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The d i r e c t i o n f r o ta ti o n o f the lo o p o
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·
>m i r 1> t l .r y
lT t r i n t h t
r ·
>ix ht h 1H LI r t i t l tt \ 0 11 1 ' t
u
t B1t t ni l s

>h t
gn itu d e f the
·
m a o b ita l
o r m a gn e t ic

2n t
130 2 2 )
t io n . l l to its h ita l
o r
tìn.L1l l r m o m e n tu m
(1 ) The o r b i ta l i 1n g la r m o
u m e n t L1m is
T he d i r e c t io n o f is o p p o s i te th e
ULI . r n t iz c d ì n d e r ls in te e l t i p le s
,
qu ,
g r m u

( i ncl udi nl z e ro )of h w h e r e ìt - / 1/ 2 t r cl i r e c t io n o f 9

Th e Bo hr m a gn e to is n u m e r ic a l ly
n eh
24
l to the l TB - = 9 27 × 10 J/ T
e qu a s p in m a gn e tic m o m en t o í 2n 1
e le c
,
an tr o n

B ÂU E W C H E C K L IS T - ï _

Yo u s ho u ld be a b le to

· Use the B l o t Sa v la w c a lc u
a r t to la te th e m a gn e tic fi e ld ( Ë) a t a
s p e c i f ie d pot in the ic in ity o f a c u r t e le m
t a n d by in te r a ti o n
v r en en
g
f in d th e to ta l m a g n e ti c fie ld d u e t o a
f i m p o r t a n t e o m e t r ic n u m be r o
g
c o n f ig u r a ti o n s ar t U s e o f t h e B i o t Sa v
la w m u s t in c l u d e a c le a r
t m d e r s ta n d in f t h d i t i f t h e m a g n e t ic fi e l d c o n t r ib
g o e r ec o n o
u tio n
r e la t i v e to th e d ir e c t i o n o f th e c u r r e n t
e le m e n t w h i c h d i
p r o u c e s t an d
t h e d i r e c ti o n o f t h e v e c t o r w h i c h l o c a l e s t h
e p o i n t a t w h ic h t h e fi l d i
e s
t o b e c a l c u l a t e d (Se c t i o n 3 0 1 )

C a l c u l a te th e fo be t w
rce een tw o p a r a l le l cu rren t c arr y in g co n d u c to rs
(Se c t i o n 30 2 )

*
Use A m p èr e
'
s la w to c a lc u la te th e g n e t i c f i e ld d u e t o s t e a d y c u
m a
r ren t
co n figu r a t io n s w h ic h ha v e a su ff ic i e n t ly h i h d e r e e o f s
g g y m m e tr y su c h
as lo n g s t r a i gh t c o n d u c to
a r a l o n g s o le n o i d
, a n d a to r o id a l , co il
(Se c t i o n s 30 3 a n d 30 4 )

C l c l Rl a t e t h e m a g n e t i c f l u x t h r o u F h a s u r f a c e a r e a p l i 1c e d i n e ithe r a
u n i fo rm o r n o n u n i f o r m m a m t i c f i e l t l (S
g e c t i o n 30 5 )
0 20 1
4 CC n
pa g c 1 > A T n 1n \ 11 R i p h t e r vctl 1 1 1\
, ntn hc a n n c d ' 1c d o r t h 1p l 1v n LI or p' " 1 E. ' t : ' "hl rl y acv e . Hle . c h\ it= m uL h Bc n r 1r 1 Fv 1r l

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· > · Ç; 1 i 1
w ·

C h a p te r 31
Fa r a d a y '
s La w

回回U A T I O N S A N D C O N C EPTS

T hc t o ta l ti c f lu th r o
m a gn e x u gh a lo p o 0 .
- 8/l c í »s o
l tì c a t e d in a u n i fo r m m a g n e t ic fie ld
Ue p e n d s o n the a n g le b e t w e t tn the
t l i r e c ti o n o f the m a ti c f i e ld d the N- l
gn e an r m =
h

it }1c 11 t l ze m a gn e tic Fie l d i s p e r pe n d i c u l a r t o

t i l t ï Tl n 1r e o í t l 1e l o o p T h e u n i t o f m a gn e t ic

flu x is the w e be r ,
W D 1W o = 1T m
2

A u n i fo rm m a g n e t ic f i l d t h r o u g h a

co n d u c ti n g l o o p o f a r e a A

in te gr a l o f th e n o rm a l co m po n en t o f th e
dà is a n e le m e n t o f a rea
m a g n e ti c f i e ld o v er the a r e a
pe rpe n d ic u la r t o t h e s u r fa c e

'

E =
(s i n g l e l m p ) ( 3 1 1)
the em f in d u ce d in a ci r t is p r o p o r

ti o n a l to th e r a te o f c h a n ge o f m a g n e ti c

E = N (N l o o p s ) 13 1 2 )
i n c l u d e d t o i n d i c a t e t h e po +a r i t y o f t he i n d u c e d dt
e m ï w h i c h c a n b e f o u n d by u s e o ï
,
z s l a 1u

4 7

c ir c u it w hen an y on e o r m o re o f the E =
( BA co s e (3 1 3)
fo l lo w in g c h a n ge yi t h t i m e

· r ea en c l os ed by t he ci rc u i t
* a n g le O be tw een Ë an d the

n o rm a l
如 声

206 ·
,
0 2 0 1 4 mp w Lt m in p A l l R i g M l Rt m v o d M· y no 1 In qc - d Li qw r d rw d q ) 1 Ka or p p u d M 1 ru M c ly a c e n t ih k W « B* » - a la m

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 C h a p t e r 32
In du cta n c e

UATI ONS A N D C O NC EPT S W

A se lf in du d
ce em f is pr es e n t in a
E, - L ( 12 J )
CO a x i a l b le
'
d
e tc ) w he n
ca
, the c u r r e n t
c h a n ge s i n t i m e T ï i
1e t 1t l u c t a 11c e ( L ) o
f a
g icì e n j e i l ic e dA e n ds
t
p o 11 i t s ph y s i c a l
c l u 1r a c t e r i s t i c s
a n d is a
o pp o s i t i o 1t o
, n 1e a s u r e o
f t he C i r c u i t s y m bo l fo in d u
í t l ze t l e 1t i c e t o a c l 1a n e i n t l ze r c to r
g
c u r r e 1ï t A n i n d
u cto r is a c ir c u it
e le m e n t
w h ich h a s a la r i
g e n d u c t a n ce

T h e SI u n it o f in d u c ta n ce is th e h e n r
y 1H , 1Q
(H ) . ·
s
A

The in d u c ta f a c ir cu
n ce o it elem e n t can

(3 2 2 )
XX
"
nu x to cu r ren t (E q u a t j o n 32 2)
r a tio o f in d u ce d em f to te o f c ha
r a n ge o f
t (E q u t i o n 32 3 ) L
c u r r en
(3 2 3 i
-
a
di/ dt

The in d u c ta n c e o f a ifo ly
u n rm w o u n d z
N
is p r o p o r tio n a l to th e s qu a r e o f L .
.

L
[ '
1l
(
"
(32 4 )
L
L1 l c n u m be r o f tu r n s
per u n it o f le n gth ,

2
L / 1n ' 1 A ! / 111 11 v
. .
c r o ss sec tio n a l a rea o f a s o le n o id f
(3 2 5 )
o
le n g t h ¢ a n d v o lu m e V

Ex a m in e th e c ir c u it sho w n in the figu r e

a t r igh t Th e c ir c u it e le m en ts are a b
te r y , r e s is to r
,
in d u c to r an d sw i tc h S
,

w ith o s it io n s
"

p 1 an d 2
"
N o te tha t
L
m o v i n g S t o p o s i tio n "
1
"
w ill e s t a b lis h
an ï IL s e r i e s c i r c u i t an d in g S
m o v to
PO s i t i o n 2 w ill r em o v e the ba t te r y
fr o m t he c ir c u it

3 1 14
2 34
CenaFC l c i 1r n i n p A l l R i h ¢. R v R n d lay nn t t d
. cam w . . pl. J o r l . . p 1ï c u l e d o r 1' . d h 1n Ht ï . 1 accc . i h l c WLni l c 1r ï " h l. o r in ¢m r t

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 C h a p te r 32 235
h° W
W h s Aì c ó v Mus t r J h t h ° nla n n ° r in w h ic h c u r re n t in c r e a s e d d e c a y s in
t h e c i >c u C s h m s a n
n o n thc pm io n s the
p ìw, n s s v k c hes m e nm v e d desc r ó
as e d

r
/i

ï ) 4 i :: 1 E
/:

/
/

In c rea se o f cu r ren t (f r o m z er o ) in the RL Dec a y

c ir c u it w he n the f -
o in th e RL k c u it
sw itc h is c
m o v ed fr o
the "
Open
m w he n th e sw i t c h is m o v ed fr o m
"

p o s itio n to p o s itio n
"
1
p o s i ti o n
" "
1 to p o s i ti o n "
2 "

Cu 1T e n t in c r eases in an RL c ir c u i t (f r o m

th e Sw i tc h in th e c ir c u it sho w n
i .
( 1 e
' '

(3 2 7 )
as is
m o v e d to p o s i tio "
1
"
n T h is is s h o w n in
th e g r a ph a bo v e le ft a n d d e sc r ib d
e by
Eq u a tio n 32 7 T he / 11R x i 1?1w 1l c
1l r r ¬ 11t i s
esse n t ia l l y a c lt ie u e d in a t i ï ?1e t ¢1a t i s l o B1
co m r e {l t o t h e t i Bn e
g
pa c u n sta n t

Th e ti m e c o n s ta n t o f the circu i t is t h e T = L/ R
cu rren t to rea c h (3 2 8 )
63 2 6 o f i ts f in a l lu
v a e

Cu rr en t w M decay ex po n en üauy
(f r o m its E
m a x im u m lu i '
v a e ) w he n th e
.
. . I ,e Il r

SW itc h in the c ir c u it is
尺 (3 2 10 )
m o v e d fr o m
Po s i t i o "
1 "

p o s i ti o n
n to "
2 "
The cu r v e ¬
w he r e I -
,

Z
ra
R
IS desc r i
Ua l 32

Th e en e
r8y s t o r e d in th e m a n e tic f i l d
of g e
1
an in d u c t o r i s
p r o p o r t io n a l t o th e u . Li
the c u r r e n t i
n the in d u c to
2 (3 2 12 )
r

lx am ln
p A 1l R , = h r . Rcwr ' " d \ tJ y nn t
' . Nn l pi e{l Or J u p l i= a u d Or r m f« l t o a PU h l i c l v ac c c i h1c W C hs i fc In w ho l e Or i n Pa n

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 « Yo t n d u c ta n
ce

I hL ·
e n e r den
gy s ity (:I ) i\ thL ( 1n AT
gy
tt ' r 1} m >t
g i L111 ° f Pl l t t · i l l +t II I L . 1 a n 1d tc t i9
p

ut ua l i nd u c an c
t e ( A ·) i s ch ar ac t er i st i c
u f a s Y s te m f h
o e o n ea r bY c ir c u i t s (e g
co ils ) ; ïu tu a l in d u
i s a s ha r e d c ta n c e
î r o pc r t ïB o f
pa i r o f c ir c u i ts The v a l u e o f
a
th e m u t u a l i d
n u c ta n c e in a p a r t ic u l a r
c a se d e e n d s
r o n the
ge o m e t r o f each
c ir c u it a n d o n
th e ir o r ie n ta t io n w i h
t
s pe c t to e a c h o the r In the e u a t i o n s
q \
s ho w n \ r is the m u t
: u a l in d u c ta n c f e o
co 91 2 w ith r es
pe c t to co il l ,
@ is th e
]】2
m a
gn e t ic f l u thr o
x ugh c o il 2 d u e to the
cu r ren t in co i1 1 C o r r e s po n d in
g no
t io n s a p p l v fo r . ' Z:

( f l h ' c ef h\ n11 \ 1L W I , 1lw o BBt nr h\ Lt ' B1

Th e e m f in d u ce d in o n e co i l is p r o p
E - Al
Th e c u r Fe n t jn j
dt
the o t he r c o il is h
c a n
gin g
W J: ;
IT .
E =

dt

se r ies LC circ u i t i5 ho
w n in th e s
t
u re a t r ig h t 丁h e
ha r ge d c a a c ito r c
p ca n
be c o n n e c te d b s w i t h
c ; to th e in d l 】 '

to r a n d the c ir c u i t i
s a s s u m e d to h
a v e
ze ro r e s is ta n c e W he n the s w i tc h S
is
C lo w d t h e c i r c u i t e x h ib i t
s o s c i l la t i o n
\ \ i th t r a n s fe r o f
ene r E b e h v een th e
e Je c t r i c íie ld o f t h e c a a c i t
p o r a n d the
A n LC c ir c u it
manet i c f i e l d n f t h e i n d u c t o r

The n a tu r a l fre qu en c
y o f I了a n s fe r o f
e n e
r8 y b c h v ec n the c a
pac ito r an d the 13 2 2 2 )
o n the v a lu es o f
in d u c ta n c e d
An ca r ac i ta n ce in the
c ir c u it

1 ) * C* a
w U ar 1
% U. { \ P¬ ¢ r V W ¢ lH - 3&
.
P i k r p N k Tr 1 a R Bb Bi Zy cc c ' h4 \ c 1 . l !F s h )k » n p I

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C h a p te r 32 2 37
1h L h 1r
L ,
gt '
n n t ht· c .\ ito
p 1c r 1 1n \ B the
t u Cr e n t in thc i n LI u c t o / ·
r .. . .
L tts tu f ( 12 2 B)
r v 1 >v s in u su iL I

t n r ú mu m th° c m r e n t C i
n H m h n co . tts
V r I I L I eu r t l -
r w ht n { = 0
.. . . .
L tÌ
PL1 L i to > is zero t h A· L u > >t n t in t hL
in LIu c ttì r is m 1\ im L Bm

U - L1, + AI ,
: Hì 1T U bt tw At n th1 lt t r i L t l lu
L
t L tì f tht
= L1\ ' t c i t o > 1n d t h c m r g n e t i L
t \ , t I 1I LI Ar f t hA
in LI u c to r l f th A l
Sy t t m . l / L >t ) res i L1 =

2C
cu s (ù t +
2
し1 i
, 1\
s in tùt
t . 1n cl 1t l L I A It c tr o m ,r t iL 1 ì ia t i o is
.
gn e r , n
ign u r t L I t h A? t [ ì t 1 l c n et t t ht tA
gv \l sV m

re m . T i n s c Lì n s t a n t

目回G G E S T I O N S ,
S K IL L S A N D S T R A T E G IE S ,
*?

E· ì u a t ill n 32 2 1 n Ll Eu u a t it ì n 1 2 11
pro v i Lï e t w o d i f fe re n t Rp h e s fo the c
. .
pr o ac r
cu l r t it ì n
, n f t h c i n LI u c t , 1 n L tJ [ Tt ì r 1 p r t i c u l i r Ue v ic e

In o r d e r to u se Eq u a tio n 32 2 to c a lc u la te L ta k e th e fo l l o w in g s te
, ps

\ x u m e d cu rre n t / t o t \ i st i n t h c co n d u c to r fo r w h ic h y o u w is h to
t a l c u l a t e L (c o i l sn le n o i Lì ,
co a x ill
¢ ca b le o r o the r d e v ic e )
,

C r l c u la t e the t ic fl u t hr oul h th e
. m a gn e x t r p p r o p r ia te c ro ss sec tio n
N in g the c qu a tiu n O - t lA Re m e 1n be r th a t in m a n Ë
. y c a se s ,

w ill n o t be u n i fo rm o v e r the a rea

C 1lc u la t e L d i r e c t ly f r o
t m the t l e f i n i n g Eq u a t i o n 32 2

In o r de r to u se Eq u a tio n 32 12 t o calcu la te L, ta k e th e f o l lo w in g s te ps

Assu m e a c u r ren t / in t he co n d u c to r

Fi n d p r e s s io fo B to the
an e x n r r m a g n e ti c fie l a p r o d u ce d by 1

a p p r o p r ia te v o lu m e
É, f i n d the to ta l en e r gy s to r e d in the ° gn ' " °
.' f i e l d L1 Ut h e i n d u c t o r : l 1! - 1u t tv
, B

:
u b s t i t u te t h is v a lu e o f ( 1t r i n t o E q u a t io n 3 2 12 ¢ ìn t j so lv t? fo r L
e 20 B+
>. N
g 1 ¢ L e a r n Bn
b \ l l !¢ e hl H. w L U
. r \ r t ,l ' c c an ned J 1u l H r = U c d 1h pu h l i
> '" u r 1«
1 r 1x n a i a L Cc l h !c n . h \ i 1e In . 1u , 1c u r m > "

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 W
o
; 5
3 V An ; LA/ = L
Ch a p te r 33
1 .

m
A lter n a tin g Cu
W = 2 Tc S -
r r en t
c ir cu its

Ë@u a t io n s a n d c o n c
= t s

a s in u s o id a l so u rce f
o em f is s ho w n in

c ir c u it e le m e n t (s ) w h i c h i n
, a p a r t ic u la r
case m a y b e a r e s is t o r
(R ) pa c ito
,
,
a ca r
(C ) ,
a n i n d u c t o r (L ) o r s o m
e c om
, b i
ti o n o f the a bo v e M e cu rren t fr e q u e n c
is y
d e te r m in e d by the AC = in s ta n ta n e o u s v o l ta ge
so u rce
fr e qu en c y AV i
. .
- M a x m u m v o lta ge

W he n a r e s is to r is t he c ir c u it e le m e n t, i. - 1. s in tn t
the c u rr en t a n d v o l ta g e the
" (33 ] )
a cr o ss r e s is
to r a re i ï 1 /] ha s e a n d ì Is t h e
,
. . .
m ax im u m
cu r r en t A1p - I R s in ú} t
. (33 3 )

W he n an in d u cto r is the i t e ]e m
c ir c u c n t ,
r - 1 u 】1
th e c u r ren t ìa g t l l L 1' o l t a e 1 . lj j b )
g t 1c r o s t ìw i r1
山 Bc t o r b y 9 0 °

Atr> - AV s i n «o t
t h e t i t t c t l ? r e ++t l e a d s t i l e i 1 o l t a e .. ..

g nc r oss t he

.)
c t Tl m c i t o r by 90 ° i
·
= (u C L s in "
9 ' (3 3 16 )

In d u c tiv e r e a c ta n c e (X t ) ,
ca p a c it iv e reac X{ = (u し
(3 3 10 )
ta n ce (X , ) ,
an d r e s is ta n c e (R ) act t o l im i t
c u r r en t in 尺L C c i r c u i t T Y1e i 1u l u c t i p e
an
X,
a c tn n ce i n c r e a s t s i t l i t h i t l c r e a s i n Fr t t t c n c
· ( 33 1 8 1
g q !1 ( oc
1u l 1i l e t he
c [ 1p n c i t i t ?e r m c t n l 1c e d e c r ea s e s i Bh
+t l
i 11c r i
n s 1t g JequeT1Ly R e s i s t a n c e i s
f r e qu
c y in d e e n d eN
p
0 2n 14 ( c n sa = l m1 n g A 11 R i ¢ h h Rc - ' " J \ Ba ! n. t k . c a n n c <j ' PBcd o r J u pln H , d J 1o
or p r. m h l. By æ cc I hl c u 1t h \ 1t c 1n » ht ,tc m 1n pa n

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