CHLOROPLAST

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 Chloroplast
 aka energy converter of the cell
 from the Greek word chloros
means “green” and plastis which
means “the one who forms”
 are organelles, specialized
subunits in plant and algal cells
where photosynthesis occurs
 are the food producers of the cell

 are members of a class of

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 Every green plant you see
is working to convert the
energy of the sun into
sugars. Plants are the basis
of all life on Earth. They
create sugars, and the
byproduct of that process
is the oxygen that we
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iscovery of the
chloroplast
 first suggested by
Russian biologist
Konstantin Mereschkowski
in 1905 after Andreas
Schimper observed in 1883
that chloroplast closely
resemble cyanobacteria
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 Cyanobacterial
ancestor
 considered the ancestor of
chloroplast
 sometimes called blue-green
algae even though they are
prokaryotes
 they are diverse phylum
capable of carrying out
photosynthesis 8
Endosymbiotic theory

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 Chloroplasts
- capture light energy, store
it in the energy storage
molecules ATP and NADPH
and use it in the process
called photosynthesis to make
organic molecules and free
oxygen from carbon dioxide
and water.
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The Structure of
Chloroplast

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 The Structure of
Chloroplast
 3 types of
membrane
 stroma
 thylakoid system
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 3 types of
membrane:
 Outer membrane
 semi-porous membrane and
is permeable to small
molecules and ions, which
diffuses easily

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 3 types of
membrane:
 Intermembrane space
 usually thin about 10-20 nm and
it is present between the outer
and the inner membrane of the
chloroplast

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 3 types of
 Inner membrane:
membrane
 forms a border to the stroma
 which contains many transporters:
integral membrane proteins that
regulate the passage of materials in
an out of the chloroplast

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 Stroma
 aka matrix
 is an alkaline, aqueous and
liquid transparent substance
that filled the inner space of
the chloroplast

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 Thylakoid
 suspended in the stroma
 Stacks of discs found inside the
chloroplasts
 they are compared to stacks of coins
within the walls of the chloroplast, and
they act to trap the energy from
sunlight.
 The stacks of thylakoids are called
grana.
 They are connected with an extensive system
of tubules.
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 Thylakoid
 The thylakoid membranes
contain chlorophyll and other
pigments arranged in antenna
arrays to capture light energy.
 The stacks of sacs are
connected by stromal lamellae.
The lamellae act like the
skeleton of the chloroplast,
keeping all of the sacs a safe
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 Chlorophyll
 is a green pigment found in
cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of
algae and plants.
 is an extremely important biomolecule,
critical in photosynthesis, which allows
plants to absorb energy from light.
 absorbs light most strongly in the blue
portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum, followed by the red portion.
 molecules are specifically arranged in
and around photosystems that are
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 Chlorophyll
Two primary functions:
- vast majority of chlorophyll
(up to several hundred
molecules per photosystem) is
to absorb light and
- transfer that light energy by
resonance energy transfer to a
specific chlorophyll pair in the
reaction center of
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the
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 Functions of
chloroplast
 site of photosynthesis
 CO2 + H2O + Sunlight = O2 + H2O +
C6H12O6
 food is prepared in the form of sugars

 immune defense
 One of the key organelles in pathogen
defense
 in plants all the cells participate in
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Photosynthesis

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 Photosynthesis
 from the Greek [photo-], "light,"
and [synthesis], "putting together",
"composition“
 is a process used by plants and
other organisms to convert the light
energy captured from the sun into
chemical energy that can be used to
fuel the organism's activities.
 occurs in plants, algae, and many
species of bacteria, but not in
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Oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS
vs. Anoxygenic

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Oxygenic photosynthesis process
where carbon dioxide is reduced to a
carbohydrate and electrons are removed
from water, releasing oxygen into the air.
 Anoxygenic photosynthesis is
performed by specialized bacteria.
During this process the light energy is
used to remove electrons from other
sources, not water. These sources
include hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide
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 Steps of
Photosynthesis
 occurs in two main stages: light
reaction and the Calvin Benson
Cycle
In short the light reactions
capture the light energy and
utilize it to make high-energy
molecules, which in turn are used
by the Calvin-Benson Cycle to
capture carbon dioxide and make
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 The Light-Dependent
Reactions (Light Reaction)
 take place on the thylakoid
membrane inside a chloroplast. The
thylakoid membrane contains some
integral membrane protein complexes
that catalyze the light reactions.
 This phase is the initial stage, which
converts solar energy into potential
energy.
 This step require sample sunlight for
the process 38
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 The Light-Independent
Reactions (Calvin cycle)
 or the reactions of the Calvin
Benison cycle
 occur in the stroma

 these reactions do not require

the presence of light and hence
the name, light-independent
reactions.
 In this cycle the end products of
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