SAIRYL ROSE R.

CAGUICLA

INTRO TO PHILO

TWO KINDS OF PERSPECTIVE

Holistic and Partial Perspective

In philosophy, a point of view or perspective is defined as a way or a method how one sees or
perceives the reality or a phenomenon.

Holistic Perspective Holism is derived from the greek word “holos” which means all, entire, or
totality. Holism is a mode of thinking that maintains the interdependence of components and
other casual agents.
Ex. To understand why some Filipinos still consider faith healing, the researcher has to consider
the history of the Filipino people, its society, religion, tradition, and even the economic aspect of
it

Partial Perspective pertains to the perception of reality. One of the elements of a larger whole.
Ex. Upon hearing only the side of Vincent , Teacher Melva scolded Ferdie after Vincent
accused him of vandalizing their classroom.

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1.Methaphysics – existence
2.Epistemology – knowledge
3.Ethics – actions
4.Aesthetics – art
5.Logic – reasoning

10 REASONS WHY PHILOSOPHY IS IMPORTANT

1.Philosophy asks the important questions
2.Philosophy helps with critical thinking and reason.
3.Philosophy helps guide the research process.
4.Philosophy teaches persuasiveness.
5.Philosophy teaches problem solving.
6.Philosophy can be applied to every discipline.
7.Philosophy forms a good foundation for a variety of career.
8.Philosophy helps you sort through your own beliefs.
9.Philosophy influences the world today.
10.Philosophy can fuel change and progress.

PHILOSOPHERS

Philosophers are usually reffered to as “thinkers”

Thales of Miletus – considered as the father of philosophy. He was an ancient greek

philosopher who is often considered the first notable philosopher.

Socrates – is best known for developing the socratic method, which is a dialectical dialogue in
which one person poses a question, and another person seeks to answer it.
Plato – is arguably the most influential philosopher of all time. Plato was a pupil of Socrates.
Plato was concerned with the nature of reality.He made The Republic, a work that presents his
vision of an ideal society led by a philosopher king.

Aristotle – was Plato’s best student. He went on to become a very well-paid tutor of Alenxander
the Great, probably the highest paid philosopher in history. “The Golden Mean” “Avoid
extremes”

John Locke – is one of the most important figures in modern politics.He was not for the idea of
the rich getting richer while the poor getting poorer. He is one of the fathers to be thanked for
the birth of democracy.

Epicurus – initially had a bad reputation because of his teaching, which were mainly contrary to
Christianity.

Zeno of Citium – founded the idea of Stoicism which generally states that we suffer beacause
of erroneous judgement.

Avicenna – was not only a philosopher but one of the most sought-after physicians during his
time. “The Canon of Medicine” and “The Book of Healing”. He was the first philosopher to
describe the 5 common senses of humans mainly smell,hearing,sight,touch, and taste.

Thomas Aquina’s – in a time where Christianity teachings. Proved that God exists. He was
able to successfully teach ethics, with help from the Bible.

Confucius – the greatest philosopher from the eastern region. Able to clearly put across the
ideas of Democracy.He also expounded the “Golden Rule”.

Rene Descartes - invented Analytical Geometry. He was the first scholar to discover the laws
that govern reflection and refraction.

Paul of Tarsus – (Paul of Apostle) was a pivotal figure in the establishment of Christianity after
the death of Jesus.

DOMAINS OF TRUTH

1.Scientific/Objective Domain – refers to the natural world that is relatively unaffected by the
perspective and attitude of Human beings who perceive it. This domain is put to the test in
terms of empirical evidence.

Example:
A.The boiling point of water is 100 degrees Ceisius.
B.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is written by Mark Twain.

2.Social Domain – is equivalent to a general agreement or consensus on what is right as

opposed to what is wrong. This Domain is evaluated in terms of its acceptability to a specific
group at a scientific point in history.

Example:
A.Dolores family is in favor of federalism while Cruzada family do not.
B.A chapel is for prayer of devotees as a basketball court is for loud cheers of fans.
3.Personal Domain – is in congruence with sincerity. This domain is tested against the
consistency and authenticity of the person who claims it.

Example:
A.Sheila promised her sister to buy her a cake on her birthday in exchange of good grades.
Sheila does it every year.
B.Enrique loves Liza.

METHOD OF PHILOSOPHY

Method of philosophy is study of how to do philosophy . That lead to wisdom and truth.

1.Socratic Method – statements are deconstructed or questioned to come up with actual truth
that is believed to rest on the roots of argument. Conflicting ideas are seen as invalid sources of
the truth, and probing questions are immediately derived from the given statements.

2.Dialectic Method – is a method of coming up with a true conclusion based on contradicting

logical ideas.

3.Historical Method – is a process of getting evidences,examining them

4.Scientific/Empirical Method – is a process of determining truth of knowledge through

experimentation.

TYPES OF FALLACIES

1.Against the person(argumentum ad hominem) – attempts to link the validity of a premise to a

characteristic or belief of the person advocating the premise.
2.Appeal to force(argumentum ad baculum) – an argument where force, coercion, or threat of
force, is given as justification for a conclusion.
3.Appeal to people(argumentum ad populum) – an argument that appeals or exploits people
vanities, desire, esteem and anchoring on popularity.
4.Appeal to pity(argumentum ad misericordiam) – a specific kind of appeal to emotion in which
someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponents feelings
of pity or guilt.
5.Appeal to ignorance(argumentum ad ignorantiam) – whatever has not been proved false
must be true.
6.Fallacy of Equivocation – this is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several
times, but giving the particular word a different meaning each time.
7.Fallacy of Composition – this infers that something is true of what the whole from the fact
that is true of some part of the whole.
8.Fallacy of division – one reasons logically that something true of a thing must be also be true
of all or some parts of it.
9.False cause(post hoc) – reffered to as coincidental correlation, or correlation not causation.
10.Hasty generalization – is common based on a board conclusion upon the statistics of a
survey of a small group that fails to sufficiently represent the whole population.

CHARACTER TRAITS OF A PERSON

1.Self- awareness > refers to the person clear perception of one self which includes her
thoughts, emotions, identity and action, goals, dreams, and plans.

2.Self-determination > is the capability of persons to make choices and decisions based on
their preferences, monitor, and regulate their actions, and be goal-oriented and self-directed.

3.Externality > is the capability to reach out and interact with others and the world.

4.Dignity > is the innate to be valued and to be respescted. As human persons, we have an
innate worth or value.

TRANSCENDENCE

Man is also a transcendent being which means that his existence is beyond the physical level.
Transcendence is a state of being above and beyond the limits of material experiences.

ANTHROPOCENTRIC MODEL

Based on the anthropocentric model, humans are superior and central to the universe, thus, it is
human-centered.

ECOCENTRIC MODEL

Ecocentric model, the ecological or relational integrity of the humans provides meaning of our
morals and values and it is nature centered. Devoted to preserving the totality of Earth’s
biodiversity and the functioning of its life supporting system.

ANCIENT THINKERS
1.Anaximander, a pre-Socratic philosopher and scientist, said about the creation-
destruction. According to him, the sketch of the genesis of the world (cosmology), the evolution
of the world begins with the generation of opposites in certain region Nature. Nature is
indeterminate-boundless in the sense that no boundaries between the warm and or the moist
and dry regions are originally present within.

2.Pythagones describes the universe as living embodiment of nature’s order, harmony, and
beauty. He sees our relationship with the universe involving biophina (love of other living
things) and cosmophina (love of other living beings).

THEORIES CONCERNING ENVIRONMENTAL CARE

1. Deep Ecology is an ecological philosophy develop by Norwegian philosophers Ame

Naess in the early 1970’s asserting that all forms have an equal right to exist, and human needs
and desires have no priority over those of other organisms. Believes that the living environment
should be respected and regarded as having rights to flourish, independent of its utility to
humans.

2. Social Ecology is a critical social theory founded by American anarchist and libertanian
socialist author Murray Bookchin. Conceptualize as a critique of current social, political, and
anti-ecological trends, it espouses a reconstructive, ecological, communitarian, and ethical
approach to society.
3. Ecofeminism is a branch of Feminism that examines the connection between women and
nature.Its name was coined by French Feminist Francois d’Eaubonne in 1994.

CARING FOR THE ENVIRONMENT: 8 REASONS TO PROTECT & SUSTAIN EARTH

1.We Only Have One Earth as Our Home

2.Clean Environment Means Healtheir Lives
3.Rise in the Overall Earth’s Temperatures
4.Caring for the Environment Protects the Ecosystem and Humanity
5.Biodiversity is Essential
6.The Environment Provides Various Raw Materials and Habitats
7.We Have a Moral Obligation
8.Protecting the Environment is an Excellent Way to Give Back