ,
6 .

3 o
1 C rn , xlv i . 6 .
1
‘
I bi d .
,
lv iii . 2
.
56 THE N I C EN E CR E ED

w h i ch d w e l l e th i n th e e l e st He mak e i nt e rc e ssi o n agai nst

th e e wit h G o d an d d e part from th e e 1 .
’

A s Dr O rr has s h o w n : Wit h r e gar d to C h rist h i m

.

s e lf th e r e s e e m s l ittl e d o u bt that H e rm as m e an t to
ass e rt a tru e i n car n ati o n of t he pre e x i st e n t S o n I n -
.

o n e plac e fo r i nstanc e H e rm as i s sh o w n a rock an d a

, ,

gate a n d i s tol d that th e y d e n ote t h e S o n of God

, .

H o w h e asks can t h i s be , s e e i ng t h at t he roc k i s ol d

, ,

an d t h e gat e n e w ? It i s r e pl i e d — The S o n o f G o d i s
m or e a n ci e n t t h an al l cr e ation an d b e cam e t h e Fat h e r s ,
’

co u ns e llo r i n H is cr e atio n Fo r t h i s r e aso n He i s ol d

. .

B u t t he gat e i s n e w b e cau s e He was m ad e m an i fe st i n

,

t h e last da y s th at th e y w h o a re to be s av e d m ay e nt e r
,

t h roug h it i nto th e Ki n gd om o f God 2

’
.

We can m ai ntai n that H e rmas b e li e v e d righ tl y t h e

I ncarn ati o n o f o u r Lor d J e su s C h rist wh i l e we ack now ,

l e d g e that h e m a d e s e ri o u s m istak e s w h e n atte m ptin g to

e x p lai n t h e r e lati on o f t h e Lord to t h e H ol y S pi rit .

W h at O ppo rtu n iti e s h ad s u ch a m an , struggli n g agai n st

a spi rit of i n d e cisio n to co nfe ss t he Lor d w h o l e h e art e d l y -

3
e v e n i n s uffe ri ng to p e rfe ct h i ms e l f i n the pr e cis e u se
,

of th e ol o gica l t e rm s ? Dr H ar nack h as r e li e d o n pre .

cari o u s fou n dations w h e n h e e n d e avo u rs to p rov e from

t he m istak e s of H e rmas that th e r e w e r e t wo s trai n s o f
C h ri stian t e ach ing ab ou t t he Pe rson of C h rist at thi s
p e ri od that b e si d e th e t e ach i ng of C l e m e n t an d Ignati u s
,

as to a S pi ritu al B e in g wh o h as b e com e i n car nat e th e r e ,

was a noth e r l i n e o f t h ough t i n wh ich J e sus was r e gard e d

as a m an i n wh o m t h e S pi ri t of God d w e lt w h o was ,

a d o pt e d a ft e r probati on b y God as H i s S o n .

I t was t h e task o f wis e r m e n than H e rm as t o r e fl e ct

o n t he d e e p e r m e an i n g o f t h e C h ri stian tra d itio n an d ,

to i nt e rp r e t it to cu ltu r e d m i n ds Th e t e ac h i ng o f .

S Joh n o n t he Logos t h e Di vi n e Word was d e v e l op e d

.
, ,

by t he A pologists bu t p rogr e ss was sl ow

,
W h at J usti n .

M art y r fai l e d to e x p r e ss as h e cou l d w i sh was afte r ,

w ard s d e v e l op e d by C l e m e nt o f A l e x an d ria an d O r ig e n .

1 M ound x iii
. . 2 .

2 o
The P r g r ess of D og ma , p . 77, quo tin g S i m i x .
, . 12 .

3 Sim , i
. x
28 2. . .
 T H E O LO G Y 57
’

A NTE NI CEN
- E

A n d i n t h e m e an ti m e Te rtul l ia n w as fash i o n i n g t h e
t e rm s i n w h ic h l ate r W e ste r n t h e ol ogy e x pr e ss e d its
i m m e m ori al b e l i e f .

( 3) The Ap olog i sts

T h e w ork of t h e gr e at A p ol ogi sts was n o t m e r e l y
n e gativ e e ith e r i n d e fe nc e of C h ri stia n m oral ity agai n st
,

slan d e r or i n co ntr ov e rsy w ith J e w s an d Pagan s Th e y

,
.

r e stat e d t he gr e at tru t h s of Natu ral Re l igi on J usti n .

M artyr cl ai m s that all m e n hav e i n t h e m a po rti on of th e

D i vi n e Wo r d W h at e v e r t h i ngs w e r e rig h tl y sai d
’
1
m h
am ong al l e a e t e prop e rty o f u s h ri stians
n r C From .

thi s poi n t th e y w e nt o n to d e fe n d th e n e w R e v e lation .

I n h i s Di alog u e wi th Tryp ho J usti n m ai ntai ns th at h e ca n

r e cogn is e tr u e De ity i n C h rist an d y e t be a m o n ot h e ist .

B ut som e of hi s p h ras e s s e e m to i m p l y th at b e for e t h e

cr e atio n t h e Logo s e xist e d w ith God pot e ntiall y o n ly I n .

Dr O rr s wor d s t h e ch i e f d i ffe r e nc e b e tw e e n t h e th e or y
'

.
,
o f t h e A pol ogists an d N ic e n e t e ach i ng was th at w h il e
‘
,

attri bu ti ng to t h e Logos a r e al an d e te rn al m o d e o f
s u bsist e n c e i n Go d th e y d i d n ot , appar e n tl y r e gar d t h i s
, ,

m o d e o f s u bsist e nc e as p e rso n al b u t h e l d t h at t h e com i n g

,

forth o r b e g e tti n g ( y e u v mn s) of th e S o n as a d istin ct

’

h ypostasi s w as im m e d iat e l y prio r to cr e atio n an d w i th a ,

v i e w to it Th at i s to say t h e L og os w as e t e rn al bu t Hi s
.
, ,

p e rso nal s ubsist e n c e as So n was n ot Fu rth e r as agai n st .

,

t h e Gn ostic vi e w o f i n vol u n tar y e m an ati on th i s g e n e ra ,

ti o n of t he S o n for t h e w ork o f cr e ati o n was r e pr e s e nt e d

as an act of t he Fath e r s wi ll ’ ’
Th is i s t h e v i e w of J u sti n
.

probabl y an d of som e ot h e r l e a d ing Ap ol ogi sts c e rtai n l y

,

an d was t h e vi e w o f Te rtu l li an H e e xpr e ssl y says .

‘
Th e r e w as a ti m e w h e n t h e Fat h e r h a d n o S o n It .
’ ‘

w il l be e vi d e nt th at thi s Logos d octri n e of t h e A p ol ogists

gav e a c e rtai n poi nt of su p port to t h e l at e r S ab e l li a n an d
Aria n co nstru ction s : to t h e S ab e l li an i n t h e i d e a o f t h e ,

Logos as a mod al, n ot p e rsonal d isti n cti on i n t h e God h e ad

an d to t h e A rian i n th e a d m issi o n t h at t h e r e w as a tim e
,

w h e n t h e S o n was n ot an d t h at H e w as p ro d u c e d b y an
,

act o f t h e Fat h e r s w il l Y e t n oth i ng cou l d be f urt h e r

’
.

1 Se con d Ap l o .
,
13 .
58 THE NICENE C R EED
fro m t h e m i n d s o f t h e A pol ogi sts than to giv e su p port to
e ith e r o f t h e s e v i e ws Th e i r v i e w d i ff e rs d iam e tricall y
.

from th at of t h e A rian s i n th at th e y h e l d t he S o n to be
,

tr u l y of the Fath e r s e ss e n c e ; an d it d i ffe rs fro m t h e

'

S ab e l l ian i n th at th e y a ffi rm e d t h e e x ist e n c e of t h r e e
,

d i stin ct hypostases or p e rson s i n t he Go d h ea d ant e c e d e nt

, , ,
to an d sin c e t h e cre ati on 1 .
’

Th i s ad m i rabl e s um m ary b y an e m i n e nt Pr e sbyt e rian

sch ol ar is su ffi ci e n t pro o f t hat t h e u n div i d e d C h u rc h has n ot
b e e n gu i lty of sp e ci al pl e a d i ng i n d e fe nc e o f t h e d octri n e
o f t h e Di vi n ity o f C h rist agai nst al l m an n e r o f ratio nal
i si ng h e r e si e s Th e practical l e ss o n w h i ch we n e e d to
.

l e ar n i s th at as h e r e si e s r e p r e s e nt t e n d e n ci e s com m on to
t h e h u m an m i n d i n e v e ry ag e an d m u st r e app e ar ag ai n ,

an d agai n s o progr e ss i n t he d e fi n itio n o f d octri n e i s

,

o n l y m a d e b y thos e w h o are n ot afrai d to pr e ss on i n spite

o f t h e ris k o f m ak i n g m istak e s Th e y m u st be b oth .

w i ll i ng to l e a r n from t h e e xp e ri e n c e of t he past an d h op e ,

ful that t h e H o ly S pi ri t gu id i ng t h e com m ons e n s e of t he

,

u n iv e rsal C h u rc h wi ll corr e ct e rrors d u e to m istak e n

,

z ea L
we m ay d ra w a n e x c e ll e nt i l l ustrati o n of th i s fro m
th e l i fe of th e A pol ogist Te rtu l lian w hos e fe rvi d A fri can ,

fe e l i ng sti rre d h i m to e xpou n d w it h rar e e l oqu e n c e t h e

r e ligio n wh i ch th e pati e nc e an d co u rag e o f C h ristia n
m artyrs h ad le d h i m to a d opt H i s l e gal trai n i ng e n abl e d .

h i m to d o a gr e at w ork i n m ou l d in g forms of C h ristian

t h oug h t He was n ot t h e fi rst to u se t h e t e r m Tri n ity ,
.
’

w h ic h i n its Gr e e k form Tr i a s we o we to t h e w ri t e r
, ,

Th e oph i l u s o f A n ti och B ut h e m ad e it c u rr e n t coi n

.
,

an d h e i ntrod u c e d t h e u se of t h e t e rm s P e rso n an d ‘ ’

S u bstan c e 2 Th e r e was som e dang e r l e st l e gal i d e as

’
‘
.

sh ou l d d om i nat e C h ristia n u se of t h e s e t e rm s I n t he .

e ye o f a j u r i st a m an o f s u bsta n c e i s a m an poss e ss e d o f
p ro p e rty an d a pe rson i s a b e i n g w it h l e gal rights
, ,

e g t h e rig h t to h ol d p rop e rty , so t h at a corp orati o n can

. .

p oss e s s p rop e rty t h oug h i t i s o nl y b y a fi ction t h at it

can be sai d to l iv e Th roug h su c h anal ysis Te rtu ll i an
.

1 J . O rr Th e P r og r ess of Dog ma p 80
, , . .

e n a m e s Go d a n d H i s W or d a n d H i s W isd o m a s t h e Tr iad
2 H
,

a d A u to l ii 15
.
,
. .
 A NTE N I CE N E - T HE O LO GY 59

i l l u strat e d t h e i d e a of d i vi n e e xi st e n c e as of o n e su b
s tan c e s h ar e d b y th r e e p e rs on s i n o n e co n d iti o n a n d ,

si n c e th e r e i s n othi ng to h i n d e r o n e an d t h e sam e p e rso n

fro m h ol d i ng two k i n d s of p rop e rty Te rtu l lian proc e e d e d ,

to i l l u strat e th e d octri n e o f t h e I n car n ati o n t h ro ugh t h e

sam e m e taph o r sugg e sti ng that t h e sam e P e rso n J e su s
,

C h rist m igh t o w n t h e two s u bstan c e s o f G od h e ad an d

1
h
m anh oo d at t e sam e ti m e .

Y e t th is j u ri sti c s e n s e of th e w or d gav e w ay to ph il o
s op h i cal m e an i ngs We h av e n o rig h t to b u i l d o n th is
.

t e ac h i ng as Dr H arn ack d o e s a t h e ory th at Te rtu l l i an

, .
,

i ntrod u c e d i n to C h ristian ity a s y st e m of l e gal fic t i o n s 2

.

Th e or d i nary l angu ag e of m an k i n d i s as som e o n e has ,

sai d n o m e a n m e taph ysi ci an

, Wor d s attach to t h e m .

s e lv e s i h com m on tal k d e e p ph i l osoph ical m e an i n gs A .

p e rso n i n Te r t u lli an s m i n d m e ant o n e w h o h a d

’ ’
‘

p ro p e rty ; t h e r e for e h e s e e m s to av oi d t h e u se o f t h e
w ord i n sp e aki ng of t h e Tri n ity u si n g t h e w or d Thr e e ,

al o n e j u st as A ugusti n e at a l at e r ti m e apol ogis e d for

,

t h e t e rm
‘
For i n d e e d si nc e Fath e r i s n ot S o n an d S o n i s n ot
, ,

Fath e r a n d t h e H ol y S pi rit w h o is also call e d t h e gi ft

, ,

of Go d i s n e ith e r Fat h e r n o r S o n th e y a re c e rtai n l y

, ,

th r e e A n d so i t i s sai d i n t h e pl u ral
. I an d t h e Fath e r ,
“

ar e o n e — fo r h e d i d n ot say i s o n e as t h e S ab e l l i an s
say b u t are o n e
,
“
Y e t w h e n i t i s ask e d w h at t h e
.

t h r e e ar e h um an u tt e ran c e i s w e ig h e d d ow n b y d e e p
,

pov e rty of sp e e ch A l l t h e sam e we say t h r e e p e rso n s

.
,

n ot t h at we w i sh to say it bu t that we may n ot be ,

r e d u c e d to sil e n c e 3
’
.

For u s , t h an k s i n a gr e at m e asu r e to t h e s e l f q u e sti o n -

i ng o f S A u gusti n e p e rs o n h as a d e e p e r m e an i n g We
.
,
’
.

th i n k o f o n e w h o acts w h o c an th i n k an d fe e l an d w i ll
, ,

an d ou r larg e r con c e pti o n of h um a n p e rson ality e nab l e s

u s to form a h igh e r an d n obl e r con c e pti o n o f Di v i n e
P e rso n ali ty For u s s u bstan c e i s th at w h ic h e xists
.
‘ ’

an d we fi n d t h at Te rtu l li an al so pass e s to thi s w i d e r

p hi losoph ica l u se of t h e t e rm : Th e S o n I d e ri v e from
1 A d v P r a ia. 27 : V i d e m u s d u pli c e m statu m n o n co nfu s u m
, ,

se d c o n i un c t u m i n u n a p e r s o na d e u m e t h o min e m J e s u m .

2
H i st of D og ma ( e d
. ii 307 .
3 De Tr i n . v 10 . .
60 TH E NICENE CR EED
’
n o oth e r so u rc e b u t from t h e su bstan c e o f the Fath e r 1 ,

m e an i ng th e wh ol e b e i ng o f th e Fat h e r Th u s Te rtu l l ian .

pr e par e d t h e w ay for t he w i d e sp r e ad b e l i e f o f t he W e st
that t h e S o n i s of o n e su bstan c e w ith t h e Fath e r wh ich ,

( as we h av e s e e n ) Ho si u s sugg e ste d for i ns e rti o n i n t h e

Ni c e n e C r e e d I n d e e d t h e fol lowi n g w or d s of B i s h op
.

B u l l ar e by n o m e an s o ut of d at e : Re a d o n l y h i s si ngl e
w ork agai nst P raxe as i n wh i c h h e tr e ats fu ll y an d p ro
,

fe sse d ly of t he m ost h ol y Tri ni ty ; h e th e r e ass e rts t he

co n s u bstantial ity of t h e S o n s o fr e q u e ntl y a n d p lai n l y ,

that yo u wo u l d su pp os e t h e au th o r h a d w ritt e n aft e r t h e

tim e of t h e Nic e n e C o u n cil 2
’

I t i s d i ffi c u l t to d e ci d e wh e th e r to class I r e n ae us w i th
t h e Ap o logists or w ith t h e n e xt g e n e ratio n of t e ach e rs .

Tr u e h e w rot e n o form al A pology for C h ri stian ity bu t ,

h i s e arl y l i fe was sp e n t i n A si a M i no r wh ich w as at th at ,

ti m e t h e sc e n e of t h e gr e ate st spiritual activity i n t h e

C h u rch an d i n h i s l ong controv e rs y w i th G n osti cism h e
,

b u i lt o n th e fo u n dati ons w h i ch J u sti n an d oth e rs had

l ai d.

G nosti ci sm i n al l i ts fo rm s was a s e ri o u s att e m pt to

d e al with t h e p robl e m o f e vi l A l l t h e fan ta sti c th e or i e s
.

of A e on s e m an ati n g from t h e supr e m e Go o d Go d of a

'

d e m i u rg e o r c r e ator o f th is w orl d of s i n an d pai n w e r e ,

m otiv e d by t h e d e si r e to e x plai n t h e m yst e ry of pai n I n .

O p posi ti o n to G n osti c t h e ori e s I r e n ae u s taug h t t h e e t e rn al

co e x ist e n c e of t h e Logos w ith t h e Fat h e r d e n yi n g that ,

H e was m a d e o r that g e n e rati on i m pl i e s cr e ati on or th at

, ,

an y th e ory of e m an ati on can e xpr e ss t h e m yst e ry o f t h e

e t e rnal r e lati on sh i p o f S o n to Fath e r H is d e e p e st i n .

t e re st was c e ntr e d i n th e i d e a of t h e I n carn atio n as t he

fu lfi l m e n t of t h e e t e r n a l pu rp os e of G od i n spit e o f si n .

M an m a d e i n t h e i mag e o f God e n d ow e d w it h r e as on an d , ,

fr e e wil l l ost t h rough si n t he l ik e n e s s of God t h e capaci ty

, ,

for i m m o rtal ity w h i ch i s r e stor e d i n C h rist a s t h e s e con d

,

A d am . O n accou n t o f H i s i n fi n it e l ov e H e b e cam e
w h at we ar e t h at H e m ig h t m ak e u s w h at He h i m
,
’
se l f i s.

Th us S I r e n ae u s u n i t e d h i s t e achi ng th at t h e S u pr e m e
.

1 A d v P ra m , 4
. .
2 D ef .
f N i cene Co u nc i l ii
o , . v ii O x Tr . .
 C H A PTE R V

N I CEN E T EA CH IN G ON TH E I N CA R N A TI O N
( )
1 I n tr od u c to ry — The Te a c hi ng of S A th an asi us
.

Th e b e st i ntrod u cti o n t o Nic e n e t e ach i n g o n th e I n

car n atio n i s to be fou n d i n t h e tr e ati s e o f t he gr e at
S A th anasi u s O n the I n ca r n a ti on , wh i ch h e w rot e as a
.

yo u n g m an b e for e t he controv e rsy b e gan . Th e fol l owi ng

passag e m ay su ffi c e at l e ast to sh o w t h e str e ngt h o f the
co nvi cti o n to w h i ch h e w as so tru e 1 .

For th is p ur p os e th e n t h e in cor p or e a l and in corru pti bl e an d

,

i m mate r ial Wor d o f Go d com e s to our r e al m h owb e i t H e was n o t ,

f ar fro m u s b e for e For n o part o f cr e a t i o n is l e ft vo id of H i m :

.

H e h a s fill e d all t h in g s e v e r y wh e r e r e maini g p r e s e nt wi th H i s n

o wn F ath e r B u t H e co m e s i n c ond e s c e nsi on to s ho w lov in g k ind

.
-

n e ss u po n u an d t o v isit u s A n d se e in g t h e r a c e o f r at i o na l
s, .

cr e atur e s i n t h e way to p e r is h an d d e a th r e i g nin g ov e r th e m by

,

corru p ti on l e st th e cr e ature s houl d p e r is h an d H i s Fa th e r s ,

h andi work i n m e n h e sp e n t f o r n ough t— H e ta k e s u n to H i m s e l f

3 bo d y a d t h a t o f
.
,
n o diffe r e n t s or t f ro m our s
n For H e did n o t .

si m pl y w i ll t o b e co m e e m bo di e d or wi ll m e re ly to appe ar For
, .

i f H e w i ll e d m e r e l y t o app e a r H e w as a bl e t o e ff e ct H i di v in e
, s

app ar an c e by s om e o th e r an d h i gh e r m eans as w e ll B u t H e
e .

tak e s a bo dy o f our kind an d n ot m e r e l y s o but fro m a spotl e ss

, ,

and stainl e ss v i rgin k n ow in g n o t a m a n a bo dy cl e an and i n

, , ,

v e ry tru th p ur e fro m inte rcours e o f m e n For b e in g H i m s e l f .

mi gh ty an d A rt i fic e r o f e v e ry th in g H e p r e par e s t h e bo dy i n
, ,

t h e V i rg in as a t e m p l e u n to H i m s e l f a n d mak e s it H i v e ry o wn , s

as an ins trum e nt i n it manife ste d an d i n it d w e ll in g A n d thu s

,
.

tak in g f ro m our bo di e s o n e o f l i k e natur e b e c au s e all w e r e ,

u nd e r p e n alt y o f t h e corru p t i o n o f d e at h H e ga v e it ov e r to d e a th
i n t h e ste ad o f a ll and o ff e r e d it t o t h e F ath e r d o in g th is
,
-
,

m or e ov e r o f H i s lo vi n g k indn e ss t o t he e n d th at firs tly a ll

. , , ,

b e in g h e l d to h av e di e d in H i m t h e l a w in volv in g t he ru in o f
,

1 A c ts xv n . 27 .
 NI C ENE TEA C H I NG O N TH E IN CA RNA TI O N 63

me n mi gh t be u nd o n e (inasm uch as its p owe r w as full y sp e nt in

th e Lor d s bo d y an d h ad n o lo n g e r hol din g grou nd a g ainst m e n
’
-
, ,

H i s p e e r s ) an d th a t s e co nd l y wh e r e as m e n h ad tur n e d t ow a r ds
, , ,

corrup t i o n H e m i gh t tur n th e m ag ain t ow ar ds in corru pti on an d

, ,

qu i cke n th e m fro m d e ath by t h e app ro p r iati o n o f H i s bo dy an d

by t h e gr a c e o f t h e R e s urr e c ti o n b anis h in g d e at h fro m t h e m l i k e
,

s tra w fro m fire .

W h at t h e n w as Go d t o d o ? or w h at w as to be d o n e sav e t h e
r e ne win g o f th at wh i ch w as i n Go d s i m ag e s o th at by it m e n ’
,

mi gh t o n c e m or e be abl e to k n ow H i m ? B ut ho w coul d t h is
h a v e com e t o pass sa v e by t h e pr e s e n c e o f t h e v e ry I mag e o f Go d ,

our Lor d J e s u s C hr i st ? For by m e n s m e ans it w as i m p o ssi bl e ’

,

sin c e t h ey are bu t mad e aft e r an imag e ; n or by an ge l s e ith e r ,

f o r n o t e v e n t h e y are ( Go d s ) i m a g e s W h e n c e t h e Wor d o f Go d
’
.

c am e i n H i s o wn p e r s o n t h at as H e w as th e imag e o f t h e F a th e r
, ,

H e mi gh t be a bl e to cr e ate af r e s h t h e ma n afte r t h e i m a g e .

For as wh e n t h e l i k e n e ss p ainte d o n a pan e l h as b e e n e ffa c e d

,

by stains fro m w ithou t h e who s e l i k e n e ss it is m u st n e e ds co m e

,

o n c e m or e t o e nabl e t h e p or tr ait to be r e n e w e d o n t h e sam e

woo d : f o r f o r t h e sak e o f h is pi c tur e e v e n th e m e r e woo d o n
, ,

wh i ch it i s p a inte d is n o t throw n a w ay bu t t h e ou tl ine is r e n e w e d ,

u p o n it i n t h e sam e wa y al s o t h e m o st holy S o n o f t h e Fat h e r ,

b e in g t h e I mag e o f t h e F ath e r c am e t o our r e g i o n to r e n e w m a n

,

o n c e m a d e i n H i s l i k e n ess a n d fin d h im as o n e lo st by t h e
, , ,

r e missi o n o f sins .
’

( 2) The P e rso n o f the R edeemer

I t h as al re a d y b e e n p oi n te d o ut t h at t h e fi rst Ni c e n e
C r e e d di ff e r e d i n i mp ortan t r e sp e cts fro m t h e C r e e d o f
Eu s e b i us o f C ae sar e a o n w h ic h it was b as e d P e r h ap s .

t h e m ost i m portant o f t h e ch ang e s m ad e was t h e p ro

m i n e n c e gi v e n to t h e d octri n e Of t h e Di vi n e S on sh i p al l ,

t h e clau s e s fol lo wi n g b e ing r e fe rr e d back to t h e S o n

i nste a d of t h e Wo rd ( Logos ) T h i s e m p h asi s e s t h e .

i m portan c e o f th e wo rd s w h ich fol l o w 0 11 t h e Et e rn al

G e n e rati on Ev e ry cl au s e i s car e fu l l y b al an c e d e g
.
, . .

b e gott e n n ot m a d e o f o n e s u bsta n c e with th e Fath e r

, .

The A rian s w e r e i n cl i n e d to co n fus e t h e parti ci pl e s

begotte n an d ma d e .

TH E C R EE D OF E u s n nru s TH E C R EE D OF TH E CO UN C I L
A n d i n o n e L or d J e s u s C hr ist, A n d in o n e L or d J e s u s C h r ist
t h e Wor d o f Go d , f o Go d b e gotte n o f
'
th e S o n ,

the a e , F th r o n l y b e gotte n
64 THE N I CEN E CREED
F ath e r th at is of th e of th e ,

s u bstan c e o f t h e Fath e r ,

Go d o f Go d Li gh t o f Li gh t (Life Go d of Go d Li gh t o f Li gh t
, , ,

O f Life ) v e r y Go d o f v e r y Go d ,

on l y b e gotte n S o n (first bor n o f b e gott e n n o t mad e o f o n e

-
,

a ll cr e ati o n b e for e all worl ds , s ub stan c e with th e Fath e r ,

b e gotte n o f Go d t h e F ath e r ) ,

by wh om a ll th in g s w e r e by whom a ll th in g s w e r e mad e ,

mad e b oth tho s e i n h e a v e n an d

t ho s e o n ear th :

Th e s e s ol e m n w or d s r e q u i r e d e tai l e d e x positi o n .

A n d We p ro fe ss t h e sam e b e li e f i n t h e S e con d P e rso n

.

of t h e Tri n ity as i n t h e Fi rst an d agai n i n t h e Th ir d ,

( A rt Y e b e l i e v e i n Go d b e l i e v e als o i n M E
’
.
,

( Joh n x i v sai d o u r Lor d at t h e sol e m n m om e n t w h e n

.

H e h ad i n stitu t e d t h e H ol y E u ch arist On e Lo rd J e su s .

Chr i st Th e w h ol e ph ras e c om e s from 1 Co r v iii 6 b u t

. . .
,

S Pau l w rit e s agai n to t h e Eph e sian s On e Lor d ( i v

. .

an d ( i n Ro m x 9 13 ) i d e n tifi e s H im w it h t h e Lor d
. .
-

J e h ovah o n w h om t h e prop h e t Jo e l ( 11 32) ba d e m e n .

cal l C om par e Joh n v ii i 58 wit h Exo d i ii 14 J esus

. . . . .

is t h e h u m an Nam e w h i ch t h e S avi ou r o f m ank i n d h as

e xalt e d ab ov e e v e ry n am e ( Ph il 11 Ch ri st t h e . .

A n oi nt e d i s t h e titl e wh ic h sign ifi e s H is ful fi lm e n t o f

t h e e xp e ctatio n o f t h e J e ws as t h e ir l ook e d for M e ssiah -

( Joh n i The S o n of God

. Th u s He was h ai l e d b y .

Nat h an a e l ( Joh n i by S P e t e r i n h i s gr e at con fe ssi on

. .
,

al so by Mart h a ( Joh n xi 27) an d S Th om as ( Joh n x x . . . .

Th e co n stru ctio n of t h e cl au s e s beg otte n i f the F a ther o n ly

begotten tha t i s of the s u bsta n ce of the F a ther God of God , ,

i s n ot fr e e as Dr B i n dle y s h ows from am bigu ity H o rt

,
.
, .

co ncl u d e d th at bego tten d i d d o u bl e d u ty com bi n e d ali k e

”
w ith of the F a ther an d w ith God of God t h e clau s e ,

t ha t i s of the su bsta n c e of the F a the r b e i ng par e nt h e ti c

’
‘
.

Th u s th e r e wo u l d be n o r e al pau s e b e tw e e n t h e s e v e n
w ords ‘
Th e ‘
‘

of the F a ther o n ly beg o tte n God of Go d

, .

fam il iarity of t h e ph ras e o n ly beg otte n God bas e d u po n ,

S t Joh n s u sag e ( i
.
’
i s abu n d antl y p r ov e d bu t th e r e
.
,

i s al so su ffi ci e n t auth ority for r e gar d i ng God of God as an

i n d e p e n d e n t p h ras e by i ts e l f e g i n th e Cae sar e an C r e e d
, . .

o f Eus e bi u s , i n t h e Lu c i an i c C r e e d o f A ntioch , an d i n a
 N I C ENE TEA C H I NG O N TH E I N C A RNA TI O N 65

cr e e d of G r e gory Th au m atu rgu s t h e wo n d e r wo r k e r ) 1 -

.

The p ar e nth e sis i f it be a par e nth e si s i s e x tr e m e l y

, ,

awk war d an d do e s n ot app e ar to hav e b e e n a d m itt e d

,

i nto an y l ocal C r e e d w h i ch was e xpan d e d b y m e a n s o f

N i c e n e a dd iti o n s 2
O n t h e oth e r h a n d i t i s c e rta i n
.
,

from t h e s tat e m e nts O f E u s e bi u s an d o f Athan as i u s that

“ ”
t h e w ord s of the su bstan ce of the F a ther w e r e m e an t to
“ “ ” ”
i nte rpr e t n o t on ly beg otten b u t begotte n of the F ather 3
, , .

O n t h e wh o le it is p e r h ap s si m pl e r to u n d e rsta n d both on ly
,
“

“ ”
begotte n an d tha t i s of the su bsta n ce of the F a the r as
O f t h e F a ther an d to tak e God of God
“ ”
e x pl an atory of ,

i n d e p e n d e ntl y as a fr e sh clau s e i n appositi o n w i th the “

S o n of Go d an d as adopt e d,
”
t h e Cae sar e a n C r e e d 1 .
’ ‘

o f d e n ot e s origi n an d d e rivati o n
’
Th e p r e position
from th e Fath e r as t h e Fo u ntai n of De ity ( Jo h n v 26 .
,

A s the F athe r h ath l ife i n h im s e l f ; s o h ath h e gi v e n to t h e

’
S o n to h av e l i fe i n h i m s e l f Cf v ii i 4 2 xv i . . .
, .

L ig ht of lig ht i s b as e d o n H e b i 3 . . .

’
S Ath anasiu s h as t h e ph ras e tr u e God of tr ue Go d 6 ‘
. .

B eg otten of the F ather — Th e Ar i an s, wri t e s Dr B i n d le y ,

‘ ’
. .

a d m itt e d t h e S o n s G e n e ratio n fro m t h e Fath e r, b u t

’

r ej e ct e d t h e l ogical co n s e q u e n c e of th is ad m issi o n i n t he
cas e of a G e n e ratio n w h ich was Div i n e an d u n iq u e .

Tr u e G e n e rati o n fr om a Div i n e B e i ng m u st i m pl y i n t h e
O n e G e n e rat e d t h e poss e ssio n o f t he sam e D iv i n e Natu r e ,

an d t he G e n e rati o n i ts e l f m u st th e r e for e be o f an e t e rn al
charact e r Of the F ather
. w as th u s e x plai n e d an d
d e fi n e d as of the substan ce an d of on e s ubstan ce 7 ”
.
”

Th e sol e m n wor d s of S G r e gory o f N az i an z u s a re n o t .

o u t o f d at e S p e cul at e n ot u po n t h e Di vi n e G e n e ration ,

for i t i s n ot safe b u t t h e d o ctri n e i s to be h on ou r e d

s i l e n tl y I t i s a gr e at th i ng fo r th e e to k n o w t h e
fact t h e m o d e we can n ot a d m it that e v e n ang e l s u n d e r
stan d m u ch l e ss t h o u 8
’
.
,

Th e wor d s bef o re a ll world s w h i ch w e r e n o t tak e n ov e r ,

1 H ah n , p 254 ; M ansi i 1030

.
, . .

2 E xc e pt in t h e E pi ph an i an S hor te r C r e e d .

3 E u s e b i u s apud S o c r i 8 ; Ath an D e
,
.
, . . D eer . Nic .
, 19, ad
Af r os .
, 5 .

4 Op . ci t .
,
p . 29
.
5 We stco tt , ad Zo e .
6 E xp os . Fid .
,
i .

7 0p . ci t
.
,
p . 27
.
8 c x xx i x 8 . .
66 THE NICENE CRE ED
b y t h e C o u n ci l , r e tai n th e i r origi nal pl ac e i n t h e r e vis e d
C r e e d h avi ng stoo d i n t h e O ld J e ru sal e m C r e e d as i n
,

t h e C r e e d of E u s e b i u s Th e e x p r e ssi o n i s n ot i n S cri ptu r e

.
,

b u t co nv e ys t h e s e n s e of su ch w or d s o f t he Lor d as
Joh n xv n 5, the g lory whi ch 1 ha d wi th Thee bef or e the
.

wor ld was 24 , Thou lo c ed st me befo re the f o u n d o

ti on of the wor ld .

Of o ne su bstan ce wi th the F a ther — As I h av e e xpl ai n e d .

abov e p 1 0 t h e ph ras e i s i nt e n d e d to e xpr e ss t h e e ss e n

, .
,

tial u n ity of t h e S o n w it h t h e Fat h e r , an d i t s e e m s b e st

to k e e p t h e translatio n s ubsta n c e , fam i liar to u s i n o u r ’

v e rsi on , alth ough i n its p op u lar s e ns e it s ugg e sts som e

th i n g m at e rial P h i loso ph e rs u s e d t h e t e rm e ss e n c e
.
‘ ’

( o usi a) to d e n ot e both t h e i d e a w h i c h logi call y pre

“
,

c e d e s th e thi ng a n d also t h e m at e rial t h in g con si d e r e d

,

b y its e l f T h u s wit h t h e S toics i t w as e q u ival e n t to

.

m att e r (hu le) o r bo dy (soma ) Th e G n ostics i n tro d u c e d .

w h e r e i t h e l d its
'

i ts u se i nto th e ol ogy ( I r e n i . .

i d e al istic s e n s e H o mo—ousi os wo u l d th u s m e an of e ss e n
.

tial u n ity A l l sp e ci e s of th e sam e g e n u s w ou l d be

.

“
ho mo ousi a -
w ith e ach oth e r B u t as G od i s u n iq u e .

i n Natu r e an d Ess e n c e , O n e w h o i s ho mo ca si os w ith H i m -

m u st be Ve ry Go d also 1 .
’

Th e fol l o w in g q u otati o n from S Ath an asi u s O n th e .

C ou n ci ls m ay su ffi c e as a sp e ci m e n of h is m e t h o d o f
’

argum e n t :
B u t i f sin e t h e S o n is f c
rom t h e F ath e r a ll th at is th e Fath e r s ,
’

is o ’
g an d e x p r e ssi o n le t it be consid e r e d
t h e S n s , as i n an i m a e ,

dispassi o nate l y wh e th e r an e ss e n c e for e i gn fro m th e F ath e r s

,
’

e ss e n c e admi t o f s uch attr i bu te s ; a n d wh e t h e r s uch a o n e be

oth e r i n natur e and al i e n i n e ss e n c e an d n o t co e ss e nti a l with ,

t h e F ath e r For we m u st tak e r e v e r e n t h e e d l e st tr ansfe rr i n g

.
,

wh at is p rop e r t o th e F ath e r t o wh at is u nli k e H i m i n e ss e nc e ,

and e x p r e ssin g t he F ath e r s go d h e ad by wh at is u n l i k e i n k ind

’

a n d a l i e n i n e ss e n c e we intro d uc e an oth e r e ss e n c e for e i g n to

,

H i m y e t cap a bl e o f t h e p ro p e rt i e s o f t h e fir st e ss e n c e an d l e st
, ,

we be si l e n c e d by Go d H i m s e lf s ay in g My glor y I w i ll n o t g i v e
, ,

t o an o th e r an d be dis cov e r e d wors h ippi n g th is al i e n Go d and

,
”
,

be a cco u nte d su ch as w e r e t h e J e w s o f th a t d ay wh o said Wh e r e ,

f or e d o st Thou be i ug a m an m ak e Th y s e l f Go d ? r e fe rri n g t h e
”
, , ,

wh i l e t o an oth e r s ourc e t h e th ing s o f th e S pi r it an d bl as

, ,

1 B i n d le y , 0p . ci t .
,
p . 34 n.
 N I CENE T EA C H ING O N THE IN C A RNA TI O N 67

he m o u sly say in g , H e c aste t h ou t d e v i l s t hrough B e e lz e bub

I s xl ii 8 ; J oh n x 33 ; Luk e x i
. . . B ut i f t h is is s hock in g ,
.

p la in l y th e S o n is n o t u n l i k e i n e ss e n c e bu t co e sse ntia l w ith t h e ,

F ath e r ; f o r i f wh a t t h e F ath e r h as is by natur e th e S o n s, and ’

t h e S o n H ims e l f is fro m t h e F at h e r , an d b e c a u s e o f t h is o n e n e ss
o f go d h e a d and o f natur e H e an d t h e F ath e r a re o n e , an d h e
th a t h at h s e e n t h e S o n h ath s e e n t h e F ath e r , r e as o nabl y i s H e
c all e d by t h e fath e r s C o e ss e nti a l f o r t o wh a t is oth e r in
”
-

e ss e n c e it b e lo n g s n o t t o p o ss e ss s uch p r e rog at i v e s
,
.
’ 1

We h av e co n s i d e r e d ab ov e ( p u n fo u n d e d th e ory . 1 7) t h e
th at t h e t e r m H omo o usi os w as ac c e pt e d at C on stanti
-

n o ple i n t h e s e n s e o f H o m o i o us i o s n o t i n t h e s e ns e o f
-
,

t h e ol d orth o d ox y o f t h e Ni c e n e C ou ncil b ut w ith a ,

n e w m e an i n g giv e n to i t by t h e A n ti och e n e s an d t h e

C appa d oci an s .

B y whom all thi ngs wer e ma d e — Th e r e i s ab u n d an t

S cri ptu ral auth ori ty ( 1 C o r vi i i 6 Joh n i 3 C o l i . .
,
.
, . .

fo r te ach i n g th at t h e S o n c o op e rat e d w ith t he Fat h e r -

i n t h e c r e ati o n of t h e worl d S A th anasi u s al so q u ot e s

. .

H e b x i 3 i n t h is con n e cti o n : B y f ai th we u n d e rsta n d

. .
‘

t hat the wo rld s have bee n f r a m ed by the Wo r d of Go d so ,

t ha t wha t i s se e n hath n ot bee n ma d e o u t of thi ngs whi c h

d o app ea r For Go d i s goo d or rath e r i s e ss e nti a l l y t h e
.
,

sou rc e o f goo d n e ss : n o r cou l d o n e th at i s goo d be

niggar d l y of anyth i ng : wh e n c e gru d gi n g e x i st e n c e to ,

n on e He h as m ad e al l th i ngs o u t o f n oth i n g by H i s o w n
,

Wor d J e su s C h ri st ou r Lor d
,
.
’

S C yri l of A l e xan d ri a q u ot e s P s xx xii i 6

. . .

B y th e wor d of the L o r d wer e th e h ea v en s m a d e , a nd a ll th e

‘

h o st of th em by the Sp i r i t of H i s m o u th : I s n o t, I p r ay y o u , t h e
W or d , Wh o is fro m an d i n H i m , p e rs o na ll y dis t in gu is h e d f ro m
Go d t h e F ath e r ? B H e is ind e e d distin gu is h e d , f o r H e s ub sists
.

p e cul iarl y , though H e be co ns ub stan t i a l A S e e i n g th e r e for e . .

t h e F at h e r brough t a ll th in g s in to b e in g a n d e s t a bl is h e d t h e
h e av e ns, h ow is t h e Wor d t h e C r e ator o f th e m ? Te ll m e , who
d e si r e to l e ar n th is B Wi ll in gly . B u t t h is dis qu isiti o n is
. .

a cu te an d s ub tl e Th e o n e nat ur e o f D e i t y is k n ow n by u s and
.

by t h e hol y a n g e l s , i n t h e hol y an d co ns ub s t a n t ia l Tr inity An d .

t h e F at h e r is i n H i s o wn P e r s o n m o st p e r fe ct , as is t h e S o n a n d
t h e S pi r it f o r t h e cr e ati v e e n e rg y o f o n e o f t ho s e ju s t n ow n am e d ,

i n wh ate v e r th in g it is e x e rc is e d , is t h e e ffic a c y o f t h at O n e y e t
it p e r m e ate s a ll t h e D e ity , an d is th e w ork o f t h e u n cr e ate d s ub
1 D e S y n o d i s, c . 50 .
68 T HE NICEN E CRE ED
s tan c e as i f s om e th in g i n co mm on a t t h e s am e ti m e th at sin gl y it
, ,

is app ro p r i a te d t o e a c h P e rs o n s o th at through t he thr e e P e rs o ns ,

it s houl d be p e cul iarl y fi tte d t o e a ch e v e ry o n e b e in g co m pl e te ,

i n its e l f Th e F at h e r t h e r e for e work e th bu t by t h e S o n in t h e

.
,

S pi r i t . A n d t h e S o n work e th as t h e P ow e r o f t h e Fa th e r b e in g ,

u nd e r stoo d a ccor din g to H i s o wn e x is t e n c e to be i n H i m a n d fro m

Him . A n d t h e S pi r it w ork e th f o r H e is t h e S pi r it o f t h e F ath e r,

a n d o f t h e S o n t h e M ak e r o f a ll t h in g s
’
1 .
,

I f we m ay co ncl u d e that i t was S C yri l o f J e r usal e m .

w h o grafte d th i s s e cti o n of t he fi rst Ni c e n e C r e e d i nto

hi s C r e e d of J e rusal e m it i s to h i s Cat e ch e ti cal l e ctu r e s
,

th at we m ust l o ok for h e l p i n i ll ustrati o n of i ts m e an i ng .

B ut for t h e sak e o f cl e arn e ss I wi l l fi rst r e p e at it sid e

by si d e with t h e u n r e vis e d C re e d o f J e ru sal e m to be
e xtract e d from h is C at e ch e tical Le ctu r e s .

C R EE D JE R U S L E M
or A 0 1 m N I C E N E C R EE D
A n d i n o n e Lor d J e s u s C hr ist A n d in o n e Lor d J e s u s C hr ist
t h e o n l y b e go tte n S o n o f Go d
-
t h e o n l y -b e go tte n S o n o f Go d
b e go tt e n o f H i s F ath e r , b e go tt e n o f H i s Fath e r b e for e
all worl ds , [ Go d of Go d ], Li gh t
v e ry Go d be for e a ll w orl ds ,
o f Li gh t, v e ry Go d o f v e ry
Go d , b e got te n n o t mad e , be
i n g o f o n e s ub s t an c e wit h t h e
by whom all th in gs w e r e F a th e r by who m all th in g s
mad e : we r e mad e
E n ough h as b e e n sai d abo ut S C yri l s h e si ta tio n to 2 ’
.

acc e pt t h e n e w t e rm s i n h is e arl y d a y s B ut i t is m ost .

n e c e ssary to s h o w cl e arl y th at t h is d i d n ot i m pl y an y
h e sitati o n to pay Di vi n e h o n o u r to t he Lo r d , to giv e H im
t h e w orsh i p w h i c h as S A t h anasi u s was n e v e r ti r e d of
,
.

i nsi sti ng is i d olatry i f ad d r e ss e d to a cr e ate d B e ing

,
.

For t h e thro n e at Go d s r i gh t h and H e r e ce i v e d n o t as s om e

’
,

h av e though t b e ca u s e o f H i s pa t i e nt e nd ur an ce b e in g crow n e d as
, ,

it w e r e by Go d afte r H i s P assi o n ; bu t throughout H i s b e in g— a

b e in g by e te rna l g e n e r a t i on — H e hol ds H i s roy a l di gni t y a n d
, ,

s h a r e s t h e Fa th e r s s e at b e in g Go d an d \Vi sd o m an d P ow e r as
’
, ,

h a th b e e n said ; r e i gnin g tog e th e r w ith t h e Fath e r an d cr e a t in g ,

all th ing s f o t h e F ath e r y e t l a ck in g n oth in g i n t h e di gni ty o f

r ,

Go d h e ad a d k n ow in g H i m th at h ath b e gotte n H i m e v e n as H e
,
n ,

is k n o wn o f H i m th at h a th be got te n an d t o spe ak br i e fl y r e m e m ,

1 D i al . vi .
, D e Tr i n .
2 P 21
. .
70 TH E NICENE CRE ED
I ncarn ati on b e cau s e Du n s S cotu s
,
was t h e m o st
d i sti ngu is h e d t h e ol ogia n o f t he Mi d d l e Ag e s w h o
ad vocat e d it I t i s s ugg e st e d by e arli e r an d m or e
.

d isti ngu is h e d t e ac h e rs of t h e C h u rch I t k i n d l e d t h e .

glowi ng i m agi n ati o n o f I r e n ae u s wh o pass e s from t h e ,

t h ought o f m an as fall e n to t h e t h o u gh t o f t he ab sol u t e

p u rp os e o f t h e I n carn ati o n : I f m an h a d n ot co nq u e r e d ‘

t he a d v e rsary o f m a n , t h e e n e m y w o u l d n o t h av e b e e n
j ustl y co nq u e r e d A n d agai n i f God ha d n ot b e sto w e d
.
,

sal vati on we sh ou l d n ot hav e p oss e ss e d i t su r e l y A n d

, .

i f m an h ad n ot b e e n u n it e d to God h e co u l d n ot h av e ,

partak e n o f i n co rru pti on Fo r i t was n e c e ssary t h at t he

.

M e di ator of G od an d m e n by H i s ow n e ss e ntial r e l ati o n

s h i p w ith both sh o u l d brin g b oth tog e th e r i nto fri e n d
s h i p an d c on cord , an d o n t h e o n e h an d p r e s e n t m an to
God an d o n t h e oth e r m ak e G o d k now n to m a n 1
, .
’

T h is th ough t w as m u ch i n t h e m i n d of S H i lary of .

Poiti e rs .

Ca me d o wn — Th i s w o rd e x pr e ss e s t h e s e l f e m ptyi n g o f -

t h e Di vi n e \ Vo rd w h o l ai d asi d e H is gl o ry ( Phi l
,
.

ii.

Wa s i n c a r n a te Th e A rian s e va d e d t h e pl ain m e an i ng
.
-

o f t h e w ord s Th e S ch oo l o f Lu ci an taught t h at t he
.

Wor d too k fl e sh on l y wi th ou t a h u m an so u l 1 a n d t h is ,

was b ro ug h t o ut cl e arl y by E ud o xi u s o f C o n stanti n opl e .

S o t h e C ou n cil of N i c ma ad d e d d welt a mongst m e n a s

m a n i n pl ac e o f a n e xp r e s si v e p hr as e of E u s e b i u s l i v e d
,
‘

This was i n t e n d e d to e x pr e ss
’
as a citiz e n am o ng m e n .
,

i n D r B i n d le y s w or d s t h e p er man en t u n i on o f God wi t h
.
’

h u m an n atu r e ; b ut as i t afte r ward s p rov e d it w as n ot ,

s u ffici e ntl y t e ch n ical to e x clu d e h e r e tical th e ori e s as to

t h e m od e of t h e u n io n wh e t h e r b y t h e conv e rsi o n of t h e
,

G od h e ad i n to fl e s h ( Ap olli nari an ism ) o r by u n i o n w ith a

3
h u man p e rso n
I n t h e r e vis e d C r e e d o f S C yri l m e ntio n i s m a d e of .

t h e m od e o f th e I n car n ati o n th r ou gh t he m i racu lou s

’

c on c e pti o n w h ich h ad al ways fo u n d a plac e i n S C yri l s

,
.

l e ctu r e s as i t e O
n h ld R om an C r e e d 4
.

A n d wa s c r uc ified f o r a s H e r e agai n th e d e ath o f .

-

p ci t p 39
1 A d v H a rm iii 18 3 0
.
7 , . . . . .
, . .

2
S E pi ph an i us A n co r 33
.
,
4
Ca t i v 9 .
, . .
,
. .
 N I C EN E TEA C H I NG O N TH E IN CA RN A TI O N 71

ou r Lord w h i ch i n t h e l Ve ste rn C r e e d i s b rough t

,

b e for e u s as a h i sto ri ca l fact i s i n t h e East e r n C r e e d

,

ma d e t h e basi s of a th e ol ogi cal argu m e n t But our .

th e ol ogy an alyz e s o u r e x p e ri e n c e H istor y p rov e s.

t h at fro m t h e d ay of P e nt e cost t h e p ow e r of C h ri s
t i a n i t y as a m i ssio nary r e ligio n h as b e e n t h e pr e ach
i ng of C h rist cru ci fi e d B e n e ath t he C ross m u l ti
.

tu d e s o f si n bou n d s o u l s h av e fou n d t h e bu r d e n of
-

si n roll e d a way w h il e at t h e sam e tim e th e y w e r e

,

u tt e rl y u n abl e to m ak e an y e x cu s e fo r th e m s e l v e s .

A n d t h e r e ality of th e i r r e p e ntan c e h as b e e n s how n

i n t h e r e spon s e w h i c h th e y h av e m a d e to t h e cal l
for sacri fic e o f wi l l , o f p l e asu r e , of e as e , w h i c h fi n d s i ts
m otiv e an d s u pp ort i n C h ri st s su ff e ri ngs Th e C hu rc h
’
.

h as n e v e r form u lat e d an y th e ory o f t he A ton e m e n t ,

b e yo n d t h i s S c ri ptu ral p h ras e w h i ch was o n t h e l i ps bot h

of S P e te r ( 1 P e t i i i 18 ) an d S Pau l ( 1 C o r x v
. . . . . .

Th e r e i s room i n e ach s u cc e e d i n g ag e for l arg e i n t e rp r e ta

tio n s o f its b e ari ng o n t he n e e d s o f so u ls Th u s i n o u r .

o w n tim e m an y of u s h av e fe lt th at Dr Dal e s book o n

’

t h e Ato n e m e n t s u ppl i e d som e t h i n g th at was l ack i n g

i n Dr M Le o d C am pb e l l s p r e s e ntati o n o f t h e d octri n e
‘ ’
. .

Dal e h i ms e l f fo r e tol d th at furth e r a d van c e cou l d

n ot be m ad e u n ti l t h e d octri n e o f P e rso n ali ty h u m a n
an d d ivi n e h ad b e e n r e stat e d H i s p roph e cy has
.
'

b e e n fu lfi ll e d i n th e w e ll k n ow n Bam pto n Le ctu r e s

-

of Dr I l li ngwort h u p o n w h i ch fol low e d t h e gr e at

.
,

wor k o f Dr M ob e rl y A to n emen t a n d P e rson a li ty

.
,
A gai n .

we n ot e a d van c e Dr M ob e rl y sh o ws th at Dr Dal e
. . .

h a d stopp e d sh ort o f th e t e ach i ng of S Pau l i n Ro m v i i i . . .

that we m u st n e v e r be co nt e nt i n o u r m e d i tati o n s o n
C al var y to om i t t he th ough t o f P e nt e cost H e wh o .

con q u e r e d for u s n ow co nqu e rs i n u s t h rough H i s S p irit .

I t i s t he grac e o f H i s S pir it t h at m ak e s u s w orth y o f

forgi v e n e ss fro m t h e fi rst m om e n t wh e n we tu r n o u r fac e s
to t h e l ight an d l i k e t h e p e n it e nt th i e f r e spo n d in g to t h e
,

m ut e app e al o f t h e si nl e ss S u ff e r e r a r e j u stifi e d b y faith

,

wh ich w e l co m e s m or e grac e to cl e an s e an d san cti fy an d

p e rfe ct e v e r y s ou l Th i s i s a t h e m e o n w h i c h i t i s
.

i mpossibl e to d w e l l w ith i n t h e l i m its of t h i s b ook B u t .

th e s e s e nt e nc e s m ay s u ffi c e to sh o w t h at C h ristia n th ought ,
 72 TH E NICENE CRE ED
wh i l e p rogr e ssi ng i s sti l l gu i d e d b y t h e ol d la n dm arks
, .

We ru n ou r rac e sti ll l ook i ng u n to J e s us t he aut h or an d

‘

p e rfe ct e r o f o u r fait h ( He b x i i . .

Un d e r P o nti us P i late — Th e a d d itio n o f Pi lat e s n am e

’

p ro bab ly from a n A ntioc h i an so u rc e brought t h e r e vi s e d ,

C r e e d i nto l i n e wi th t h e O ld R om an an d was p ossi bly a n ,

i m p ortan t l i n k i n t h e c h ai n of r e s e m blan c e s u p on w h ic h
P 0pe Le o bas e d h i s acc e pta nc e of t h e C o nsta n ti n opol i tan
C r e e d at C h alc e d o n .

S A u gustin e s ugg e st e d that Pi lat e s n am e fix e d t h e

’
.

d at e of t h e C ru cifi xi on a th e ory wh i ch fou n d fav ou r also

,

with R ufin i u s 2 I t fi ts i n w ith t h e r e fe r e n c e s i n Pl i n y s

’
.

l e tte r to Traj an an d i n t h e H i story o f Tacitus B ut t h e .

argu m e nt can n ot carry t h e w e ig h t of a fu rth e r t h e ory

that t h e arch e typ e of al l c r e e d s which i n cl u d e s Pil at e s
’

n am e m ust hav e b e e n w ritte n i n Pal e sti n e o n t h e grou n d ,

that t he n am e of t h e Gov e rn or w ou l d o n ly be o f i nte r e st

t o t h e d istri ct w hi c h be gov e rn e d 3 .

Dr Hi n d l e y has a n i nt e r e sting n ot e o n t h e way i n

.

w h ich e v e n ts i n Barba d o e s are d ate d by t h e nam e s o f t h e

Gov e rn ors Th e h u rri can e of 18 98 is sai d to h av e
.

’
h app e n e d i n th e tim e of S i r Jam e s H ay B u t Pl i ny s .

l e tte r s h ow s t h at C h ristian tra d i ti on i n Bith yn ia al so

associat e d Pi late s n am e w ith t h e r e cor d of t h e Lo r d s
’ ’

d e at h I n d e e d i t s e e m s so n atu ral that i t i s strange that

.

e l aborat e e x plan ati on s s h ou l d be sough t for i t su c h as ,

Dr Z a h n s th e or y th at th e n am e was i ns e rte d to p rov e

’
.

that t h e story was h i stori cal an d n ot a m yth d e vis e d to ,

t e ach a c e rtai n m oral .

A n d s ufl e red a n d was bur i ed — S om e h e r e ti cs i n S C yr i l s

' '

. .

ti m e sti l l taug h t t h e Doc e tic th e or y th at ou r Lord s

’

s u ff e ri ngs w e r e u n r e al H i s warn i ng i s w orth q u oting

.

I f an y say th at t h e C ross is an i llu si on tur n a way from h i m , .

A bhor t ho s e wh o say th a t C hr ist w as cruc i fi e d to our fan cy o n l y

f o r i f s o a n d i f sa lv ati o n is from t h e C ro ss th e n is salv ati o n a
, ,

fan c y al s o ; bu t if Chr i st be n o t r i sen we a r e y et i n o u r si n s I f .

t h e C ro ss 18 fan cy t h e A s c e nsi o n 18 a l s o fan c y a n d i f t h e A s c e nsi o n

is fan c y th e n 18 t h e s e co nd co min g al s o fan cy an d e v e ry th in g 13

, ,

h e n c e for th u nsub sta ntial .

’

1 D e F id a S y mb , 1 1
. . .
9 I n S y mb . ap . 16 .

3 Ma r ian M o rawsky , Z .
fur k Theol
. 1895 .
4 Ca t
, . x iii . 37 .
 N I CE N E TEA C H I NG O N TH E I N CA RNA TI O N 73
The arl y J e ru sal e m C r e e d ad d e d buri e d wh i ch
e ,

n atu ral ly cam e i nto th e r e vis e d C r e e d S Pau l fo u n d . .

occasi o n to e m ph asis e t he fact ( 1 Co r x v S C yr i l . . .

a d d e d to i t t e ach i n g o n t h e De sc e n t i nto H e l l w h i c h ,

b e gan to fi n d m e ntion i n C r e e d s at th is tim e , b u t d i d n ot

p u t it i n h i s r e v is e d C r e e d .

A n d H e rose ag a i n the thi r d d ay a cco rd i ng to the

S c ri p tures — I n m e n tio n o f th e S cri ptu r e s we h av e an oth e r
Pau li n e fe atu r e ( 1 Co r x v We m ay su ppos e t h at
. .

S Pau l had i n h i s m i n d su ch passag e s as P s x vi 10

. . .
,

H os e a v i 2 S C yri l ch os e th i s p assag e 1 Co r x v 1 4
. . . . .
-

as h is t e x t for hi s Le ctur e 0 11 th e R e su rr e ction an d ,

com m e nts as fol lows

As
‘
an Ap o stl e th e r e for e h as s e nt u s b ack to th e te sti m o ni e s o f
, ,

th e S cr ipt ur e s it is goo d th at we s houl d g e t f ull kn owl e d g e o f t h e

,

ho pe of our sa lv ati o n an d t h at we s houl d l e a r n fir st wh e th e r t h e

di v in e S cr ipt ur e s t e ll u s t h e s e as o n o f H i s R e s urr e ct i o n wh e th e r ,

it co m e s i n s u m m e r or i n au tu m n or af te r w inte r an d fro m wh at ,

kind o f plac e t h e S a v i o ur h as r is e n an d wh at h as b e e n ann ou n c e d ,

i n t h e a d m i r a bl e P ro p h e ts as t h e nam e o f t h e p l a c e o f t h e Re s ur
r e ct i o n an d wh e th e r t he wom e n wh o s ough t an d f ou nd H i m n o t
, , ,

afte rw a rds r ej o i c e at fi ndin g Hi m in or d e r th at wh e n th e Go sp e l s

a r e r e ad t h e na rrati v e s o f t h e s e hol y S cr ipt ur e s m ay n o t be t hough t
,

fa bl e s no r rh aps o di e s 1 .
’

Th e r e
i s an e l oqu e nt passag e i n S Ath an asi u s o n t h e
“

r e ason s fo r H is Risi ng th e th i r d d ay n ot soon e r to p rov e , ,

t h at H e tru l y d i e d ; n ot l at e r to gu ard t h e id e ntity o f ,

H i s b o d y n ot to k e e p l on g i n s usp e ns e t h os e w h om H e
,

h ad tol d abou t t h e R e su rr e ction wh i l e th os e wh o h a d ,

sl ai n H im w e r e sti l l l i vi ng o n t h e e art h an d w e r e o n t h e
s pot an d cou l d w itn e ss to t h e d e at h o f th e Lor d s b od y
’

t h e S o n of G o d H im s e l f aft e r an i nt e rv al o f th r e e d ays
, ,

s h ow e d H i s b od y , o n c e d e a d i m m ortal an d i ncorru pti bl e ; ,

an d it was m a d e m an i fe st to al l th at i t w as n ot fro m an y
n atu ral w e ak n e ss o f t h e l Vo r d t h at d w e l t i n it t h at t h e
b od y h a d d i e d bu t i n ord e r t h at i n i t d e at h m igh t be d on e
,

h
away b y t e p ow e r of th e S avi ou r ’
2
.

Th is v i ctory ov e r d e ath is d e m on strat e d by t h e co u rag e

giv e n to m artyrs d e ath b e i ng d e pr iv e d o f all h is pow e r
”
“
,

1
Ca t xiv . 2
.
2
D e I n ca r n § 26 .
74 TH E NICE NE CRE ED
i n e ach o n e o f th e m th at h ol d H i s faith an d b e ar t h e
sign of th e C ross .

For n o w th at th e S a v i our w ork s s o gre at th in gs am on g m e n

‘
,

a n d d ay by d ay is in v isi bl y p e r s u a din g s o gr e at a m ult it u d e f ro m

e v e r y sid e bo t h f ro m t h e m t h at d w e ll in Gr e e c e and in f or e i g n
,

l a nds to com e ov e r to H i s faith and a ll t o ob e y H i s t e a ch in g

, , ,

wi ll an y o n e s t i ll hol d h is mind i n d oubt wh e th e r a Re s urr e cti o n

h as b e e n a ccompl is h e d by t h e S a v i our a n d w h e th e r C hr is t is ,

a l i v e or r a th e r is H ims e l f t h e Life ? O r is it l i k e a d e a d man

, ,

t o be p r i ck in g t h e co ns c i e n c e s o f m e n s o th at th e y d e n y th e i r ,

h e r e dita ry l aw s an d bow b efor e t h e te a ch in g o f C hr ist ? 1 ’

A n d ascen de d i n to hea ven a n d s i tteth o n the r ig ht ha n d of

God the F a the r T hi s goi n g u p answ e rs to H i s com i n g
.
-

d ow n an d e x pr e ss e s t h e r e s u m ptio n of H is Di vi n e gl ory
,

w h ich He ha d l ai d asi d e The chan g e to s i tteth from t h e .

past t e ns e sat d own o f th e old J e ru sal e m C r e e d c orr e

’
s o n ds to S C yri l s t e ach i ng
p . .

‘
u s n o t cur i ou sl y pry into w h at is p rop e rl y m e ant by t he
Le t
t hro n e ; f o r it is in comp re h e nsi bl e : but n e i th e r l e t u s e ndur e
t ho s e who fal s e l y sa y th a t it was aft e r H i s C ro ss an d Re surrec
,

ti o n an d A s c e nsi o n int o h e a v e n th a t t h e S o n b gan to si t o n t h e ,

e

r i gh t h and o f t he F ath e r For t h e S 01 g a in e d n o t H i s thron e by

. 1

a d v an c e m e nt 2 bu t t hroughou t H i s b e in g ( a d H i b e in g is by an n s

e t e r na l g e n e r a ti o n ) H e al s o si t te th t og e th e r w i th t h e F a th e r .

A n d t h is thro n e t h e P ro p h e t E sai a s h a vi n g b e h e l d b e f or e t he i n
c arnate co min g o f t h e S av i our s ay s I sa w the L o rd si tti ng o n a , ,

th r o n e h i g h a n d l if ted up 3 an d t h e r e s t
, For t h e Fa th e r n o ma n
, .

h a th seen a t a n y ti m e 1 a n d H e wh o th e n a p e a r e d t o t h e p ro p h e t
‘

w as t h e S o n The P sa l mist a l s o s ay s Thy thon e i s p r ep a r ed of

,

.
,
r

o ld ; Tho u a r t f r o m eve la sti n g 5 6 r .

A n d i s co m i ng ag a i n wi th g lo ry to judge the q ui ck a n d the

d ea d — Th e ch ang e fro m i n to wi th i s agai n su p port e d b y
.

’
S C yri l
. s u sag e .

O u r L or d J e s u s C hr ist th e n com e s f ro m h e a v e n ; a nd H e , ,

c o m e s w i th glor y a t t h e e n d o f t h is worl d in t h e l ast d ay For , .

o f t h is w orl d t h e r e is t o be a n e n d a n d t h is cr e ate d w orl d is t o ,

D e I n c a r n , 30
1 . .

2
S o m e A r i ans m a intain e d , l i k e P a ul o f S am o sa ta th at ou r Lor d ,

w as p rom o te d t o Di v ine ho n our i n r e w a r d o f H i s o be di e nce as

S o n o f Man .

, x iv
3 Is v i 1 4 Joh n i 18
. . .
5 P s x c iii Q 6 Ca t. 27 . . . . . .
‘
.
 NI C EN E TEA CH I NG O N TH E I N CA R NA TI O N 75
be r e mad e an e w For sin c e corru pti o n a n d thef t a nd a d ul ter y
.
, ,

and e v e ry s or t o f sins ha ve been p ou r ed f o th o v er the ea r th an d r ,

bloo d h a s been m i ng led wi th blood 1 in t h e w orl d t h e r e for e th at , ,

t h is wo nd rou s d w e ll in g p l a c e m ay n o t r e main fill e d w i th ini qu ity

-
,

t h is worl d p ass e t h a w ay th at th e fai r e r w orl d may be mad e ,

manife st .
’2

O u t o f th in e o wn co ns c i e n c e s h al t thou be j u d ge d , th y thoug h ts
the m ea n wh i le a cc u si ng or else exc u si n g , i n th e d a y wh en God
sh a l l jud g e th e se cr e ts of men Th e t e rr i bl e cou nte nan c e o f t h e .

J u d g e wi ll forc e th e e t o sp e a k t h e t ru t h or r ath e r e v e n though ,

t hou spe ak n o t i t w i ll co n vic t t h e e For t hou s h al t r is e clo th e d

wit h t h in e o wn sins or e l se wi th t h y r i ght e ou s d e e ds 3
.
,
’
.
,

A n d s houl dst tho u e v e r h e a r an y say th a t th e K in g d o m o f

‘

C hr ist s h a ll h a v e an e n d a bhor t h e h e r e sy ; it is an o t h e r h e ad ,

o f t h e d r a go n l at e l y sp ru n g u p in G a l atia
,
A c e r tain o n e h as .

d a r e d t o affir m t h at aft e r t h e e n d o f t h e worl d C hr ist s h a ll

,

r e i g n n o long e r ; h e h as a l s o da r e d t o say th at t he W or d ,

h a v in g com e for t h fro m t h e Fath e r s h all be ag ain a b s orb e d

into t h e F ath e r and s h all be n o m or e ; u tte r in g s uch bl as
,

p h e mi e s t o h is o wn p e r diti o n For h e has n ot l iste n e d to .

t h e Lor d say in g Th e S o n a bi d eth f or ev e r 4 H e h as n o t l is t e n e d

, , .

t o Ga br i e l say in g A nd H e sha ll r ei g n o ver the h ou se of J a co b

, ,

f o r ev er , a n d o f H i s K i n g d om ther e sha ll be n o en d . 5

h e r e sy to w h ich S C yri l r e fe rs i s th at o f Mar c e l l u s

The .

o f A ncy ra i n Gal ati a w h o t h o u g h p rom i n e nt as a l e ad e r ,

of t h e orth o d ox party at Ni c aea fe l l a f te r war d s i nto th e

sn ar e o f fan ci fu l s p e cu lati o n an d w as c on d e m n e d ,

u n i v e rsal l y H e p r e ss e d t h e w or ds of S Pau l ( 1 C o r
. . .

xv . ab o u t t h e S o n b e i ng s ubj e ct e d to t h e Fath e r
t h at Go d m ay be a ll i n a ll to t h e p oi nt o f t e a chi n g t h at ,

t h e r e lati o n o f S o ns h i p w i l l p ass away a n d t h e Wor d o f ,

Go d b e com e w h at M arc e l lu s s ai d He w as b e for e t h e

I n carn ation i m m an e n t i n t h e Fat h e r
,
Th e r e can be .

l ittl e d o ubt t h at M arc e ll u s gr e w c on fu s e d i n h is ol d

a e
g S Athanasi u s w ou l d n e v e r co n d e m n h i m b y n am e
. .
,

an d w h e n h e was q u e sti on e d b y a n i nq u isitiv e fri e n d

wo u l d o n l y sm i l e q u i e tl y ‘3 Th i s th row s light also o n .

S C yri l s sil e nc e abo u t hi s n am e w h i ch m ay h av e b e e n

’
.
,

d u e to r e sp e ct fo r hi s past s e rv i c e s to t h e fai th .

A l th o ugh i t i s n ot possibl e w i th i n t h e p rop e r l i m its o f

th i s ch apt e 1 to t 1 ac e th e fu rth e r d e v e lop m e n t o f N ic e n e
1 Ho s i v. Ca t , . 2 .
2
xv . 3 3 Ih
. 2 5 4 Joh n v iii 35
. . . .
,
5 Lk i 33 Ca t x v 27
. .
, . . .
1 6 S E pi ph an i u s, A d v H a er , lxx ii 4
. . . . .
76 THE NICENE C RE ED
th e ol ogy at an y l e ngth t he d iscussi o n of t h e C r e e d at
,

C h alc e don O p e ns o ut a v ista o f n e w t h e ol ogical p robl e m s ,

w h ich w e r e d e alt w ith as th e y aros e , l ik e th e Arian
S p e c ul ati o n , b ut le d l i k e wis e to th orn y con trov e rsi e s .

T h e y w e r e al l su m m e d u p w ith r e m arkabl e co n cis e n e ss

i n t h e fi n al d e fi n iti o n of t h e C ou n ci l of C h alc e d on , wh i c h
r e p r e s e n ts t he l ast w o rd o f t h e e arl y C h u rch o n t h e
gr e at s u bj e ct of t he P e r son o f C h rist I t i s m ost i nte r .

e sti ng to watch from far o ff h o w i n e vi tabl y r e acti o n

fol l ow e d l i k e t h e r e gu lar s wi ng o f a p e n d u l u m wh e n
, ,

an y o n e asp e ct of C h ri stol ogical t e ach i ng was pr e ss e d too

far . C arri e d too far b y h i s ab h orr e n c e of A ri an is m ,

A o lli n ari s d e si ri ng to mag ni fy t h e d iv i n e gl ory o f

Ch
,

ri st, su p pos e d t h at t h e Divi n e l Vo r d took i n H i m t h e

plac e o f t h e h u m a n so u l Wh e n it was m ai ntai n e d th at
.

o u r Lor d too k p e rfe ct m an h oo d i nto u n i o n with H i s

Div i n e Natu r e t h e N e storian s d e ni e d th at t h e Bab e o n
,

M ary s k n e e was rig h tl y t h e obj e ct o f worsh i p an d

’

taug h t th at J e s u s was a m an wh o was tak e n i nto gra d u al

u ni o n w it h t he Ete r n al Wor d A n d agai n t h e p e n d ul u m .

s wu ng back I n th e i r z e a l for t h e h on o u r d ue as th e y
.
,

fe lt to t h e M oth e r o f th e Lor d an d to H i s Divi n ity

, ,

E utyc h ian s u s e d ras h w or d s abou t t h e ta k ing u p o f t h e

m an h oo d i nto Go d as i f i t w e r e absorb e d l ik e a d rop o f ,

v i n e gar i n t h e m ighty oc e an l Ve m ay w e l l s h ri n k from.

s p e cu latio n 0 11 s u c h t h e m e s b u t we da r e n ot h e sitat e to
,

giv e answ e rs fo r t he faith that i s i n u s w h e n ou r faith a

ch al l e ng e d by n e w qu e stion s A n d to ai d ou r th i nk i ng .

t h e balan c e d wor d s of t h e De fi n iti on o f t h e C o u n ci l o f

C h al c e d o n com e d own w ith p e r e n n i al fr e s h n e ss
‘
Follow in g th e r e for e th e hol y F ath e r s we co nfe ss an d all
, , ,

te a ch with o n e a ccor d o n e an d t h e sam e S o n our Lor d J e s u s ,

C hr ist at o n c e p e rfe ct ( co m pl e te ) i n Go d h e ad an d p e rfe c t ( co m

,

ple t e ) i n man hoo d t rul y Go d a n d t r ul y m a n an d furth e r o f a

, , , ,

r e a s ona bl e s oul a n d bo d y ; o f o e e ss e n c e w i th t h e F a th e r as
n

r e g a rds h is Go d h e ad an d at th e sa m e t im e o f o n e e ss e n c e w ith u s
,

as r e gar ds H i s m an hoo d i a ll r e sp ct s l i k e u s apa r t fro m si n

,
n e ,

( He b i v . as r e ga r ds H i s Go d h ad b e gott e n o f t h e F ath e r
. e

b efor e the ag e s bu t y e t as r e ga rds H i s m an hoo d— o n acco un t o f

,

u s a n d our s a lv ati o n— b e got te n i n t h e l ast d ay s o f Ma ry th e

V i rgin b e a r e r o f God ; o n e an d t h e sam e C hr ist S n Lo r d
, ,
o , ,

O n l y b e got te n p rocl ai m e d i n two na tur e s withou t c o nfu si o n

-
, , ,
78 THE N ICENE C R EED
qu e sti on w e r e si m pl y ad o pte d as tho se b e st c alcul ate d to e x p r e ss
t h e sp e c i fic all y C hr istian id e a th at J e s u s C hr ist is r e a ll y Go d .

Th e y d o n o t e v e n c a rry W i t h t h e m a n y pa r ti cul a r t h e ory o f wh at

e ss e n c e or s ub stan c e m ay be ; as is p l ain fro m t he fac t
” “

t h at th o se v e r y m e n wh o insiste d o n t h e u se o f t h e te r m c c
e ss e ntia l insiste d e qu all y u po n our u tte r inab i l i ty t o kn ow
”

wh at t he e sse n c e of Go d is Th e wor ds i n s hor t as e mploy e d

.
, ,

by t h e C hr istian Fa th e r s w e r e str ipp e d o f a n y al i e n co nn o ta t i o n

, ,

a n d simp l y u ti l is e d t o d e n o t e a p a r ti cul a r p o int o f C hr is t ian

b e l i e f ; and th e y are t h e r e for e as app l i ca bl e n ow as e v e r if we
,

r e tain the patr isti c C r e e d 1 .

’

1 J
R Ill in gwor th , Th e D oc tr i ne
. . of the Tr i n i ty , Ma cmi ll an ,

1907, p 122 . .
 C H APTE R VI

TH E C I
D O TR N E O F GO D TH E H O L Y GH O S T
I r is s om e ti m e s a m att e r of d e e p co n c e r n to b e gi n n e rs i n
t h e stu d y of C h ristia n d octri n e wh e n th e y fo r t h e fi rst
tim e r e al is e h o w sl o w ly t h e d octri n e o f th e H o ly Gh ost
was d e v e lop e d i n com pariso n w ith t h e d octri n e of th e
P e rso n of C hrist I t m ay s e e m t o t h e m to gi v e som e
.

su pport to t h e su gg e sti o n of U n itari an t e ach e rs th at t h e

H o ly Ghost w as r e gar d e d by t h e C h ristian s o f t he fi rs t
ag e as an im p e rso nal e n e rgy .

Th e r e i s n ot of c ou rs e m u c h e v i d e n c e to be p ro d u c e d
, , .

B u t s u ch as th e r e is m ay w ith goo d r e aso n be cal l e d

d e cisiv e Th e r e i s p rop ortio n at e l y m or e of i t i n t h e
.
, ,

N e w Te stam e n t t h an i n t h e A postol i c Fat h e rs o f t h e

n e x t g e n e ration Th e pictu r e w h i ch S Lu k e d raws for
. .

us i n th e A cts o f t h e A postl e s i s an o utl i n e sk e tch o f

m e n l ivi ng fr om d ay to d ay i n r e l i an c e o n t h e gu i d a n c e
an d com fort o f t h e H ol y S pi rit I t w as i n d e e d as a fact
.

o f s pi r itual e x p e ri e n c e t h at th e y e nj o y e d H i s fe l l ow sh i p .

B u t t h e gre at wor k of e va n g e l isati o n an d oft e ntim e s th e

,

str e ss of p e rs e cu ti on , l e ft but l ittl e l e isu r e fo r m e d ita

ti o n co n c e r n i ng t h e fu l l gl ory of H is P e rso n an d t h e
d ign ity o f H i s r e lati on s h i p to t h e Fat h e r an d th e S o n
’
.

S Pau l s t e achi n g , h ow e v e r o n t h e s ubj e ct i s cl e ar an d

.
, ,

sh o ws d e v e l opm e nt from t h e fi rst I t i s probabl y t h e

.

fru i t of t he n i n e y e ars w h ich h e s p e n t at Ta rsu s b e for e

h e w as s u m m on e d by S Barn abas t o A nti oc h w h e n h e
.
,

s e e m s to h av e b e e n c h i e fl y o ccu p i e d i n th i n k ing o u t t h e
co n cl u si o n s to w h i c h faith i n C h ri st le d h i m .

The im porta n c e wh ic h t he d octri n e o f t h e H o l y S pir i t

ass u m e s i n th e t e ac h i ng of S Pau l has b e e n strang e l y
.

n e gl e ct e d Th i s t e ach i ng of S Pau l r e pr e s e nts i n p art

. .

79
80 THE NI C ENE C RE ED
n o d o u bt h i s ow n r e fl e cti o n s u n d e r t he gu i d an c e of the
H ol y S pi rit Bu t we s h o u l d be bl i n d i n d e e d i f we fai l e d
.

to r e cogn is e t h at h e i s b u il di n g all t h e tim e on a com m o n

basi s of b e l i e f sh ar e d b y t h e C hristian C h u rch to wh i c h ,

S Jo h n s l e tt e rs at a lat e r dat e b e ar e m ph ati c t e stim on y

’
. .

Th e u lti m at e s ou rc e o f i t i s t h e t e ac h i ng o f t h e Lo r d
h i m s e l f giv e n i n a l ite rary fo rm to th e C h u rch of th e
,
’
n e x t g e n e ratio n i n S Joh n s G osp e l . .

Th e Fo u rt h G osp e l i n Dr S w e t e s w or d s , r e l at e s a
’
‘
, .

s e r i e s o f con v e rsation s r u n n i ng th rough t he co u rse o f

ou r Lo rd s m i n istry w h i ch r e v e a l e n ti r e ly n e w v i e w s o f
’

t h e S p i rit s r e l atio n to t h e i n d i vi d u al l i fe , to t h e C h u rch

’

,
a n d to G o d B ut t h e fu l l e st an d cl e ar e st r e v e lati o n
.

was r e s e rv e d fo r t h e l ast d iscou rs e o n t h e n igh t b e for e

t h e Passi o n ( Joh n x i v 1 6 1 7 26 ; x v 26 ; xv i 7,
.
, ,
1
. .

’
Th e H ol y S p irit as an advocat e ( pa ra c letes) was to be
‘

C h ri st s s u bstitut e an d r e pr e s e ntativ e , s e n t from t h e

Fath e r an d t he S o n o n H i s m ission to th e d isci pl e s an d
t h e C h u rch H e was to carr y o n t h e t e ach in g w or k o f
.

C h rist h e lp i ng t h e d isci pl e s to r e m e m b e r C h ri st s word s

’

an d t o se e i n t h e m n e w m e an i ngs Th us H e wou l d .

gl or i fy C h rist as C hrist gl orifi e d t he Fath e r r e v e al i ng ,

H i s Lo r d sh i p ( Joh n xv i 14 15 cf 1 C o r xi i .
,
An d H is
, . . .

w itn e ss wo u l d h av e p ow e r to co n vi n c e m e n o f th e worl d
con c e rn i n g th e i r si n fu l n e ss d ivi n e righte o u sn e ss an d, ,

d ivi n e j u d gm e nts ( Joh n x v i .

(I) The P erson a li ty o f the H oly Sp i ri t

We m ust l ook fi rst fo r r e aso ns to e x pl ai n sl o w the

growth of t h e d octri n e of t he P e rso nali ty of th e H ol y
S pi rit an d cau s e s w h i ch r e ta rd e d i t e spe ciall y i n t h e
, ,

s e con d c e ntu r y We h av e n o i nt e r e st i n ov e rlooki ng

.

an y o f t h e e vi d e n c e e ith e r t he v e ry con fus e d d octri n e

,

o f t h e p ro p h e t H e rm as i n t h e s e con d c e ntu ry or t he sa d ,

co n fe ssi on of 8 Gr e gor y o f N az i a n z u s i n t h e fo u rt h
.

c e ntu ry wh e n h e was appoi nt e d to t h e S e e of C onsta nti

n 0 ple S om e m e n h e sai d r e gar d t h e H ol y S piri t a s
,
’

a n e n e rgy som e t h i n k that He i s a cr e atu r e , o th e rs that

,

Ar t H oly Sp i r i t, i n H astin g s D B
’
1 . . .
TH E DO CTRIN E O F GO D TH E H O LY G H O ST 81

H e i s Go d , wh i l e oth e rs d o n ot k n o w w h ich o f th e s e
O pi ni on s to a d opt o u t of r e v e r e n c e fo r t h e S criptu r e s .
’

O n e i m p ortan t factor i n t h e cas e i s b e yo n d q u e stio n

t h e i nfl u e n c e o f t h e A l e xan d ri n e J e w P h i lo wh o syst e m ,

at i ca ll
y r e a d Platoni s m i nto t h e O l d T e stam ent H i s .

i n fl u e nc e i n t h e wo rds of Dr Bi gg w as par tl y h e l p fu l ,
,
.
,

partl y d e tri me ntal I t w as gi v e n to t h e A l e xan d ri n e

.

J e w to d ivi n e t h e possi bi lity an d t h e m o d e of an e t e r n al

d isti nctio n i n t he Div i n e Un ity a n d i n th i s r e sp e ct t h e
,

m agn itu d e of o u r d e bt can h ar d l y be ov e r e stim at e d .

H o w larg e it i s we m ay m e asu r e i n part b y th e fac t that

t h e d octri n e o f t h e H ol y S pi rit w h i c h h as n o plac e i n h i s
,

syst e m r e m ai n e d fo r a l on g ti m e m e agr e i n arti cu lat e

, ,

an d u n c e rtai n 1 Wh e th e r t he t e rm t h e W or d ( Logos )
.
’

at th e b e gi n n i ng o f t h e Fou rt h Gosp e l was tak e n ov e r

fro m P h i lo s t e ach i ng d i r e ctl y o r i n d ir e ctl y o r w as tak e n
’

, ,

d i r e ct fro m p o e ti cal p ass ag e s o f t h e O ld Te stam e n t ,

s u ch as Psal m xx x i i i 6 B y the Wor d of the Lord wer e

‘
.
,
’
the hea ve n s m ad e d o e s n ot com e i n to q u e sti o n h e r e
,
We .

ar e con c e rn e d n ot w i th t h e o rigi n but w i t h t h e d e v e l op

m e n t o f t he Logo s d octri n e an d i n th at d e v e lop m e n t

,

th e r e i s n o d ou bt t h at C h ri stian w rit e rs w e r e e n cou rag e d

’
b y Ph i l o s sp e cu latio ns to r e ad t h e O ld Te stam e n t i n t h e
ligh t o f C h rist s t e ac h i ng an d to ph il osop h i s e abo u t i t
’

A n d t h e pity of i t was th a t o n e si d e d s p e cu lati on t e n d e d

-

to obscu r e t h e t e ach i n g o f t h e p ri m itiv e C h ri stian tra d i

tio n o n t h e H ol y S pirit .

A wor d o f war n i n g is n e c e ssar y h e r e I n a w rit e r s uch .

as C l e m e n t o f A l e xan d ria t h e d octrin e of t h e Div i n e S o n

i s v e ry fu ll y d e v e lop e d a n d t he t e ach i ng o n t h e H ol y
S pi r it s e e m s scan ty B u t we m ust r e m e m b e r th at
.

C l e m e n t prom i s e d a boo k o n t h e S pirit wh ich has n ot ,

com e d o w n to u s i f i t was e v e r w ritt e n an d th at we are

, ,

t h e r e fo r e e n titl e d to p re ss to t h e fu l l t he i m portan c e of
t h e fam ou s p assag e i n t h e Mi sce lla n i es w h e n C l e m e n t
s h ows a stron g fait h i n t h e i nfl u e n c e o f t he S pi rit H e .

i s ad apti ng a m e taph o r fro m Pl ato a n d pi ctu r e s t h e wh ol e,

h i e rarc h y o f c r e at e d b e i ngs as a c h ai n of i ro n ri ngs e ac h ,

s ustai n i ng an d sustai n e d , e ach savi n g an d sav e d h e l d ,

tog e t h e r by t h e m agn e ti c forc e o f th e H o l y S p i ri t .

1 The Ch r i st i a n P la to n i sts o A ler amd r i a p 25

f , . .

F
82 TH E NICENE CRE ED

To o u r sh am e , h ow e v e r we m u st con fe ss th at i n th e
.

s e con d an d t h i r d c e ntu ri e s as i n t h e pr e s e nt th e m ai n
, ,

cau s e o f fai l u r e to b e l i e v e righ tl y i n t h e P e rso n o f t h e

H ol y S pi ri t was b e y on d d ou bt w orld li n e ss .

We se e th i s c le a rly i n t h e h i stor y of M ontan i sm The .

d e cl i n e o f C h ristian p rop h e c y wh ic h coi n cid e d w it h th e

,

str e ngth e n i n g o n al l si d e s of t h e au th ority o f t h e o fli c i a l

m i ni stry, of Bish ops Pri e sts a n d De acon s coin ci d e d al s o
, ,

wi t h a gr e at i n cr e as e o f t e m ptati on s to w o rld l i n e ss S o .

far as i t was a c ons e r vativ e r e acti o n i n favo ur of proph e cy

t h e M o n tan ist m ov e m e n t b or e w i tn e ss to g r e at tru t h s
w h ich w e r e e n d a n g e r e d B ut t h e cl ai m o f M o n tan u s to
.

be t h e m e 1 e ly passi v e i n str um e n t of t h e S pi ri t an d t h e ,

fan atical z e al o f h i s fol low e rs a 1 o u se d a n opposi ti o n w h i c h

,

was n ot al l i n spir e d by w orl d l y m otiv e s I f M ontani st .

t e ach i ng s e e m s to u s a parod y of t h e Gosp e l we m u st ,

r e m e m b e r as it h as b e e n w e l l sai d t h at a parod y i m pli e s

, ,

a n origi n al an d that t h e ori g i nal i n t h is cas e i s t h e

,

Fou rt h Gosp e l w e igh e d p on d e r e d m isu nd e rstood b u t

, , , ,

bri ngi n g to r e cogn iti on n e gl e ct e d truth s th at m ig h t y e t

i n th e fu tu r e bri ng su cco u r to v i ta l r e ligion .

W e se e thi s fact il l u strate d i n t h e e xp e ri e n c e o f t he

A pol ogist Te rtul l ian Th e wil d e r v agari e s of M ontan i sm
.

h ad n o attracti o n for h i s c u ltu r e d m i n d to say n ot h in g ,

of h is trai n i n g as a lawy e r i n cautio n No d o u bt i t i s .

tr u e t h at h e wo ul d h av e taugh t t h e gr e at bu l k o f h i s
t e ach ing i n an y cas e e v e n i f h e h ad n e v e r h e ar d o f
,

M o ntan u s B e h i n d h i s h arsh r u gg e d n e ss we can d isc e r n

.

an ar d e n t n atu r e o n fir e w ith t h e z e al t he fir e o f l ov e o f ,

t h e S pi r it w h ic h wa s t h e i n spi r i n g m otiv e o f M on ta n i sm
,

w h e r e it was i n h arm o n y w ith th e b e st t h oug h t of t h e fi rst

’
ag e . Te rt u lli an s m agn ifi c e n t d e s cri ptio n of Pati e n c e ,

t h e gi ft of t h e H ol y S pi 1 i t w h i c h accom pan i e s H im w h e n
He d e sc e n d s sugg e st e d a s s e e m s m ost probabl e by t h e
,

pati e n c e an d c o u rag e o f t h e m a 1 t y r P e 1 pe t u a prov e s ,

that b y t he b e st i n fo rm e d th oug h t of hi s ti m e t h e H ol y
S p i rit was n ot c onc e i v e d o f as an i m p e rsonal gi ft bu t as ,

a Pe rso n .
TH E DO CTR INE O F GO D THE H O LY G H O S T 83

( 2) The Doctr i n e i n the Thi rd a n d F ou r th Ce n tur i es

A stri ki ng e x p ositi o n o f t h e d octrin e i s fou n d i n
O rig e n s gr e at work O n fir st P r i n c i p les H e w ri t e s : Th e
’
‘
. .

A postl e s r e lat e d t h at t h e H ol y S pi ri t w as associ at e d i n

h o n ou r an d d ign i ty w i t h t h e Fath e r an d t h e S o n But .

i n H i s cas e i t i s n ot cl e arl y d i sti ngui s h e d w h e t h e r He i s

to be r e gar d e d as g e n e rat e o r i n g e n e rat e o r al so as a ,

S o n of G o d o r n ot ; fo r th e r e a re poi nts wh i ch h av e to
be e nq u ir e d i nto o ut of sacr e d S c r i p tu r e accord i n g to th e
b e st of o u r abi lity an d w h i c h d e m an d car e fu l i n v e stiga
,

ti o n. A n d t h at t h is S pirit i n spi r e d e ac h o n e o f t he
sai nts w h e th e r p rop h e ts o r ap ostl e s a n d t h at th e r e was
,

n ot o n e S pirit i n t h e m e n o f t h e ol d d isp e n satio n an d

an oth e r i n th os e wh o w e r e i n spi r e d at t h e ad v e n t o f
C h ri st i s m ost cl e ar l y taug h t t h ro u g h o u t t h e ch u rc h e s 1
’

.
,

A n d i n t h e fo llo wi n g s e nte n c e h e cl e arl y t e ac h e s t h e

co e t e rn ity o f t h e H oly S pi rit : Th e H ol y S p i rit w o u l d
n e v e r be r e ck on e d i n t h e u n ity o f t h e Tri n ity , i e al o n g . .

w it h t h e u n ch an g e abl e Fath e r an d Hi s S o n u n l e ss H e ,

h a d alwa y s b e e n t h e H ol y S pi rit .
’

B u t som e of h i s e x pr e ssi on s le d to m u ch m i su n d e r
stan d in g as wh e n h e i s sp e ak i ng o f t h e hi s tor i c a l r eve la
,
~

ti o n of G o d an d t e ach e s as an i n fe r e n c e from t h e Fo u rt h
,

Gosp e l th at th e S pi ri t ow e s H i s origi n to t h e m e d iu m o f
t h e S o n an d th at th e r e for e H e i s i n t h e o rd e r o f t h e
,

d i vi n e l i fe i n fe ri or to t he S o n 2 H e i s n ot h e r e d e ali n g .
’

w ith th e i n n er bei ng o f t h e Godh e ad o n w h i c h h e t e ach e s ,

Noth i ng i n t h e Tri n ity ca n be call e d g r e at e r o r l e ss 3 .

’

Th e m i sa d v e n tu r e s of O rig e n s sp e cu l ati o n s e x pl a i n to
’

u s t h e acut e fe ar wh i ch S C yri l of J e ru sal e m e xp r e ss e s.

i n h i s C at e ch e ti cal l e ctu r e s : We wou l d say som e wh at ‘

con c e rn ing t h e H ol y Gh ost ; n o t to d e cl ar e H i s s u bstan c e

w i t h e xactn e ss for th at w e r e i m p ossi bl e 4
, .
’

I n q u i r e n ot cu riou sl y i nto H i s n atur e o r su bstan c e :

for h ad i t b e e n w ritt e n we w ou l d h av e sp ok e n o f it ;
wh at i s n ot w ritt e n le t us n ot v e ntu r e on it i s s u ffi ci e nt
,

1
De P r i n c P r e f p 3 .
, . . .

2 B e t hu n e
B ak e r 0p c i t p 203
-
, . .
,
. .

3 De P ri nc i p 34 .
, . .
4 Ca
. t xv i 5 , . .
84 TH E NICENE CRE ED
fo r o u r sal vati o n to k n o w that th e r e is Fath e r an d S o n , , ,
a n d H ol y Gh ost 1 .
’

Y e t S C yri l l e av e s u s i n n o d ou bt as to h i s b e li e f i n
.

t h e d istin ct p e rso n al ity of t h e S pi rit :

I t is e stabl is h e d th a t though t h e titl e s o f t h e H ol y Gho st be

,

di ff e r e nt H e is o n e a n d t h e sam e ; l i v i n g an d s ub sistin g an d
, ,

a lw ay s p r e s e nt t og e th e r w i th t h e F at h e r an d t h e S o n no t
u tte r e d or br e ath e d fro m th e m ou th an d l ips of t h e F ath e r or t he
S o n n o r disp e r s e d int o t h e ai r bu t h a v in g a r e a l s ub s t an c e H i m
, , ,

s e lf sp e ak in g an d work in g an d disp e nsin g an d sa n ct ify in g ; e v e n

, , ,

a s t h e e co n o m y o f s a lv a t i o n wh i ch is t o u s w a r d f ro m t h e F ath e r
a n d t h e S o n a d t h e H ol y Gho st is ins e pa r a bl e a n d h a r m o ni ou s
n ,

a n d o n e a s we h a v e al s o said b e f or e
’
2
.
,

I n the fol low i ng passag e h e t e ach e s t h at t h e S pi rit i s

t he so u rc e o f a ll t h at i s b e au tifu l i n m oral an d spi ri tu al
l i fe
Why did H e c all th e gr ac e o f t he S pi r i t w ate r ? B e cau s e by
w ate r all th ing s s ub sis t ; b e c au s e w a te r br in g s for th grass and
l i v i n g th in gs b e ca u s e t he wa t e r o f t he s how e rs com e s d own fro m
h e a v e n ; b e c a u s e it com e s d ow n o n e i n for m bu t work s i n m an y ,

for ms For o n e f ou n tain w a t e r e th t h e whol e o f P a r adis e an d

.
,

o n e a n d t h e sam e r ain co m e s d ow n u p o n a ll t h e worl d y et it ,

b e co m e s wh ite i n t h e l i l y an d re d i n t h e ro se an d p urp l e i n, ,

v i ol e t s an d h y a cin th s an d di ff e r e n t a n d v a r i e d i n e a ch s e v e ra l
,

k ind : s o i t is o n e i n t h e p a l m t r e e a n d an oth e r i n t he v in e an d -
, ,

a ll i n a ll th i n g s ; an d y e t is o n e i n na tur e n o t di v e r s e f ro m its e l f ; ,

f o r t h e r a in d o e s n o t ch an g e its e l f an d co m e d ow n fir s t as o n e ,

th in g t h e n as ano th e r but adap t in g i t s e l f t o t h e co ns t i tut i o n o f

, ,

e a ch th in g wh i ch r e c e i v e s i t i t b e co m e s t o e a c h wh at is s u i t a bl e
, .

Th u s a l s o t h e H ol y Gho s t b e in g o n e a n d o f o n e na tur e an d , , ,

indi v isi bl e di v id e s to e ach H i s g ra c e a ccor d i ng a s H e wi ll : 3 an d

, ,

as t h e d ry tr e e afte r pa rt ak in g o f w a t e r p ut s for th s hoo ts s o

, , ,

al s o t h e s oul i n s i n wh e n i t h as b e e n through r e pe n t an c e mad e

,

wor th y o f t h e H ol y Gho s t br in g s forth clu s t e r s o f r i ght e ou sn e ss

,
.

A n d t hough H e is O n e i n natur e y e t man y are t h e v i r t u e s wh i ch ,

by t h e w i ll o f Go d an d i n t h e N a m e o f C hr ist H e work s For H e .

e m p lo y s t h e t o n gu e o f o n e m a n f o r w isd o m t h e s oul o f an oth e r

H e e n l i ght e ns by p ro p h e c y ; to an oth e r H e g i v e s pow e r to d r i v e
a way d e v i l s ; to a n oth e r H e g i v e s to inte r pr e t th e di v in e S cr ip
tur e s H e s tr e n gth e ns o n e man s s e l f co m m and ; H e te ach e s
.
’

an o th e r t h e way to g i v e a l m s ; an oth e r H e te ach e s t o fas t an d

dis c ipl in e h i m s e l f ; an o th e r H e t e a ch e s t o d e spis e th e th in g s o f
t h e bo d y ; an o t h e r H e tr ains f o r m ar ty r d o m di v e r s e i n di ff e r e n t

1 Ca t .
,
xv i . 24 .
2 I bi d .
, xv ii . 5 .
3 1 C o r x11 11
. . .
86 THE NICENE CRE ED
wholly p r e se nt w ith e a ch indi v id u al a n d wholly e v e ry wh e r e ; ,

i m passi bly di v id e d an d s h ar e d w i thou t di v isi o n l i k e a s un b am

, , e ,

whose gra ci ou s influ e n c e is as m uch h is who nj oy s it as though e

h e w e r e a lo n i n t h e worl d bu t wh i ch al s o bl e nds w i th t h e ai r
e , ,

a d s h in e s ov e r l and a n d
n ea Thu s too t h e S pi r i t is pr e s e n t
s .
, ,

w i th e v e ry o n e w ho r e c e i v e s H i m a s if th e r e w e r e onl y o n e re ,

c e i ve r but b e s tow s s u ffi c i e nt a n d co m p l e t e gr a c e 0 1 a ll ; who m

, 1

all th ings t h at p ar tak e o f H i m e njoy a ccor din g to t h e c apa c i t y ,

o f t h e i r nat ur e n o t t o t h e e x t e nt o f H i s p ow e r 1 ’
.
,

Th e
fol l o w i ng passag e s from S H i lary o f Poi ti e rs m ay ,
.
,

be ad d e d t o s h o w h o w 0 A D 3 6 1 h e u p h e l d t h o ug h
, . . .
, ,

w ith cauti on t h e c e ntral tr uth

,

‘
Th y H ol y S pi r it as t h e A p os tl e say s s e a rch e s an d kn ow s
, ,

Th y d e e p th in g s a n d as inte rc e ss or f o r m e sp e ak s t o Th e e wor ds
,

I coul d n o t utt e r n o th in g e xc e p t wh a t b e lo n g s t o Th e e
,

p e n e tr ate s in to Th e e n o r c a n t h e ag e n c y o f a p ow e r f or e i gn an d
s tr an g e to Th e e m e as ur e th e d e p th o f Thy bou nd l e ss maj e s ty .

P a ul t hough t th at t he d e s cr ip t i o n was s uffic i e n t wh e n

H e c a ll e d H i m Th y S pi r i t NVi th th e s e m e n pe cul i a rl y Th in e
.
,

e l e c t I w i ll t h in k i n th e s e m att e r s
,
I w i ll n o t tre spass b e y ond
th a t wh i ch hu man in t e ll e ct c an k n o w a bout Thy H ol y S pi r it bu t ,

simpl y d e cl a r e th at H e is Thy S pi r i t 2 .
’

A crisis was r e ach e d wi th t h e d e positi on o f Mac e d o n i u s ,

Bish op of C onstan ti n opl e w h o d e ni e d t h e Div i n ity of t he ,

S p i rit Th e C ou n ci l of C on stanti n opl e i n acc e pti ng t h e

.
,

r e vis e d C r e e d of J e r usal e m gav e p rom i n e n c e to t h e trut h ,

t h at t h e S pi ri t s h o ul d be worsh i pp e d an d glori fi e d w ith t he

Fat h e r a n d th e S 011 The c ontrov e rs y sm ou ld e r e d on
. A .

grap h i c pictur e of i t i s giv e n i n t h e C at e ch e tical l e ctu r e s

of Nic e ta of Re m e si a n a w h o accu s e s t h e M ac e d o n ians of
,

raisi ng i nte rm i n abl e q u e sti on s O f wh at sort is t h e

H ol y G h ost ? \ Vhe n c e an d h ow gr e at i s H e ? H as He
b e e n bor n ? o r has He b e e n m ad e ?
’
Th e y w e r e n ot
cont e nt wi th t h e plai n wo rd s o f t he Lo rd He p r oc e e d e t h ‘

fro m t he Fat h e r Th e y p e rsi st e d i n m i sappl yi ng t h e

.
’

t e x t A l l t h i n gs w e r e m a d e b y H i m ( Jo h n 1 3 ) as i f i t
‘
.

i n cl u d e d t he S pi ri t Nic e ta argu e d from t h e i r adm issio n

.

that S Jo h n was i nspi r e d by t h e S pi ri t to w rite t h e

.

w ords th e r e for e t h e S pi r i t co u ld n ot be i ncl u d e d am ong

,

c r e at e d b e i ngs He q u ote d oth e r t e x ts to p rov e th at t h e

.

1 o
O n th e H ly Sp i r i t, 0. 22 .
2 D e Tr i m , xi i . 55 , 56 .
TH E DO CTR INE O F G O D THE H O LY G H O ST 87

S pi ri ti s Lo r d th at H e g u i d e s i nto al l truth sa n c t ifie s

, , ,
absol ve s r e g e n e rate s H i s attri but e s i n cl u d e for e k n ow
, .

l e dg e good n e ss a n d om n i pr e s e n c e
, He w h o i s c on fe ss e d
.

wit h t h e Fat h e r an d t h e S o n at baptism sh ou l d be

worsh ip p e d wi t h th e m n ot s e parat e l y as d i ff e r e nt go d s
,
a r e w o r sh i p p e d b y t h e h e ath e n b ut i n t h e Un ity of th e
,

Tri n ity 1 .

( 4 ) The Doctri n e of the P r ocessi on of the Ho ly Gho st

\Vh e n th e Divi n ity of t h e H ol y Ghos t h ad th us b e e n
op e nly chall e ng e d by t h e A rian s an d ch am pi o n e d b y
C h urc h l e a d e rs t he way was o p e n e d fo r a n e w d e v e l op
,

m e n t of t e ac h i ng A n e w asp e ct of t h e d octri n e o f t h e
.

H ol y Gh ost cam e i n to v i e w w h i ch sti m ulat e d th ought

,

a n d provok e d con trov e rsy A s so ofte n h app e n s t h i s

.
,

c ontrov e rsy has t u rn e d m or e u p o n accid e ntals th an

e ss e ntial s u po n t h e w ay i n w h ic h o n e vi e w was bro ugh t
,

i nto promi n e n c e rat h e r t h a n t h e i m poss ibi lity o f c o m bi n

i ng i t w ith i ts o pp osite i n o n e c om m o n form u la I t was .

fe lt t h at pr e cis e l y as th e C h u rch h ad l e arn t through pai n

fu l e x p e ri e n c e to e m p h asi s e t h e S cri ptu ral w o r d o n l y ‘

’
b e gott e n i n r e l ati o n to t h e S o n so to i n d i cat e t h e r e
,

l at i on shi p o f t he H ol y S pi ri t t h e y m u st t e ac h t h at H e i s
’
n ot m ad e n or cr e at e d n or b e gott e n bu t p roc e e d i n g .

N i c e ta i s cont e nt to r e p e at t he S cri pt u ral w or d s Pro

c e e d e t h fro m t h e Fat h e r
’
b u t t h e q u e stio n w as c e rtai n
to c om e u p W h at i s H i s r e latio n s h i p i n th i s r e gard to
—

t h e S o n ? Th e q u otati o n w h i ch I h av e gi v e n abov e ( p 8 5 ) .

from S Ath an asi u s i n w h i ch He i s cal l e d t h e S o n s ow n

.
‘ ’

i m ag e s h ows that t he i d e a of H i s p roc e e d i ng fro m t h e

’

Fat h e r t h ro u g h t h e S o n i s not far o ff I t i s o n e o f th e l i n e s

.

o f t h o ug h t i n w h i c h S Ath anasi u s r e v e als h is sym path y

.

w it h t h e m od e s of t h ough t cu rr e n t i n t h e W e st .

Th e d i ffe r e n c e w h i c h afte rward s aros e b e tw e e n E ast

an d \Ve st o n this s u bj e ct was d u e to th e fact th at t h e y
approac h e d t h e s u bj e ct fro m op posite p o i nts of v i e w
.

Th e Gr e e k Fat h e rs start e d from t h e t h o u g h t o f t h e

Ete rn al Di sti n ction s ( H ypo stase i s) an d r e con ci l e d t h e m
as b e st t he v co ul d w it h t h e i d e a of Di vi n e Un ity Th e y .

1
C f m y N i ceta of R emesi a n a p lxi v
.
,
. .
 88 THE N I C E N E CRE E D

t h o ught o f t h e d octri n e o f th e Tri ni ty as an e x planatio n of

t h e cr e ati o n m an i fe st e d i n t h e wor k o f t h e Fath e r S o n
, , ,

a n d H ol y G host O n t he oth e r h an d W e st e r n t e ach e rs

.
,

b e gan with th e i d e a of t h e Tri n ity as a n e c e ssity o f

t h e Divi n e Li fe to u se a t e ch ni cal t e rm as i m m an e nt
—
, ,

Th e y b e gan from t h e th oug h t of

’
a n abi di n g r e al ity .

t h e coi nh e re n c e of th e Divi n e P e rson s as t h e Lor d taught ; ,

‘
Tho u F a the r a r t i n me a n d [ i n thee ( Joh n xvi i
’

, , Th i s .

le d th e m to t h e th oug h t th at t h e S pi ri t m u st be r e gard e d as
proc e e d in g i n a se n se from t he S o n b e cau s e H e i s the Sp i r i t ,
‘

’ ’
‘
of J e s us
( A cts x vi Wh e n t h e word s A n d t h e S o n
.

h a d b e e n a d d e d to Proc e e d e th from t h e Fat h e r E aste rn ’

t h e ol ogian s th ou gh t th at t h i s wou l d i n tro d u c e t h e i d e a o f

two fo u ntai n s ( so to s p e ak ) o f De ity B ut thi s was far .

fr o m t he i m a g i nati o n of t he e arl y wri t e rs w h o le d m e n

to t h e e d g e o f t h e lat e r controv e rsy P e r h aps e v e n n ow .

t h e w o u n d m ay be h e al e d b y u s e o f t h e m or e e xact ph ras e
‘ ’
Proc e e d e th fro m t h e Fath e r th ro ugh t he S o n , whi ch
safe guard s te ach i ng o n e ach sid e .

S . H i lary o f Poiti e rs , t he gr e at all y of S Ath an asi us .

i n th e We st i s ho ld to sp e ak o f t he Fath e r an d S o n as
,

auth ors of t h e S pi rit wh o h as H i s b e i ng from t h e Fath e r

an d t h ro ugh t he S o n I n h i s book O n the Tr i n i ty , h e
.

wr ite s
‘
For my o wn pa r t I th ink it wron g t o dis cu ss t he qu e s t i o n o f
H i s e x iste n c e H e d o e s e x ist in a sm uch as H e is g i v e n r e c e i v e d
.
, ,

r e tai n e d H e is j o in e d w ith F a th e r a n d S o n i n our confe ssi o n o f

.

faith an d cann o t be e xclu d e d from a t ru e co nfe ssi o n o f Fa th e r

,

an d S o n . I f an y man d emand wh a t m e anin g we a t tach t o th is

co n clu si on h e as w e ll as we h a v e r e ad t he wor d o f t he A p ostl e
,

B e c au s e y e are s o ns o f Go d Go d h a th s e n t t h e S pi r it o f H i s
“
,

S o n int o our h e a rt s cry in g A bb a F at h e r Gr i e v e n o t th e ” “

an d , ,

H ol y S pi r it o f Go d in who m y e h a v e b e e n s ea l e d 1 ”
.

S u ch was h is an sw e r t o A rian s an d M ac e d on ians It .

i s t h e n e xt st e p i n h i s th oug h t th at fi x e s ou r atte n ti on
at t h e p re s e n t m om e nt S H i lary had n o d ou bt t h at . .

t h e S pi rit proc e e d s from t h e Fat h e r an d r e c e i v e s f r om

t he S o n .A n d I q u e sti on h e go e s o n
‘
wh e th e r it is
,
’

,
‘

t h e sam e th i ng to r e c e iv e from t h e S o n as to p roc e e d

from t he Fat h e r 2 He was e v i d e ntly i ncl i n e d to an sw e r
.
’

1 D e Tr i m n 29
, .
2 D e Tr i n
. v iii 19 20 .
, .
90 THE N ICENE CREED

pl ai n n e ss an d e x pl i citn e ss o f langu ag e h it h e rto w i th ou t a

p r e c e d e nt h is p u rpos e i s n e i th e r t o e n cou r ag e sp e cul ati on
,

n or to p rovok e d iscu ssio n bu t rath e r to a d d com pl e te n e ss ,

an d stabil ity to t h e Catholic d octri n e of t h e H ol y Tri n ity .

H e i s con sci o u s o f n o con fli ct o f opi ni on wit h i n t h e

C h u rc h h is q uarr e l i s o n l y w i th t h e Arian an d t he
,

M ac e d on ian t h e F i li oque i s part o f h is ans w e r to th os e

w h o d e n i e d t he De ity o f t he S o n a n d o f th e H oly
G h ost I .
’

I h av e d e al t suffi ci e ntl y i n Part I w ith t h e h istory o f .

t h e controv e rs y w h i ch aros e w h e n t h e w or d s F i li o que

w e r e add e d to t he Ni c e n e C r e e d Bu t i t r e mai n s to as k .

wh e t h e r we can p oi nt to an y a d van ta g e accru i ng from

l oyalty to t h e t e ach i ng o f W e ste rn C h rist e n dom i n t h is
m att e r or i n ot h e r w o rd s d o e s s u ch sp e cu lati v e t e ac h i n g
, ,

b e ar a n y fru it i n t h e sp i ri tu al life ? “

O n t h is po i n t som e light h as r e c e ntl y b e e n th row n b y

t h e l at e C an o n M ob e rl y H e says .

Th e S pi r it o f t h e I n c a r nate is t h e S pi r it o f Go d B ut it is n o t .

s o m uch t h e S pi r i t o f Go d , r e ga r d e d i n H i s e t e rnal e x iste n c e , or

r e l a t i o n , i n t h e B e in g o f De i ty : i t is t he S pi r i t o f Go d in
H u m anity , t h e S pi r i t o f Go d b e co m e t h e S pi r i t o f Ma n i n t h e
P e r s o n o f t h e I n c a r nate , — b e co m e t h e n c e forw a r d t h e tru e inte r
p r e t a t i o n a n d s e cr e t o f wh at t r u e man hoo d r e a ll y is ,
— i t is t h is

wh i ch is t he dis t in ct i v e r e v e l ati o n o f t he N e w Te stam e n t t he ,

distin c ti v e si g ni fican c e an d l ife o f t he C hur c h o f C hr ist Th is is

.

t h e t ruth , i mm e ns e i n its si g ni fic an c e f o r p r ac ti ca l C hr istiani ty ,

wh i ch t h e so ca ll e d d octr in e of t he D oubl e P roc e ssi o n di r e ctly
-
’

p rot e ct s ; a n d wh i ch t h e d e ni al o f th at d octr in e te nds di r e ctl y to

i m pai r It m ay be th a t t he r e m ov a l o f t h e F i l i oqu e fro m t h e

.
‘ ’

N i c e n e C r e e d woul d n o t n e c e ss a r i l y i m pl y a d e ni a l o f t h e
,

d oc tr in e : bu t th e r e‘ c an at l e ast be l i ttl e d oub t h istori ca lly .

sp e a ki n g , th a t t h e F i l i oqu e h as s e rv e d , to t he d oc tr in e , as a
’

bulw ark o f gr e at i m p or tan c e ’2

.

S i m i larly Dr . M il ligan w rot e ,

A s t h e S pi ri t of th e e x a l te d
glor i fi d Lor d H e is n o t t h e
an d e ,

hr
T i d Pe s n r o o f th e Tr inity i H i a bs olut e a n d m e ta ph y si ca l
n s

e x is t e n c e but th a t P e rs o n a s H e is m e diate d throug h t h e S o

,
n,

w ho is hu m an as we ll as D i v in e It is o n th is pa rt i cula r as pe ct .

1 H i st th e B o t of th e P r
.
f
o o . ocessi o n of o
th e H ly S p i r i t, p . 132
.

2
. o
A t n e m en t a n d P er so na l i ty , p . 195 .
TH E DO CTRI NE O F G O D TH E H O LY G H O S T 91

of H is b e in g th at H e di ff u s e s H i m se lf through th e m em be rs of
C hr ist s bo d y an d a b id e s 1n t h e m 1
’ ’
.
,

Th e o pi n io ns w h i ch Dr M ob e rly an d Dr M i l liga n s o
. .

abl y se t forth d e s e rv e fu l l e r d iscu ssi o n t h an t h e y h av e ,

s o far as I k no w y e t r e c e iv e d Bot h d e fe nd t he d octri n e

,
.

of t he Dou bl e P ro c e ssio n of t h e H ol y S pi rit as a m att e r

o f p racti cal a n d n ot m e r e l y m e taph ysical i m portan c e .

A n d y e t al l t h e spi ritua l r e s ults for w h ich t h e y co n te n d

s e e m to be s e cu r e i f i t i s taug h t t h at t h e H ol y S pi rit
p ro c e e d s from t h e Fat h e r t h ro ug h t h e S o n Fro m th e .

p oi n t o f v i e w of a p ractical p r e ac h e r I b e l i e v e t he sta t e
m e n t r e po rt e d from t h e l i ps of an e x p e ri e n c e d m issi on e r
to be pro fo u nd l y tr u e : Wh e n e v e r d u e h o n ou r i s pai d
f

to Go d t he H ol y G h ost i n paroc h ial m issi o n s r e s ults

’
fol l o w Th e gr e at W e st e rn h y m ns Ven i Crea to r S pi r i tus
.
, ,
/

an d Ve n i S a n c te Sp i r i tu s to w h ic h t h e Easte rn C h u rch
, ,

c a n s h o w n o paral l e l h av e h ad th e i r part i n t h e gr e at
,

r e v i vals o f s pi ritu al l i fe for w h i c h i n t h e \ Ve ste rn

C h u rch we t h an k God Le t u s pray that we m ay be
.

e n abl e d to ad van c e al ong t h e sam e pat h n o t u n faith fu l ,

to truth s w hi c h o u r for e fat h e rs w e r e at pai n s to l e arn .

A l l th e sam e le t u s be car e fu l n ot to ov e rstat e t he trut h

,

so as to giv e o ff e n c e to t h os e w h om God i s l e ad i ng al on g
an ot h e r path as we s u r e ly b e li e v e to t h e sam e goal
, , .

The possi bi lity o f agr e e m e nt w it h t h e East e rn C h u rch

i s sh o w n by t h e r e s u lts o f a c on fe r e n c e wh i c h w as h e l d
at Bo n n i n 18 75 b e tw e e n Rast e r n s A n gl ican s an d O ld
, , ,

C athol ics w h e n t h e fo l low i ng t e rm s of u n ion w e r e

,

agr e e d o n .

We acc e pt t h e t e ach in g o f S Joh n Dama sc e n e o n t h e .

H o l y G h ost as it is e xpr e ss ed i n th e fol low i ng para

,

g 1 a ph s i n t h e s e ns e o f t h e t e ac h i ng o f t h e anci e nt n u
,

d ivid e d C h u rc h
1 Th e H ol y Gh ost i ss u e s o ut o f t h e Fath e r as t h e
.

b egi n n i ng t h e caus e t h e so u rc e of t h e G o d h e ad
, ,
.

2 Th e H ol y G h ost d o e s n ot i ss u e o ut o f t he S o n
.
,

b e ca u s e th e r e i s i n t h e Go dh e a d b ut o n e b e gi n n i ng o n e ,

caus e th ro ugh w h i c h al l t h at is i n t h e God h e a d i s

,
.

p ro d uc e d .

1 A sc en si on o o u r L o r d p 189
f , . .
92 THE NICENE CRE ED
3 . Th e H ol y G host i ssu e s o ut o f the Fath e r th rough
the S o n .

4 . H ol y G h ost is t he I mag e o f t h e S o n w h o i s t h e
Th e
I m ag e o f t h e Fath e r , i ss ui n g o u t o f t h e Fath e r an d r e st
i ng i n t he S o n as H is r e v e al i ng pow e r .

5 The H ol y Gh ost i s t h e p e rson al p ro d u ctio n o u t of

.

t h e Fath e r b e l ongi ng to th e S o n , b u t not o u t of t h e S o n ,

b e cau s e He i s t h e S pi rit o f t he m o uth of Go d d e clarator y

o f t h e Wo r d .

6 Th e H ol y Gh ost fo rm s t he l i n k b e tw e e n th e Fath e r
.

a n d t h e S o n , an d i s l i n k e d to t he Fath e r b y the S o n .

I t wi l l be s e e n that th e s e s tat e m e nts sh o w that th e r e

i s a v e r y s u bstan tial agr e e m e nt A n d th is agr e e m e n t i s
.

sti l l cl os e r i n t h e cas e of thos e E ast e rn s w h o h ol d t h at i t

i s l awf u l t o b e l i e v e that t h e proc e ssio n an d sh i n i ng
‘ ‘

forth of th e S pi ri t throug h t he S o n is fro m al l e te rnity .

We m ay h op e that i n tim e He wh o i s t he S p i rit o f u n ity

an d truth w i l l r e u n ite o u r scatt e r e d forc e s u n d e r t h e
b an n e r of ou r o n e Maste r .

S u ch i s t he sto ry o f t he l ong co ntrov e rsy 0 11 thi s

d octri n e w h i ch h as com e u n d e r att e n ti on fi rst i n t h e ,

h istory o f o u r Ni c e n e C r e e d an d th e n i n t h e co u rs e o f
,

e x positio n of its t e ach i ng S ad to say , i t i s n o t t h rough

.

m i sr e pr e s e ntatio n i n t h e p rogr e ss o f h e at e d d e bate ,

th o ugh that i s ba d e n o ugh s o m u ch as t h rough sh e e r
,

n e gl e ct of t he d octri n e altog e th e r that t he w orst e vi l s

,

h av e co m e i nto b e i ng Th e r e are m an y C h ri stian s o f

.

to —d ay wh o a re m u ch i n th e p ositi on o f t h e d isci pl e s
w h o m S Pau l fo u n d at Eph e sus con strai n e d wh e n th e y
.
,

w e r e c h al l e ng e d to an sw e r : We h av e n ot s o m u ch as
‘

h e ar d wh e th e r th e r e be an y H ol y Ghost
’
.

A s i t was w orl d li n e ss m or e th an anyth i ng e l s e th at

, ,

h i n d e r e d t h e d e v e lopm e nt of t h e d octri n e i n t he fi rst

c e n tu ri e s so i s i t w orl d li n e ss to d ay t h at h i n d e rs sou l
,
-

aft e r so u l fro m atta i n i ng to th at p e ac e an d j oy i n t he

H ol y Gh ost wh i ch i s t h e bl i ss of t h e k ingd om o f h e av e n .
94 TH E NI C ENE CRE ED

w h i ch S C y ri l b ro u ght t h e C r e e d i nto l i n e w ith t h e

.

cu stom ary ord e r t h e r e a re s e v e ral sl igh t alt e rati ons

,

wh i c h a re sign ifi can t .

We m iss t h e wor d s o f r e p e n tan c e wi th w h i ch th e

’ ‘ ’

a n ci e nt s h ort c r e e d o f J e ru sal e m had e n d e d But th e r e .

w as n o i nt e n ti o n t o alt e r t h e e m ph asi s i n d ogm ati c

te ac h i n g S C y ri l s e x h ortati on s to r e p e n tan c e a re
’
. .

m ost stri k i n g Bapti sm h e sa y s i s t h e e n d o f th e O ld

.
, ,

Te stam e n t an d b e gin n in g of t h e N e w For i ts a ut h o r .

was J oh n an d i n t he spi ri t o f Joh n th e Bap tist h e d e

,

cl aim s agai n st h y pocris y .

‘
Y et H e tr i e s
s oul H e c as t s n o t h is p e a rl s b e for e s w in e
the .

i f t hou p l ay t h e h y p ocr i t e though m e n b a pti z e th e e n ow t h e

, ,

H ol y S pi r i t wi ll n o t b ap t i z e th e e B u t if thou a pp ro ac h w i t h .

fa ith though m e n m inis t e r in wh a t is s e e n t h e H ol y Gho st

, ,

b e stow s th at w h i ch is u ns e e n Thou a rt co m in g t o a gr e at t rial .

,

t o a gr e at m u ste r i n th at o n e h our wh i ch i f thou throw aw ay

, , ,

t h y disas t e r is i rre tr i e v a bl e ; bu t if t hou be cou nte d w orth y o f

t h e gr a c e t h y s oul w i ll be e n l i gh t e n e d t hou w i lt r e c e i v e a p ow e r
, ,

wh i ch thou h adst n ot I f th ou b e l i e v e th ou s h a lt n ot o n l
.

y ,

r e c e i v e r e m issi o n o f sins bu t a l s o d o th in g s wh i ch pass m an 8

,

p ow e r A n d m ay e s t thou be worth y o f t h e g ift o f p ro p h e c y al s o

.

For th ou sh alt r e c e i v e gr a c e a l s o accor din g to th e m e as ur e o f t hy

c ap a c i t y an d n o t o f my wor ds ; f o r I may p o ssi bly sp e a k o f but
s m a ll th in g s y e t thou m a y e s t r e c e i v e gr e a te r ; sin c e fait h is a
,

l a rg e affai r A ll t h y l ife lon g w i ll th y gu a r di an t he C omfor te r

.

a b id e w i th th e e ; H e w i ll c a r e f o r th e e as f o r H i s o wn s ol di e r ; ,

f or t h y go in g s ou t an d t h y co min g s i n an d t h y p lot tin g f o e s

, , .

A n d H e w i ll g i v e th e e g ifts o f gr a c e o f e v e ry k ind if th ou gri e v e ,

H i m n o t by si n f o r it is wr i tt e n A n d ar i er e n o t th e H oly S p i r i t
“
,

of G o d , w h er e by y e w er e sea led u n t th e d a y f
o r ed e mp ti o n 1 o .
”

\Vh a t th
en , e b lov
e d , is i t o r rv gr c
t p e s e e a e ? B e y e e a dy ’ re r to
ce iv e gr c
a e , and en y e wh h v r c v
a e e e i e d it ast it n o t a ay 2 c w .

In o ne holy Ca tho li c an d A p osto li c Chu r c h — Th e C h u rch

i s o n e b ot h by u n it y of ou twar d or g an i sati o n an d al s o by
,

u n i ty o f i n war d s pi ritu al l i fe We are to o r e ad y to .

acq u i e sc e i n t h e m i s e rabl e con d iti on s w h i ch p r e vai l i n

t h e p r e s e n t d ay u n d e r w h i c h vi sibl e u nity is b rok e n
, .

S e parati on s b e tw e e n C h u r ch e s se t u p barri e rs b e tw e e n
fait h fu l s oul s an d pr e v e nt t h at i n t e rc h ang e of spiritual
,

e x p e ri e n c e t h at fe l l ows h i p i n rig h t e ousn e ss an d p e ac e

,

1 E ph . iv . 30 ,
2
Ca t .
, xv n
. 36, 37 .
 TH E D O CTR I N E O F TH E C H UR C H 95

an d j oy i n t he H ol y Gh ost w h i c h ar e th e ch aract e ri sti cs ,

o f s oci al l i fe i n t h e Ki n gd o m of God N o w o n d e r th at .

t h e con v e rsi o n of t h e worl d i s h i n d e r e d t h at spi ritu al ,

h in d ran c e s ab ou n d Th e w orl d w i l l n e v e r be c o n vi n c e d
.

by w h at i t can n ot se e We m u st pray for an d e xp e ct .

,

i n Go d s tim e t h e r e u ni o n o f C h ri st e n d om o n t h e l arg e st
’

scal e B u t thi s can o n l y com e t h roug h a gr e at d e e p e n

.

i n g an d str e ngt h e n i n g o f th e i n n e r l i fe of t h e S pi r it .

I t w i ll n e v e r c om e to t h os e w h o are r e ad y to sacri fi c e
tru t h for p e ac e A s t h e A rch bis h op o f Y ork 1 h as sai d
.

i n a m e m orabl e p h ras e wh at we wa nt i s n ot com prom i s e ,

for t h e sak e of p e ac e b u t com pr e h e n si o n for t h e sak e of

,
’
truth . I t i s i n t h e abi lity to tak e larg e r v i e w s of h istory ,

a n d abov e al l i n t h e i n sig h t w h i c h can d i sc e r n s p iri tu al

t h i ngs b e cau s e it i s s pi ritual t h at we s h al l fi n d n e w p os ,

si bi li t i e s op e n e d ou t t h rough t h e vi si o n of r e stor e d u n ity ,

u n d e r t h e gui d an c e of t h e H ol y Gh ost w h o also maketh ,

me n to be of o n e mi n d i n an ho u se ( P s l vi i i 6 In
’

.
,
.

t h e m e anti m e t h ough t h e v i si o n tarry we wait fo r it an d ,

we d o w e l l to p o n d e r t h e opi n io n s of gr e at t e ach e rs of t h e
d ays wh e n t h e C h u rch th ough th r e at e n e d was n ot d iv id e d .

S Ign atiu s of A n ti och w rit e s to th e E ph e si an s

. Do y e ,

e ach an d al l for m yo u rs e lv e s i nto a ch oru s t h at b e i ng

, ,

h arm on i ous i n con cor d an d taki n g t he k e yn ot e o f Go d , ,

y e m a y i n u n ity si ng w it h o n e v oic e th roug h J e su s C h ri st

u nto t h e Fath e r th at H e m ay bot h h e ar you an d ack n ow
,

l e dg e yo u b y yo u r goo d d e e d s to be m e m b e rs of H i s S o n .

It i s t h e r e for e p rofitab l e fo r yo u to be i n blam e l e ss u n ity ,

th at y e m ay also e p ar ta k e rs o f G o d al ways
b 2
.
’

S I r e n aeu s also w ritin g at t h e clos e o f t h e s e co n d

.

c e ntu r y wh e n s c h i sm s w e r e n ot u n k n ow n th ou g h n ot
, ,

so se r i o u s as i n t h e m od e rn w orl d w ri t e s ,

A spi r itu a l dis c ip l e wh o t rul y r e c e i v e s t h e S pi r it o f Go d

ind e e d ju d g e s all m e n bu t is h i m s e l f ju d g e d o f n o m an
,
He
wi ll ju d g e a l s o tho s e who c au s e di v isi o ns wh o ar e d e s t itu te o f ,

t h e S o n o f Go d an d look t o th e i r o wn p rofi t r at h e r th an t o t h e ,

u ni ty o f t he C hurch who f o r s m all r e a s o ns a n d f o r an y r e a s ons cut

,

a n d di v id e a n d s o f ar as is i n th e i r p ow e r d e st ro y t h e gr e at a n d
, , ,

glor i ou s bo d y o f C hr ist wh o sp e a k p e a c e an d m ak e war who

, ,

v e r i ly str ain out th e g nat an d s w allow t h e c am e l f o r fro m th em

1 Dr Lan g. .
2 Ep h 4 . .
96 TH E N I CE N E CRE ED
c an com e n o r efor mati on s o gre at as is t h e h arm o f s ch ism H e .

wi ll j u d g e al s o a ll tho s e w ho are ou tsid e th e tru th t h at is those , ,

who are outsid e t h e C hurch 1 .

’

Th epath e ti c ap p e al of Di on y si u s Bish op o f Ale xan d ri a , ,

to Novati an a sch i sm ati c Bish op of R om e , i s w orth y o f

,

m e ntio n
I f, as y ou w e r e le d o n u n wi ll ingl y y o u wi ll pr ov e i t
say , y ou ,

i f y o u r e ti r e o f y our ow n w i ll For it woul d be w e ll t o su ff e r.

an y th in g an d e v e ry th in g i n or d e r to a vo id di v i din g t h e C hurch o f
Go d Mar ty r d om t o avo id r e ndin g t he C hurch woul d n ot be l e ss
.

glor i ou s th an mar ty r d om to e sc ap e id ol atry I n m y ju d g m e nt .

it woul d be m or e glor i ou s For i n t he o n e cas e a man b e ar s te sti

.

m o ny t o d e ath f o r t h e sak e o f h is o wn sin gl e s oul ; i n t h e o th e r

cas e t h e te stim o n y is f o r t h e sa k e o f t h e whol e C hurch
, E ve n .

n o w i f y o u p e rs u ad e or co nstrain th e bre thr e n to co m e to c o n

,

cor d t he r e cov e r o f y our standin g w i ll be gre a t e r th an y our f all

T h e fall wi ll n o t h
.
,

e r e cko n e d t h e r e cov e ry w i ll be pr ais e d B ut .

,

if y o u h av e n o p o w e r wi th t h e dis ob e di e nt tak e c ar e t o sa v e y our ,

ow n s oul 2 .
’

From t h e th ough t o f o u twar d u n i ty we tu r n to t he

th oug h t of i n ward u n ity e nj oy e d t h rough fe ll o wshi p i n
t h e o n e l ife i n C h rist T h i s i s t h e k e yn ot e o f t h e gr e at
.

H igh Pri e stly pray e r i n wh i c h o u r Lor d pray e d As ,

‘

th ou O Fath e r art i n m e an d I i n th e e t h at th e y also

, , , ,

m ay be o n e i n u s ( Joh n xv n ’
A n d S t Pau l l abou r e d . .

con ti n u o usl y to e n forc e t h e sam e truth A s t he bo d y i s

o n e , an d h ath m an y m e m b e rs an d al l t h e m e m b e rs o f ,

t h e b od y b e i ng m an y ar e o n e bod y ; s o also i s C h ri st .

For i n o n e S p irit w e r e we al l bapti z e d i n to o n e bo d y ,

w h e t h e r J e ws o r G r e e ks wh e th e r bon d o r fr e e ; an d ,

w e r e al l m ad e to d ri n k o f o n e S pi rit ( 1 C o r x i i 1 2 . .
,

S u ch u n ity o f l ife b e gu n i n Baptism i s c onti n u e d i n th e

H ol y Eu ch aris t : We wh o a r e m an y are o n e br e ad o n e ,

bo d y : fo r we al l p artak e o f t h e o n e br e ad ( 1 Co r x . .

Th i s fe llowsh i p i n t h e Gosp e l w h i ch was fo r S Pau l

‘ ’
.
,

t h e so u rc e o f d e e p e st j oy i s t h e o n e abid i ng poss e ssi o n

,

w h i c h re co ncil e s u s to t he e n d u ri ng o f a fili c t i o n th e ,

pati e n c e n e e d e d b y th os e wh o w ou l d t e n d ol d sor e s .

A d v H cer , i
1 . . v . 33 1, 7,
. quo te d by D . S t o n e , Th e Chr i sti a n
c
Chu r h, p 120 . .

2 uo
Q te d by E u s e b i us ,
H E . . vi . 45 .
 98 TH E NICEN E CR EED
in s e ri ou s d ang e r of fal l i ng i nto s i ns o f fa ls e h oo d ang e r , ,
a n d i m p u rity ( i v 25 26 , v . I n ot h e r w ord s h e i s tru e
, .
,

to t h e i d e al w h ic h o u r Lor d , both i n t h e S e rm on o n t he
M ou n t a n d i n H i s parabl e s h e l d co n stan tly b e for e t h e ,

e y e s o f H is d i sci p l e s H ol i n e ss i s t h e i d e al i n H i s k in g
.

d om b u t i n t h i s w orl d e v i l wil l be m ix e d wi t h t he go od
,

u nti l th e G re at Da y S P au l go e s o n to sp ea k o f C h rist s
. .
’

p u rpos e to sanctify t he C h u rch h avi ng cl e an s e d i t by ‘

t h e wash i ng o f wat e r w ith t h e word that H e m igh t ,

pr e s e n t t he C h u rch to H i m s e lf a glorio u s C h u rch n ot ,

h av i ng spot or w ri n kl e or an y s uc h t h ing ; b ut t h at i t
s ho u l d be h ol y an d w ith o ut bl e m ish ( Ep h v 26 . .
,

Th e antith e sis w hi c h i s oft e n d raw n b e tw e e n t h e

,

vi si bl e an d t h e i n vi si bl e C h urch c e as e s to be a sou rc e of ,

p e rp l e x ity w h e n i t i s cl e arl y p e rc e i v e d t h at we can say

t h e abov e w ord s tr ul y o f t h e C h u rch i n t h e two wor l d s
o f t h e s e e n an d t h e u ns e e n an d n ot o n ly o f t he latt e r
, .

Th e e pit h e t Ca tholi c was fi rst u s e d to e x pr e ss t h e i d e a

o f t h e e xt e nsi on of t he C h ristian soci e ty th rough ou t t h e
worl d S Ign ati u s us e d i t fr e e fro m al l th e q uali fic a
. .

ti on s whi ch b e cam e n e c e ssary w h e n h e r e si e s b e gan to

ab ou n d an d to t he p rim ary i d e a of u n iv e rsality w e r e ad d e d
,

t he i d e as of d octri n e an d u n i ty To t he S m y rn aean s h e .

w rit e s Wh e re so e v e r t h e b is h o p s h al l app e ar th e r e le t ,

t h e p e opl e be e v e n as w h e r e J e s u s m ay be t h e r e is t h e ,

u n i v e rsal ( catholic ) C h u rc h 1 To S C yri l of J e ru sal e m

’

. .

i t m e an t m uch m or e
Th e C hurch is ca ll e d Ca thol i c b e ca u s e i t e xte nds throughou t
all t he worl d fro m o n e e n d o f t he e a r th to t he oth e r a d b e ca u s e n

i t t e ach e s u ni v e rsa lly a n d co m p l e t ly a ll t h e d octr in e s wh i ch

e

ough t t o co m e t o t h e kn owl e d g e o f me n co n c e r nin g th ing s v isi bl e

and in v isi bl e h e a v e n ly a n d e a rthly ; an d b e c au s e i t br in gs i n to
,

s ubje c ti o n to go dl in e ss t h e whol e r a c e o f man k in d gov e r n or s a n d ,

gov e r n e d l ea r ne d and i g n or ant ; an d b c u s e i t tr e a t s a d h e a l s

,
e a n

e v e ry cl as s o f sins th a t are co m m itt e d i n s oul or bo d y a d ,

n

p o ss e ss e s i n i t s e lf e v e r y for m o f v i rtu e wh i ch is n a m e d both i n ,

d ee ds an d i n w or ds a n d i n e v e r y k ind o f spi r itu a l g ift s 2 .

’

S e e Li g h t fo o t s n o t e ad loc M r S to n e , Th e Chr i sti a n

“

’
1 Ca t 8 . . . .

c ugg t th t
Chu r h, p 136, s es s
. co a t h e nte t in s i n t h e n i n f x br g ot o o
ortho ox h w
d y T is as n o d oubt
. i n t h e mind o f S nati s , t it . Ig u bu
o cl r h rrow
is n t e a t at be n a t r e d the e m .

2 x
Ca t , viii 23.
. .
 TH E DO CTRI N E O F THE CH URC H 99

S . C yri l
go e s o n to war n h i s h e ar e rs wh e n th e y vi s i t
stran g e citi e s to i n q u i r e n ot sim ply w h e r e t h e Lor d s
’
‘

h o us e i s ,
n o r si m pl y w h e r e t h e C h u rch i s b u t ,

w h e r e i s th e Cat h ol i c C h u rch avoi d i n g t h e m e e ti ngs of

’

h e r e tics .

A si m i l ar i nt e rpr e tati o n i s giv e n b y S t A ugu sti n e i n .

a l e tt e r i n w hi ch h e r e pl i e s to a Do n ati st :
Y o u t h in k y o u say s o m e th in g s h a r p wh e n y o u e x p l ain t h e
‘

nam e C athol i c n o t fro m th e co m m u ni o n o f t h e W hol e worl d , bu t

f ro m t h e k e e pin g o f a ll t h e co mm a nd m e n t s o f Go d an d o f all t h e
S a cr a m e nts , as i f we , e v e n i f p e rch a n c e t h e C hurch is f o r t h is
r e as o n call e d Cat hol i c b e cau s e i t tr u l y hol ds th e whol e , o f wh i ch
t ruth c e r tain fr a g m e nts are fou nd e v e n i n diffe r e nt h e r e si e s, r e st
f o r our p roof o f t h e C h u rc h in a ll nati o ns o n t h e t e s t im o ny o f
th is nam e , a n d n ot o n t he p ro m is e s o f Go d and o n s o many and
so cl e a r or a cl e s o f t h e tru t h its e l f
’1
.

Th e t e r m A p ostoli c w h ich h as n ot c om e i nto t h e

,

We ste r n C r e e d w ith Ca tholi c h as h ad a s im i l ar h istory , .

S I gnati us sal ut e s t h e C h u rc h of t h e Tralli an s

. i n the .
‘

d iv i n e p l e n itu d e aft e r t h e A p ostoli c fas h i o n I n t he .

’

d e scri ptio n giv e n o f t h e m artyr d o m o f Pol ycarp i n t h e

Le tt e r of t h e S m y r n aean s, P ol yc arp i s d e scri b e d as t h e
glori o us m art y r P ol ycar p w h o w as fo u n d an ap os ,

toli c an d p ro p h e ti c t e ac h e r i n ou r ow n tim e a bish op of ,

t h e h ol y ( o r C athol i c ) C hu r ch w h i c h is at S m yrna .
’

H e r e t h e t e r m corr e sp on d s to t h e t e ac h i n g o f S Pau l .

i n t he passag e i n wh i c h h e sp e ak s of t he C h u rc h as t h e ‘

h ou s e h o l d o f Go d b e i n g b u i lt u po n t h e fo u n d ati o n of
,

t h e A postl e s an d Proph e ts ( Ep h i i Th i s i d e a o f
’
. .

t h e h isto rical su cc e ssi o n of apostol i c m e n w h o i n g e n e ,

ti o n aft e r g e n e rati o n co nti n u e d t he w or k of bu i l di ng u p

,

t h e C h u rch , i s v e ry attractiv e Te rtu l li an d e fie s h e r e ti cs

.
-

to trac e b ac k t h e o rigi n of t h e i r C h u r ch e s to A p ostl e s ,

an d t h e p assag e sh o ws u s t h e practical im portan c e al r e ad y

attac h e d to t h e p ri n ci pl e o f A postol i c s u cc e ssi on o f ,

o r d e rl y tran sm issi on o f auth ori ty from o n e g e n e ratio n to

a not h e r
I f an y d ar e t o co nn e ct th e ms e lv e s w i th t h e A p ost ol i c ag e th at
t h e y may app e a r to h a v e d e s c e nd e d fro m t h e A p o s tl e s b e c au s e
1
. Ep . xc iii . 23, quote d by Mr S to n e , . 0p . ci t.
, p . 138 .
1 00 THE NI CE N E CRE ED
th e y h av e be e n u nd e r th e rul e o f t he A p o stl e s we c an say Le t , ,

th e m d e cl ar e t h e ori g ins o f th e i r C hurch e s le t th e m unfol d t h e ,

s ucc e ssi o n o f th e i r b is ho ps s o co m in g do w n fro m t h e b e ginnin g

,

w i th contin uou s ste ps t h at t he fir st b is ho p m ay h av e h ad as h is

co ns e cra tor an d pr e d e ce ss or o n e of th e A po stl e s o r of A post oli c ,

m e n w ho r e main e d i n t h e co mm u ni o n o f t h e A p ostl e s 1 .
’

I t i s th is co n c e ptio n o f a n auth o ri ty o b e di e n t to t he
law o f i ts o w n e xi st e n c e l oyal to th e pas t y e t n ot o ut o f
,

harm o n y w ith t h e p r e s e nt th at i s t h e str e n gth of t h e

,

s yst e m of Episco pacy B ut i t i s w i th s om e t h i n g m or e

.

t h a n con fid e n c e i n Episcopal O rd e rs an d d isci pli n e t h at

t h e C h u rc h c lai m s t h e attri b ut e A p ostol ic I t i s w ith .

t h e s e n s e of a D ivi n e m issi o n to m ank i n d tru st e d to ,

carry o n an occ u pati o n as d e fi nite as a so l d i e r s i n t h e

’ ’
‘

p e rp e t u al confl ict agai n st e v i l an d m is e ry a n d ign ora n c e ,

that t h e C h u rch of to d ay acc e pts t he sol e m n ch arg e A s

-
,

m y Fat e r h at h s e n t e e e s o s e n d I yo u ( Joh n x x
h m v n ,
2 ’
.

We ackn owle dge o n e bapti sm /o r the remi ssi o n of si n s .

S om e an ci e n t w rit e rs o n t h e C r e e d s m ak e a gr e at p oi n t
o f a d isti n ctio n wh ic h i s o f r e al i m po rtan c e t h at o u r faith ,

i s a faith i n P e rso ns n ot i n t h i ngs o r i d e as I n th i s

, .

i nstan c e o u r faith i s i n Go d the H ol y G h ost n ot i n ,

Baptis m as a c e r e m on y , o r i n t he i d e a o f r e mi ssio n o f
si ns as con n e ct e d wit h pr e paratio n fo r r e c e ivi ng t h e
S acram e nt of Baptism I t is t he H ol y G h ost w h o
.

sa n c t ifie s wat e r to t h e m ystical w ash ing away o f si n s ,

w h o sti m u late s an d acc e pts o u r i m p e rfe ct faith an d r e

pe n tan c e w h o al o n e giv e s grac e of p e rs e v e ran c e to t h e
,

baptiz e d ch i l d r e n o f Go d i n t h e i r w e ary w arfar e agai nst

t h e wo rl d , t h e fl e s h ,
an d t h e d e vi l Th is c on c e ptio n .

was m ar k e d accord i ng to R u fin u s fo r e xam pl e by t h e , ,

u se o f t h e pr e positio n i n w h ich h e tau gh t s h ou l d be u s e d

,

b e for e t h e n am e s of t h e Fath e r t h e S o n an d t h e H ol y
, ,

Gh ost b u t n ot wh e n m e n tio n i s m a d e o f t h e C hu rch o r

,

of r e m issio n of si n s b e caus e o u r fait h i n t he H o l y Gh ost

,

carri e s w ith i t b e li e f t h at He d w e lls i n an d works th rough

t h e C h u rc h as t h roug h t h e w at e rs of Baptism
,
A n d as .

i t i s on ly b y t h e H oly G h ost th at we are e n abl e d t o

con fe ss o u r fait h i n J e su s as t h e Lor d so i t i s H i s ,

1 De P r ce scr H a m 32
.
,
.

De an C hu r ch s H u ma n L i f e a nd i ts Con d i tz on s, p 127
’
2 . .
102 THE NICENE CR EED
o u r spi ritual b e i ng i s d ail y so m u c h h i n d e r e d an d i m
pai r e d aft e r Baptism 1
’

We look f or the resu rre c ti o n of the d ea d — As I h av e

sh ow n abov e S C yri l i m p li e s t h at h e p r e fe rr e d of t h e
,
.

d e a d to of t h e fl e sh probabl y i n fe ar of m at e rialisti c
,
’ ‘
,
’

e xplan ati on s He i s ca r e fu l to e x pl ai n : Fo r th is bo d y
.

sh a ll be rais e d n ot r e m ai ni n g w e ak as n ow bu t rais e d
, ,

t h e v e ry s am e bod y t h ough b y p u tti ng o n i n corrup ti o n,

i t s h al l be fash i o n e d an e w — as i ro n bl e n d ing with fir e ,

b e com e s fire o r rat h e r as He k n o ws h o w t h e Lor d w h o

, ,
"
rais e s u s Th is b o d y t h e r e for e shal l be rai s e d bu t i t
.
,

sh al l abi d e n ot su ch as i t n ow i s b ut a n e t e r n al b o d y ; ,

n o l ong e r n e e d i ng fo r i ts l i fe s u c h n ou ris h m e nt as n ow ,

n o r stai rs for its asc e nt for i t s h al l be m ad e spi ri t u al , ,

a m arv e l lou s t h i ng s u c h as we can n ot w ort h i l y sp e ak of 2

, .
’

From th is p oi n t o f v i e w i t wi l l be n oti c e d th at o u r .

Ni c e n e C r e e d is fr e e d from th e am bigu ity w h i ch at tim e s

h as p e rm itt e d m at e ri al isti c e xpl an atio ns to gath e r rou n d
r e su rr e cti on of t h e fl e s h i n t he A postl e s
’ ’
‘
t h e w ord s , ,

Cr e e d .

Th e r e i s a n ot e o f tri u m ph i n t h e p e rson al tou c h , We

l oo k for wh ich ri ngs th ro ugh t h e follo wi ng passag e
,
’

‘
Th e roo t o f a ll goo d work s is t h e ho p e o f t h e Re s urr e c ti o n
f or t h e e x p e c tati o n o f t h e r e co m p e ns e n e rv e s t h e s oul to goo d
w ork s For e v e ry l a bour e r i s r e a d y t o e nd ur e t h e to i l s i f h e
.
,

s e e s th e i r r e w a r d i n p ro sp e ct ; bu t wh e n m e n w e ar y t h e m s e lv e s
f o r n ough t t h e i r h e a rt s oo n sin k s as w e ll as t h e i r bo d y
,
A .

s ol di e r who e x p e ct s a p r i z e is r e ad y fo r war bu t n o n e i s forw ar d ,

to d i e f o r a k in g w ho is indi ff e r e nt a bou t tho s e who s e rv e u nd e r

h i m and b e s tow s n o h o n our o n th e i r to i l s
,
I n l i k e mann e r e v e r y .

s oul b e l i e v in g i n a R e s urr e ct i o n is natur a ll y c a r e ful o f its e l f ; but ,

di b e l i e v in g i t a b and o ns its e l f to p e r di t i o n H e who b e l i e v e s

s ,
.

t h at h i bo d y s h a ll r e main to r is e a gain is c a r e ful o f h is rob e

s , ,

a n d d e file s it n o t w i th f or ni c a ti o n F aith th e r e for e in t h e .

R e s urr e c ti o n o f th e d e a d is a gr e at co m m andm e n t an d d octrin e

o f th e H ol y C a thol i c C hurch ; gr e at a n d m o st n e c e ssa ry t hough ,

g ainsaid by m any y e t s ur l y w a rr ante d bv t he t ruth 3

,
e .
’

x
Th e q u e sti o n h as b e e n rai s e d w h e th e r th e r e i s an y h i n t
h e r e t h at t he C hu rc h an tici pate d a sp e e d y c om i ng for a

1 E cc lcs P li ty , . o v . lv u 6 ; v . n. 1 . Ca t .
,
xv iii . 18 .
3 Ih .
,
1 .
 TH E DO C TR I N E O F TH E C H URC H 1 03

‘
Fi rst Re su rr e cti o n of s ai nts p r e c e d i n g a M i ll e n n i u m an d
’

t h e s e co n d r e su rr e cti o n u n to J u dgm e nt Th at th oug h t .

’
d o e s n ot s e e m to h av e b e e n i n S C y r i l s m i n d a n d it r e sts .
,

o n m isu n d e rstan di ng of d ou btfu l t e xts S t C yri l d o e s . .

n ot s e e m to h av e b e li e v e d i n tw o Re su rr e cti on s , b ut
o nl y t h at S Pau l s w or d s to t he Th e ssalo n ian s taug h t
’

th at the d ead i n Chr i st sh ou l d h av e t he privi l e g e of r i si ng

Le t u s wait an d l ook fo r t h e Lor d s com i ng u po n
’
fi rst
t h e cl o u d s fro m h e av e n Th e n sh all ang e l i c tru m p e ts
.

sou n d ; the d ead i n Chr i st sha ll r i se first 1 t h e go d l y ,

—

p e rs on s w h o a r e al iv e sh al l be caugh t u p i n t h e clou d s,
r e c e ivi n g as t h e r e war d o f t h e i r labo u rs m or e t h a n
h u m an h on o u r i n asm uch as t h e i rs was a m or e th an
,

h u ma n strife ; accord i n g as t h e A p ostl e Pa u l w rit e s ,

sayi ng, F or the Lor d H i mse lf s ha ll d escen d f r o m heaven
wi th a s ho ut, wi th the vo i ce o f the A rc hang e l, and wi th the
t r u mp f
o Go d : an d the d e a d i n Chr i st Then sha ll r i se fir st .

we whi c h a r e a li ve a nd re m ai n shall be ca ug ht up together

wi th the m i n the clo ud s , to m e et the Lo r d i n the a i r ; a n d so
s ha ll we e ve r be wi th the Lor d
’
2
O ur Lord d e lay e th .

H is com i ng , an d i t i s ofte n h ar d to r e m ai n st e ad fast at

t h e p ost o f d uty , b ut th i s claus e o f t h e C r e e d sou n d s i n
ou r e ars t h e tr um p e t cal l o f h op e W h e n H e com e s we .

sh a ll t r i u m ph ov e r si n an d d e at h W e l oo k for t h e .

r e s u rr e ctio n of th e d e a d ’
.

A nd the lif e of the wo r ld to co ma — A s com par e d w it h

t h e p h ras e o f t h e J e rusal e m C r e e d l i fe e t e rn al t h i s
‘ ’

e m e n d atio n i s n ot e as y t o e x pl ai n I t i s n ot l e ss S cri p .

tu ral , b e i ng q u ot e d i n t h e Fi rst Gosp e l from o u r Lor d s ’

l i pS ( Matt xi i
o . I t m ay d raw att e n ti o n to t h e fact
.

that t h e fu t ur e l i fe w i l l be a l ife l i v e d u n d e r n e w co n d i
tion s rath e r t h a n a r e pe t i t i o n of th e l i fe h e r e Th e p h ras e .

i s fo u n d i n a C r e e d pr e s e nt e d b y t h e h e r e ti cs A ri u s an d
h i s fri e n d B u z e i ns to t h e Em p e ror C on stanti n e , an d i n t h e
C r e e d of t h e Ap ostol i cal C on stitution s ( Bk v i i ) w h ich . .

we h av e trac e d to A nti oc h Probabl y t h e C r e e d of Ari u s

.

h as A ntioc h e n e rat h e r th a n A l e xan d ri an co n n e cti on s ,

s i nc e h e h a d b e e n taugh t i n t h e sch ool of Lu ci an t h e

M artyr A n d i n an y cas e t h e r e i s n o d ogm ati c i n fe r e n c e
.

1 1T h e ss i v . . 16 .
2
I l) . W . 16 , 17 .
104 TH E NI C ENE CRE ED
to be d raw n fro m t he ph ras e as i f th i s variatio n i n a n y
way su pport e d A rian t e ac h i ng I t i s t h e m ost p uzzl i n g
.

e m e n d atio n of a ll b e cau s e S C yri l rat h e r l ov e s to r e p e at

, .

th e w or d s e t e rna l l i fe
’
.

‘
F or o ur s is no tr i fl in g ai m b u t o ur e nd e avour is for e te r na l
,

l ife . Th e r e a l and t ru e l ife t h e n is th e F ath e r wh o thr ough

,

t h e S o n i n t h e H ol y S pi r it p our s f or t h as fro m a fou ntain H i s

h e av e n l y g ifts t o a ll an d t hrough H i s lov e t o man t h e bl essin g s ,

o f t h e l i fe e te r na l are p r omis e d w it hou t f ai l to us m e n a l s o .

An d t h e way s o f fi ndin g e te r na l l ife are man y For t h e Lor d

.

in H i s lov in g k indne ss h as o p e n e d n o t o n e or two o n ly bu t many

, ,

d oor s by w h i ch t o e nte r int o t h e l ife e te r n a l th at as far as lay

, ,

i n H i m all mi gh t e nj oy it wi thou t h i nd r an c e 1 ’
.
,

1 Ca t
.
,
xv iii 28 29 36
. , , .
106 THE NI C EN E CR EED
B ut t h e r e i s a far m or e s e ri ou s obj e cti o n to C r e e d s fe lt ,

p e r h aps m or e oft e n t h an i t i s stat e d t h at t h e y are ,

att e m pts to e xp r e ss m or e th an wor d s can u tt e r of th e

m yst e ri e s o f t h e Di vi n e Natu r e an d P e rso nal ity I t i s .

w e ll m e t i n t h e fol l o w i ng word s o f Dr Mi ll : ‘ I t i s a m i s .

tak e o f t h e n atu r e of t h e C r e e d s to su p pos e th at t h e i r d e ,

fin i t i o n s p r e t e nd to gras p t h e wh ol e m att e r r e v e al e d an d ,

to bri ng its u n fat h om abl e d e pth s w i th i n the cogn isan c e

o f t h e u n d e rstan d i ng Th e y profe ss o n l y to m e th odis e
.
,

an d bri ng i nto a c om p e n di o u s sh ap e e asi l y r e m e m b e r e d ,

an d r e p e at e d t h e gr e at o u t li n e S o f t h e Fait h o n c e d e
,
'

l i v e r e d to t h e sai nts 1 Th at t h i s was th e fe e li n g i n th e

’
.

m i n d s of som e of t h e gr e at e st N ic e n e t e ac h e rs h as
al r e ad y b e e n s h ow n i n t h e stri k i n g word s of S H il ary of .

P oiti e rs wh ich I h av e q u ot e d abov e 2 Th e i m p o rta n c e

,
.

o f it h as b e e n i n sist e d o n m or e than on c e Bu t t h is i s a .

truth wh i ch e ach ag e m ust r e stat e for i ts e l f Tim e a ft e r .

tim e m e n w i ll r e tu rn wi th profou n d t h an k ful n e ss to o u r

Ni c e n e C r e e d as e xp r e ssi n g i n balan c e d s e nt e n c e s an d
, ,

i n tr u e p e rsp e ctiv e t he o utli n e o f t h e Re v e lati on gi v e n

,

to u s i n ou r Lo r d J e su s C h ri st A s h as b e e n w e l l sai d .

‘
Wo r d s a r e t h e fortr e ss e s o f th ough t I n t h e se w o rd s .
’

we e ntr e n c h ou r conv icti on th at th i s Re v e lati o n i s tru e .

‘
TH E W O R D W As M A D E FLES H A N D DW E LT A MO N G u s, AN D WE
BEH E LD m s G LO R Y G LO R A s o r TH E O N LY BE G O TT E N F R O M
,
Y -
TH E
F AT H E F U LL o G A C E A N D TR U TH 3
R , r R .
’

1 on s o n the
S er m Temp ta ti on , ed . 3, 1873, p . 17 .
‘
3
P 18
. .
3 Joh n 1 14
. .
A PPE NDIX
 A PPE NDIX

TH E G REE K AN D LA TI N TE XTS

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1 10 TH E NI C ENE CREE D

III . TH E E A R Li E R C R E E D or J E R US A LE M
( Re st or e d f ro m th e Cate ch e ti c al Le c tur e s of S Cy r i l
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IV . TH E C R E E D OF C O N S TA N T I N O P L E

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112 TH E NI C ENE CR EED

V TH E S A M E m LA r m
.

TH E C O NSTA N TI N O P O LI TA N UM

(As quote d at th e 2n d S e ssi o n of the Cou n c i l o f C h alce d o n )

S A N C TA F I D E S Q U A M E X P O S U E R U N T S N CT I C L P ATR E S C O N SO N A
A .

S A C TA E E T M A G N A E N I C A E N O S Y N O D O
N

Cr e d i m u s i n u n u m De u m P at re m o mnipo te nte m f ac to re m ca e l i e t
te rrae u i si bili um o mni u m e t i n u i si bi li um
,

e t i n u n u m D o m in u m I e s u m Chri stu m F i li um De i u n i g e n i t um e x
’

P atr e n a t u m ante o mnia sa e cul a De u m e x De o lu m e n e x

, ,

l umin e De u m u e ru m e x De o n e ro n atum n o n fac tum

, , ,

h o mo usi o n P atr i h o e e st e i u sd e m cu m P at r e s u bstantia e ,

pe r qu e m o mnia fa c ta s u nt ; qu i p ro pt e r n o s e t n o st ram
sa lu t e m d e s c e ndit e t in c a r nat u s e st d e S pi r it u san c t o e t
”

Ma r ia u i rgi n e hom o fa c tu s e t pass u s e st s ub P o nti o P i l a to

, ,

e t se pul tu s te r tia d i e re su rre xi t a sc e n d i t in 038 10 8

*
, ,
se d e t ,

ad d e xt e ram P atris ite ru m u e n tu rus i n glor ia i u di ca r e nin o s

,

e t m o r t u o s cu i u s r e g ni n o n e ri t fin i s
,

e t i n S pi ri tu m san c t u m Do min u m c t u i ui fica t ore m e x P at r e

“
,

pro c e d e n t e m cu m P atr e e t F i l i o c o n glo ri fica n d um q ui

, ,

lo c u t u s e st per in unam ” c ath o li ca m e t apo s

pro ph e t as :
t o li c am e c c l e si am co n fit e m ur u n u m bapti sma i nre m i ssi o n e m
p e cc ator um ; e xpe c tamu s re surrec ti o n e m mo rtuo rum V itam ,

f utur i saeculi A men . .

1 14 TH E NI CENE CR EED

VI . TH E S r o wn '
M 1SS A L .

C re d o i n unu m d e u m patre m omnip ote nte m f ac to re m c ael i et

te rr ae ; u i si bili u m o m ni u m e t i n u i si bi li u m
E t i n u n u m d o min u m n o st ru m i h e su m C h ri stu m fili um d e i u n i
g e n i t um n at u m e x pat r e ant e o mnia sa e cul a lu m e n d e lum in e ,

d e u m u e ru m d e d e o n e ro natu m n o n fac tu m c o n substan t i ale m

, ,

patr i per qu e m omnia fa c ta s u nt qu i pro p t e r n o s h o min e s e t

,

p ro pte r n o stram salut e m d e s c e ndit d e c ac lo e t in c ar natu s e st

d e spi r it u san ot o e t Ma r ia v i rg i n e e t hom o nat u s e st c ruc i ,

fixu s ( e ti a m ) p ro n ob is s ub P o nti o P i l at o pa ss u s e t
s e pult u s e t re surre xi t t e rt ia d i e s e cun d u m scri ptu ras e t
asc e n d i t in c ae lo s e t se d e t a[ d ] d e xt e ru m d e i pat r is e t it e ru m
,

u e n t uru s cu m glor ia i u di c a r e nin o s e t m o rt uo s cu i u s r e g ni

non cr it fin i s .

e t spi ri tu m san c t u m d o min u m e t ui ui fica t o re m e x pat r e proc e

d e nte m qu i cu m patr e e t fili o c o ado ran d um e t co ng lori fi

,

c an d u m qu i lo c u t u s e st pe r pro ph e ta s e t u nam san c ta m e ccl e

,

siam c atho li cam e t apo st o li c am c o n fite o r u n u m bapti smu m i n

,

re m i ssi o n e m p e cc at oru m sp e ro r e su rre c ti o n e m m o rt u o rum e t

,

u i ta m f u tur i sa c c u l i. A m en .

I h av e quote d th e te x t of th e fir st h and cor r e ctin g t h e sp e ll in gs

, .

A l ate r h and h as add e d fil i o q u e an d o th e r wor ds b e t we e n t he

‘ ’

l in e s n o w assi g ne d to t h e te nth ce ntury

, .
 TH E NICEN E CREED 1 15

L I TE R A TUR E

F J A HORT
. . .
, Two Di sser tati o ns . Camb ri d g e , 18 76 .

B . F W E S T CO TI
.
' ‘

,
The Hi stori c F a i th . Macm i ll a n
( s e co n d e d iti o n ), 1 88 3 .
( C h e ap e d i ti o n 6d .
)

H B S WE r E
. .
‘

'
,
On the H i story of the Doc tri n e of the P r o
c essi on of the H o ly Sp i r i t . De ig h ton , 1 8 76 .

J K U N Z E Das N i ca n i sch
.
,
-
K on sta n ti n Op oli ta n i sc he Sy m bol .

Le i pzig , 1 8 98 .

A E B UR N
. .
,
I n tr od u cti on to the Cr eeds . Me th u e n , 1 8 99 .

H M GWA TK I N S tud i es of
. .
, A r i an i sm . C am bri d g e 1 900

( s e co n d e d i ti o n ) .

C . H . TU R N E R , The H i story a nd Use f

o Cr eeds a nd

A n athe mas . S . P . C . K . 1 908 .

E . C . S . G IB SO N , Bp . of G l ou c e st e r , The Three Creed s .

Lo n gm an s, 1 908 .
 INDE X

A DA L H A RD , A b b ot o f C orb i e , 44 . B ull , B is h op , 60 .

A d o , B is ho p of V ie nne , 42 .

o to
A d p i nism, 46 . CE S A R I US , B is ho p o f A rl e s ,
1 8 .

A e t i us, 38 C a m p b e ll Dr M Le o d 7 1
‘
. . .
, ,

l x
A e and e B is r , ho p o f Al e x and r ia , C h a lc e d o nian D e fi ni t i o n th e 36 , , ,

6. 14 .
39 . 7 6 .

A m a lari us r ves 46 of T e , . C h arl e s t he Gre a t E m p e r or 4 2 ff , , .

A m bro se B is h o p o f M i l an S 1 2
, , . C le m e n t o f A l e x a n d r i a 8 1 , .

A p oll inar ianis m 7 0 7 6 f , , . C l e m e n t o f R o m e B is h o p 5 5 , , .

A p olog ist s th e 57 , , . C o nst ant ine ,

E mpe ror , 7 f , 1 4, 21 ,

A r ianis m 7 6 , . 1 0 3.

A r i u s 4 6 8 1 2 57 1 0 3
, , , , , , . C ou n c i l O f A i x A D 809 44 , . .
,
.

A s te r i u s 9 , . An i t och
,
A O 26 8 . .
, 10.

A th an asi u s S B is h o p o f A l e x A rl e s A D 3 1 4 , 46
'

. . .
,

a nd ria 8 1 4 1 7 4 2 49 f
, , , , , , A rle s A D , . .
353 , 1 8 .

55 . 59 . 6 1 , 6 8 f. 7 3 . 7 5 . 7 8 . 8 5 . C h alc e d o n , A D . .
451 ,
87 , 88 f , 9 9, 1 05 . 1 , 37 4 0 , 7 6 , .

C onst ant in o pl e , A D . .

BAN G O R A N T I P H O N A R Y th e 4 7 , , .
38 1 , 1 , 1 7 , 30 .

B asi l O f A n c y r 6 a, 1 . Fri ul i A D 7 9 1 43 , . .
, .

B asi l t h e Gre a t B is h o p o f N o , e G e n ti lly A D 7 67 42 ,

. .
, .

c ae sar e a 1 6 8 5 , ,
. N i c ae a A D 325 1 f , . .
, ,

B e n e di ct V I 11 P o p 4 5 ,
e, .
7 , 67 .

B e ns o n A rchb is h o p 5 3
, , . rmi u m A D 357 1 5
Si ,
. .
. .

B e thu n e B k e r Re -
J F 7 a , v. . .
, 1 . T ol e d o A D 5 89 39 F f , . . , .

B i gg Dr 8
, .
, 1. C r anm e r A rch b is h o p 4 7 f
, , .

B i nd le y D r T H , . . .
, 33, 64 f
. C re d o f A n t i och 2 7
e ,
.

B onn C o nfe re n ce ,
the , 9 1 . A n t i och S e co nd C r e e d ,

B r a ds h a w S oc i e t y , th e , 4 7 . of 1 4 , .

B ri ght D r 5 ,
.
, . A po s tl e s th e 38 4 8 f , , , .

11 6
1 18 TH E NICENE CRE ED
L oo fs P rofe sso r 1 2
, , , P h ot i u s 4 5 , .

L uc ian th e M arty r 5 70 , , ,
1 04 . P l a to 8 1
, .

L u p u s B is h op of T ro y e s
, , 1 8. P ol y c ar p S , .
, 99 .

P r o clu s 35 , .

M A C E DO N I U S B is h op of C o ns t an ,

t i no ple , 36 f 38 , . R E CC A R E D K in , g , 39 .

M a rc e llu s , B is h o p of A ncy ra ,
Rufin ns of A qu i l e ia , 39, 4 7 , 1 00 .

I 4» 23 , 75 .

M a rk th e H e r m i t 35 , . S A B ELL I A N I SM 5 f 1 3 f , , , 57 .

M e l e t i u s B is h op o f A n tio ch
, , 28 , S e cu nd u s B is ho p 1 3 , , .

30 f . S e rapi o n B is ho p 85 , , .

M i g e ti u s, 4 2 . S m a r g d u s A bbot 4 4
a , , .

M ill D r 1 06
, .
, . S to w e M issa l t he 47 , , .

M i ll i g an Dr 90 f , . . S tr on g Dean 5 1
, , .

M ob e rly Dr 7 1 90 f , . , , . S we t e D , 4 5 8 0 89
r .
, , , .

M o ntanism 82 , .

Tau ru s 72 , .

T e rtull ian 57 ff 8 2 99
N E K TA R I U S B is ho p of C onst an , , ,
.

T h e o d ore t h e R e ad e r 35 37
,

t i n o ple , 32 f 35
, , .

T h e o d o si ns E m p e r o r 30
.
,

N e st o r i a nis m 33, 7 0 , 7 6 f
.
, ,

T h e o nas B is ho p 1 3
.
,

Ni c e t a B is ho p o f R e m e si an a , , , .

T h e o ph i lu s o f A n ti o c h 5 8
,

86f , .

T i m o th y o f C ons t an t in o p l e 35
.

Nilu s 35 ,

T ur n e r C H 1 2 35
.
,

N o va t i an 46
96
.
, . ,
.
,

VA LE N S , E mpe ror , 1 5, 1 6 .

IG
O R E N , 5. 83 .
Vi ctor inus A fe r 89 , .

O rr, D r J , 5 6 . . f .
V in c e n t ius of L e ri n s , 1 05 .

PA U L OF S A MO S A T A , 1 0. WA L AFRI D S T RA B O 4 6 ,
.

P a ul inus of An t io ch 31 , . W ar ner Dr G F 4 7 , . . .

P a ul in u s o f A qu i le ia 43 , . W e s tc o tt B isho p 69 1 07 , , , .

P e tav i u s ( D e ny s P e tt au ) , 1. W or dsw orth B is h op J 28 , .

, .

Pe te r th e Fulle r , 35 .

P h il o 8 1 , . Z A HN , Dr T . . , 72 .
 THE CH U RCH U N IV E RS A L
B RIEF H I S TO R I E S O F H E R C O NTI N U O U S L I F E

E d i te d by

T H E R EV . W . H . H U TTO N , B D . .

FE L LO W o r S T .
JO H S CO EGE
N
’
LL , OX F O RD

EX M I I G C H A I A H ms o
N N O C HE S E PLA N TO T E n p OF R T R

A S E R I E S o f e i g h t volu m e s d e al in g with the h istory of th e C hr istian

C hur c h fr om th e b e g innin g to th e p r e s e nt d ay .

Th e C h u r c h f t h e A p o st l e s
o .

Th e R e v . L O N S DA L E R A GG , M A V icar of T ick e ncot e R ut . .

, ,

lan d sh i re , and Pre b e ndary of L inc ol n C ath e d r al 4s 6d . . . n et .

‘
I t is a a e
'
c r ful pi c f work wh i ch m y b r d with pl ur
e e o , a e ea e as e an d

p r o fi t -
.S ; 5ec ta t o r .

Th e Ch u r ch t h e F a th e rs
of . 98 - 4 6 1 .

Th e R e v . L E IG H T O N P U L L A N , M A . .
5s . n et .
‘
We sh a ll
ur pri d “ hi book d
be t up r
s d o m f th l
se s oes no s e se e s e o e e ss
i t r ti g urch h i tori whic h h v
n e es n Ch rv d t xt book f s vrl .

es a e se e as e - s or se e a
g r t i o f th ol g i c l tu d t — G d
e ne a ns o e o a s en s .
’
ua r
’

za n.

‘
Th tud t f th i i mp ort t p ri d f C hurch h i t ry th form t iv
e s en o s an e o o s o — e a e

p r
e i od — h h r cl r rr ti v p ck d wit h i f rm t io d r w from
as e e a ea na a e a e n o a n a n
uth tic ourc d luc id t d wit h t h m o t r c t r ult f i v t ig t i
,

a en s e s an e a e e s e en es s o n es a o n.
W d e t k ow
o f
no y oth r w rk
n C hurch h i t ry i wh i c h
o an m uc h e o on s o n so

l r d d ccu t i t ucti o i co d d i to c m p r t iv ly m ll
e a ne an a ra e ns r n s n e n se n a o a a e s a
s p c a but t th m t i m pr t d i th form f i t r ti g rr tiv
e, a e sa e e e se n e n e o an n e es n na a e .

A l ik t h b g i
e r d t h d v c d tu d t will fi d M Pull
e e nn e an u ful e a an e s en n r. an a se
guid d c mp io — Cl k Ti m
e an o an n.
'
z u rc es .

T h e C h ur c h an d t h e B a r b a r i an s . 4 6 1- 1003 .

I TO R 3s
Th e E D . . 6 51 m l
. .

I cco mpl i h d h d
n so a M H utto th r ult is i tructiv
e d an s as r. n s
’
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as na n s e o e ea en s n se s a s
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es .

LO N DO N : R I V I N GTO N S
 T H E C H U R G H U N I V E R S A L — Con t i n u ed .

Th e C h u r c h an d th e E mp i re . 1003 - 13 04 .

D .
J M E DL E Y M
.
, . A .
, Pr ofe ssor of H istory in th e Unive rsity
of G l asg ow .
[ I n prepa r at i on .

Th e A g e of S ch i s m . 13 04 - 1 5 03 .

H E R B E RT B R UC E , M A . .
, P r ofe ssor of H isto ry in the Uni v e r
si ty C oll e ge , C a rd i fl
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.
33 . n et .

We
co mm d t h b k b i g f ir i i t jud ici l cri ici m g r t p i t
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wh r th r y u bj ct t h Gr t S ch i m d i t i u d i cu
,

e e so o n a ds e as e ea s an s ss e s a re s ss e
t f r d i g t h ti m wh th r ci t or m od r h d c d d from
.

Th e ar o ea n e e s, e e an en e n, as es en e
M W H H utt
r. to hi pu pi l — P ll M ll G t t
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a a aze e.

It i g r t p ri d f
s a m ll book but m t r f hi ubj ct k ow
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l w y wh t t l v out d t h i volu m cov r th p ri od c m f rt
,
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a a s a o ea e , an s e e s e e in o o .

E xpo s i to ry Ti mes .

Th e R e f o r m a t i o n . 15 03 - 16 4 8 .

The R e vWH I T N E Y B D C h ap l ain o f S t E d wa r d s

.
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w t f i it t h R f rm ti i tr t d
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m ti o —G ’
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a n. ua r za n .

I t i c rt i l y v ry full d xc ll t outl i
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i th i m o m tou t i m i
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en s e n re a e s u en an n ee e
ry r d r wi ll t fi d h r v ry c i d r bl h l p w ll ug g t iv
, , ,

na ea e no n e e e o ns e a e e ,
as e as s es e
hi t f fu th r tudy — C/ / U i G t t
,
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n s or r e s . zurc z n on az e e.

Th e A ge o f R e v oluti on . 16 4 8 - 18 15 .

T he ED I TO R .
4s 6d . . n et .

M r H utto n
t tud i i E ccl i tic l H i tory ur to cur h i m
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s s n a re s se e
pas es e s as a s e
w lco m i th i w v tur Th r br d t h f tr t m t ccur t
.

a e e n s ne en e. e e is a ea o ea en , an a a e

p r p ct i v
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a worthy oci t f Cr ig hto d S tubb i th g r t fi ld f h i t ry

ass a e o e n an s n e ea e o s o .
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A be rd ee n jou r n a l .

Th e C h u r ch O f M o d e r n D ay s . 1 8 15 - 19 00 .

T he R e v . LE IGH TO N P U L LA N M A , . .

LO NDO N : R I VI N GTO N S
Th e M anu al for l r h
t h e S ic k of L an c e ot A nd e wes , B i s op of
W inc h e st e r t th I tr uct o
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n od i n and N e s B y , .

F E B R I GH
. . F llo TM A N M A r
e g l
w O f S t M a y Ma d a e ne
, . .

C oll e g e O x for, o c row

d , C an n o f L in o l n C n 8 m 3s 6 d ne t . . . . .

B i bl e L e s s o ns for t h e Y oun g T he O ld T e s t am e n t i f elec ti o s .

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fro m t he A uthorise d A rr a n ge d b y h R M C t e
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G L A Z E B RO O K D D C an o n Re si d e n t i ar o f h y form e rl y
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H e a d M a s t e r O f C l ifto n C oll e g e C r own 8 v 0 With M a ps . . .

2 3 6d
. or in T wo P arts 1 5 3d e a ch n e t , . . .

N ot e s and O utl in e s for B i bl e L e ssons For T e a ch e r s usin g .

B i bl e Le ss o ns for t h e Y ou n g .

B y t h e R e v M G G L A Z E BRO O K D D
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.
33 6d n e t , . . . . . . .

B i bl e L e sson s and N ot e s an d O utli n es m ay al so be h ad

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in o n e v olu me 45 6 d n e t , . . .

R e adi n g s i n O ld T e stam e nt H i st ory , i n 78 L e ss ons .

B y t he R e v A R W I T A M , M A . P r in c ip a l o f C ulh am
. . H H .

Tr ainin g C oll e g e S m a ll Fc a p 8 v o W ith M aps . . . .

T h e T e xt only in th e A uth o ris e d V e r si o n w ithout t he

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R e adin g s S e ve n t y e i ght L e ss o ns 25 6 d n e t ; or in T wo
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P a rts 1 5 3 d e a ch n e t
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,
-
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25 .6 d ne t . .

T e xt and R e adi n g s in O n e V o l u me 4 5 6 d ne t . . . .

S cri ptu r e T e xt-B ook s for C h il dr e n to R e ad T h e ms e lv e s .

P ubl ish e d u nd e r t h e a u spi c e s o f th e S oc i e ty o f t h e C ate ch is m .

N o 1 — Th e L ife o f our L or d a n d S a v i our J e s u s C hr is t

. . .

N o 2 —Th e B e g innin g s o f th e C hurch o f C hr is t

. . .

B y t h e Re v G P T R E V E LY A N M A . . Wi th a Pr e fa c e
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by th e R e v C A NO N B RO O K E V i c ar of S t J oh n th e D i vin e
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Th e S anctuary A B o o k for C o mm u ni c an t s
. .

B y the Re v P E R DE A R M E R ,
. CY M . A .

lo g t
E n a e d 48mo I S ne t . .
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7 d ne t,
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u
bo nd wi th k
th e B oo O f C mm o o n P raye r I S 6d ne t , . . .

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and G ospe ls fro m The E n gl is h L i turgy ‘

,
’

1 5 4 d n e t in cl oth ; or in l i m p l a m b s k in 2s 6d n e t
. . , . . .

A l s o bou nd w i th t h e B o o k o f C o m m o n Pray e r 2 5 n e t in c l o th , .

o r in l i m p la m bs k in 3s 6 d n e t , . . .

LO N DO N : R i V I N GTO N s, 34 KING S T R E ET , CO V E N T G A R DE N .