PR2  Interval variable

 Ratio variable
Nature of Research  B. Discrete Variables
Categorized as:
Research importance-Research is what propels humanity forward. It's fueled by curiosity:
 Nominal Variables
we get curious, ask questions, and immerse ourselves in discovering everything there is to
 Ordinal Variables
know. Learning is thriving. Without curiosity and research, progress would slow to a halt, and
our lives as we know them would be completely different.
KINDS OF VARIABLES
o Research 1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (assumed cause)
-a careful,systematic stusdy in field of knowledge that is 2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE (assumed effects)
undertaken to discover or establish acts or principles. 3. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
-to search again, to take another move ,to find out more(Selltiz et 4. CONTROL VARABLES
al.) 5. CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
6. INTERVINNING VARIABLES
Characteristics of Research (Calmorin & Calmorin) 7. MODERATE VARIABLES
 Empirical - based on direct experience or observations by the research.
 Logical- based on valid procedures and principles. RRL
 Cyclical- starts with a problem and ends with a problem. Process of RRL:
 Analytical-utilize analytical procedures in gathering data whether Stage 1: Search for Literature
historical, descriptive ,experimental or case study Stage 2: Reading the Source Material
 Replicability - design and procedures are replicated to enable the Stage 3: Writing the Review
researchers to arrive at valid conclusive research.
How to Cite Sources

QUALI VS. QUANTI RESEARCH
Qualitative- relies on data obtained by the researcher from first-hand
observation, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, participant-observation,
recordings made in natural settings, documents, case studies, and artifacts.
(More on words -non numerical).
Quantitative -expressions like numerical forms, objectives thinking, statistical
methods and requirement signal(numerical).
Types ofQuantitative Research Design
 Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a
population, situation or phenomenon.
 One Author- last name. year, page number (e.g. Gower,2001,p.207)
 Two Author- Cite both authors (last name),year , page number (e.g. Jackson &
Mackaray ,2003,p.77).
 Three to Five Authors-identify all authors the first time you cite the source
-first author’s last name followed by “et al.”(Adams et al. 2014, p.61).
 Six or More Authors -last name of first author followed by “et al.,year and page
number”(eg. Adams et al.,2013,p.181).
 Organization as Author-(eg. According to the American Library Association
(ALA.2011),p.8)
 No Author-Cite shortened title of the title.(eg. The book Histories of Leisure (2002)
described…(p.98).
 Anonymous Author- put “Anonymous” in the citation(eg. Anonymous,2013,p.15).
COMPONENTS OF CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 1
 RESEARCH TITLE

 A correlational research design investigates relationships between two  INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
variables (or more) without the researcher controlling or manipulating any
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
of them
o INFERENTIAL
 A true experimental design is one in which the researcher manipulates  more on statistical analysis answer
the Independent Variable (or variables) to observe its effect on some o DESCRIPTIVE
behavior or cognitive process (the dependent variable).  answer the questions of W’s
 HYPOTHESIS(HYPOTHESES-PLURAL)
o NULL HYPOTHESIS
Types of Quanti Research
 no significant relation
 Casual Comparative Research
o ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
 Experimental Research  there is a significant relation
 Survey Research  SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
 Correlational Research  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
 Action Research  DEFINITION OF TERMS
o CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
 dictionary meaning
RESEARCH VARIABLES
o OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
 researcher’s meaning
RESEARCH VARIABLE
CHAPTER 2
NATURE OF VARIABLES KINDS OF VARIABLES  REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
o LITERATURE- is an oral or written records
o LITERATURE REVIEW- survey books, scholarly articles, and any other
INDEPENDENT
CONTINUOUS DISCRETE sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, etc.
VARIABLES VARIABLES VARIABLE
o A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE- an analysis of man’s written or
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
INTERVAL NOMINAL spoken knowledge of the world.
VARIABLE VARIABLE EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLE
RATIO ORDINAL CHAPTER 3
CONTROL VARIABLE
VARIABLE VARIABLE  RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CONFOUNDING
 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH DESIGN
 METHODS (PARTICIPANTS, DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENTS, DATA
Variables- term frequently used in research projects. Something that can
GATHERING PROCEDURE)
change and/can be more than one value. Something that “varies”.
 STATISTICAL DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

-changing qualities or characteristics of persons or things like age,

gender ,intelligence ,ideas ,achievement ,confidence and so on .

NATURE OF VARIABLES
 A. Continuous Variables
Categorized as: