A WORLD OF

REGIONS
OBJECTIVES

✓ Differentiate regionalization and

globalization;
✓ Explain how regions are formed and kept
together;
✓ Discuss the advantages and disadvatages
of asial regionalism
✓ Identify the factors leading to a greater
integration of the Asian region
✓ Philippines integration with the ASEAN

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REGIONALISM
“
defined as a political ideology that favors a
specific region over a greater area. It usually
results due to political separations, religious
geography, cultural boundaries, linguistic
regions, and managerial divisions. (Victor,
2018)

process, and must be treated as an

"emergent, socially constituted phenomenon."

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Regionalism VS Globalization

Regionalism is the Globalization is the

process of dividing process of
an area into smaller international
segments called integration arising
regions. from the interchange
of world views,
products, ideas, and
other aspects, such
as technology, etc.

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Regionalism VS Globalization

✓ As to nature, globalization promotes the

integration of economics. While, regionalization
divides an area into smaller segments.
✓ As to market, globalization allows many
companies to trade on international level so it
allows free market but in regionalized system,
monopolies are likely to develop.
✓ As to cultural and societal relations, globalization
accelerate to multiculturalism by free and
inexpensive movement of people but,
regionalization does not support this.

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 Countries, Regions,
and Globalization
Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner state that
economic and political definitions of regions vary.

✓ regions are "a group of countries located in the

same geographically specified area" or are "an
amalgamation of two regions (or] a combination
of more than two regions organized to regulate
and "oversee flows and policy choices.

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the words regionalization and regionalism should not be
interchanged, as the former refers to the "regional concentration of
economic flows" while the latter is "a political process characterized
by economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries.""

Countries respond economically and politically to globalization in

various ways. Some are large enough and have a lot of resources to
dictate how they participate in processes of global integration.
Example: China

Other countries make up for their small size by taking advantage of

their strategic location.
Example: Singapore and Switzerland

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Countries, Regions, and The Organization of the Petroleum

Globalization Exporting Countries (OPEC) (1960)

by Iran, Iraq. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, The Thai economy collapsed in 1996
and Venezuela to regulate the after foreign currency speculators
The crisis made ASEAN
production and sale of oil. This and troubled international banks
North Atlantic Treaty more "unified and
regional alliance flexed its muscles demanded that the Thai government
Organization (NATO) formed coordinated."
in the 1970s. pay back its loans.
during the Cold War

1 3 5 7

2 4 6

The Warsaw Pact, consisting of
the Eastern European countries.
The Soviet Union imploded in
December 1991.
The presidents of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and
Yugoslavia created the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in
1961 to pursue world peace and international
cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty, racial
and national equality, non-intervention, and peaceful
conflict resolution. At its peak, the NAM had 120
member countries.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) tried to
reverse the crisis, but it was only after the
ASEAN countries along with China, Japan, and
South Korea agreed to establish an emergency
fund to anticipate a crisis that the Asian
economies stabilized
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CONTEMPORARY
CHALLENGES TO
REGIONALISM
“
NON-STATE REGIONALISM
 It is not only states that agree to work together in the
name of a single cause (or causes).
 Communities also engage in regional organizing

NEW REGIONALISM
Tiny associations that include no more than a few
actors and focus in on a single issue.
Huge continental unions that address a multitude of
common problems from territorial defense to food
security.
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THE NEW REGIONALISM
VARIES IN FORM:
Tiny associations that includes few actors and
focused on a single issue
Ex. Environmental concerns, military, sports,
food
Huge continental unions that address a
multitude of common problems
Ex. United Nations

✓ Rely on the power of individuals, NGO’s and associations to

link up with one another in pursuit of a particular goal
✓ Identified with reformists who share the same values, norms,
institutions and systems
✓ Ex. Terrorists groups, Masons, religious,

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THEY ALSO VARY IN TACTICS:
Some organizations partner with governments to initiate social
change.
Examples:
 ASEAN on Human rights declaration issues in 2009
 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

Citizen Diplomacy Forum is a group who tries to influence the

policies and programs of the Organization of American
States.

OTHER REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS DEDICATE THEMSELVES

TO SPECIALIZED CAUSES:

 Activists across Central and South America established the

Rainforest Foundation to protect indigenous peoples and the
rainforests in Brazil, Guyana, Panama, and Peru.
 Regional Interfaith Youth Networks – young Christians to
promote conflict prevention
 Migrant Forum – promoting the rights and welfare of migrant
workers
CHALLENGES TO REGIONALISM:

1. States treat poverty or environmental degradation as

technical or economic issues that can be resolved by
refining existing programs of state agencies, making
minor changes in economic policies, and creating new
offices that address these issues.

2. Discord that may emerge among them

Example:
• Issues like gender and religion. Groups that side with
the church opposed to reproductive rights and other
pro women policies
• Some countries refused to recognize rights of
undocumented migrants from Migrant Forum
lobbying for their rights

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OTHER CONTEMPORARY
CHALLENGES TO REGIONALISM
3. Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism.
•The refusal to dismantle NATO after the collapse of Soviet Union

4. European Union – continuing financial crisis is forcing countries

like Greece to leave the Union to gain more flexibility in their
economic policy. Brexit of UK.

5. ASEAN Members sovereignty and disagreements in treating

China
• Receiving aid, favoring diplomacy over condemnation.
6. Differing visions of what regionalism should be for.
• Western govts – simply an economic formations but also an
instrument of political democratization
• Non Western. Singapore, China and Russia see democracy as an
obstacle to the implementation of economic globalization because
of constant public inquiry about economic projects and lengthy.

7. Countries will find it difficult to reject all forms of global

economic integration and it will be hard for them to turn their
backs on their regions.
Ex. UK leaving EU, it must still continue to trade with its neighbors
and will therefore be bound to implement EU rules.

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 ASIAN
REGIONALISM
Asian Regionalism
✓ Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction,
not political planning. As a result of successful, outward
oriented growth strategies, Asian economies have grown
not only richer, but also closer together.

Factors leading to greater

integration of Asian regions.
✓ There are a few factors contributing to the growth of the
Asian intra-regional trade. They include the rise in regional
income, the removal of trade barriers, and advances in
production and transportation technologies.

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Rise in Regional Income
Regional differences within and across Chinese provinces have narrowed, but
several of the country's areas have experienced rapid economic growth. This was
primarily owing to the eastern region's massively high economic growth rate as
compared to the other regions.
Much of China's quick economic growth is attributed to two key factors: large-
scale capital investment and high productivity growth, according to economists.
These two elements appear to have worked in coordination.

Removal of Trade Barriers

In Asia, intra-regional commerce creates jobs rather than diverts them. Its
trade with the rest of the world is not harmed as a result of its expansion, and
both regional and global integration are strengthened at the same time.
They have identify the presence of a common factor influencing the degree
of trade integration of fifteen Asian and Oceanic economies in their study on
trade integration. Seasonal patterns can be seen in the projected common
trade integration factor. It is also influenced by the economic activity of the
selected economies as well as trade barriers between them.
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Advances in Production and
Transportation Techniques
With technical solutions to climate hazard, Asia has a chance to
make its mark on the globe.
Asia's rapid rise as a global technical powerhouse over the last
decade is a tribute to the value of collaboration.
In Asia, this collection shows the state's, market's, and society's
attempts to use technological advancements to overcome barriers to
social growth in different sectors.
Despite the expectation that technological improvements will work
wonders.

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ASEAN
 Association of
Southeast Asian
Nations
 ESTABLISHMENT
ASEAN was
established in
Bangkok with its five
original members.
Myanmar and
During the Cold War
Brunei Laos PDR

AUGUST 8,1967 JANUARY 8,1984 JULY 28,1995 JULY 28,1997 APRIL 30,1999

Five Foreign Minister:

Vietnam Cambodia
Adam Malik – Indonesia
Narciso Ramos – Philippines
Tuh Abdul Razak – Malaysia
S. Rajaratnam – Singapore
Thanta Khoman - Thailand
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23
ASEAN Declaration
(1) to accelerate economic growth, social
progress and cultural development in the
region and

(2) to promote regional peace and stability

through abiding respect for justice and the
rule of law in the relationship among countries
in the region and adherence to the principles
of the United Nations Charter.

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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

ASEAN Member Countries have adopted the following

fundamental principles in their relations with one another,
as contained in the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in
Southeast Asia (TAC):

· mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality,

territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations;
· the right of every State to lead its national existence free from
external interference, subversion or coercion;
· non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;
· settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;
· renunciation of the threat or use of force;
· effective cooperation among themselves.
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In 2003, the ASEAN Leaders resolved that an ASEAN Community shall be
established comprising three pillars, namely, ASEAN Security Community,
ASEAN Economic Community and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.

✓ ASEAN Declaration, Bangkok, 8 August 1967

✓ Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality Declaration, Kuala Lumpur, 27 November 1971
✓ Declaration of ASEAN Concord, Bali, 24 February 1976
✓ Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, Bali, 24 February 1976
✓ ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea, Manila, 22 July 1992
✓ Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone, Bangkok, 15 December 1997
✓ ASEAN Vision 2020, Kuala Lumpur, 15 December 1997
✓ Declaration of ASEAN Concord II, Bali, 7 October 2003
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In 2003, the ASEAN Leaders resolved that an ASEAN
Community shall be established comprising three pillars,
namely, ASEAN Security Community, ASEAN Economic
Community and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.

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Other major integration-related economic activities of ASEAN include the following:
✓ Roadmap for Financial and Monetary Integration of ASEAN in four areas, namely, capital market
development, capital account liberalisation, liberalisation of financial services and currency
cooperation;
✓ trans-ASEAN transportation network consisting of major inter-state highway and railway networks,
including the Singapore to Kunming Rail-Link, principal ports, and sea lanes for maritime traffic, inland
waterway transport, and major civil aviation links
✓ Roadmap for Integration of Air Travel Sector
✓ interoperability and interconnectivity of national telecommunications equipment and services,
including the ASEAN Telecommunications Regulators Council Sectoral Mutual Recognition
Arrangement (ATRC-MRA) on Conformity Assessment for Telecommunications Equipment
✓ trans-ASEAN energy networks, which consist of the ASEAN Power Grid and the Trans-ASEAN Gas
Pipeline Projects
✓ Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) focusing on infrastructure, human resource development,
information and communications technology, and regional economic integration primarily in the CLMV
countries
✓ Visit ASEAN Campaign and the private sector-led ASEAN Hip-Hop Pass to promote intra-ASEAN
tourism; and · Agreement on the ASEAN Food Security Reserve.

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In 2003, the ASEAN Leaders resolved that an ASEAN Community shall be
established comprising three pillars, namely, ASEAN Security Community,
ASEAN Economic Community and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.

✓ ASEAN Work Programme for Social Welfare, Family, and Population

✓ ASEAN Work Programme on HIV/AIDS; · ASEAN Work Programme on Community-Based Care for the Elderly; ·
ASEAN Occupational Safety and Health Network
✓ ASEAN Work Programme on Preparing ASEAN Youth for Sustainable Employment and Other Challenges of
Globalisation
✓ ASEAN University Network (AUN) promoting collaboration among seventeen member universities ASEAN
✓ ASEAN Students Exchange Programme, Youth Cultural Forum, and the ASEAN Young Speakers Forum; · The
Annual ASEAN Culture Week, ASEAN Youth Camp and ASEAN Quiz
✓ ASEAN Media Exchange Programme
✓ Framework for Environmentally Sustainable Cities (ESC) and ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze
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Pollution.
30
The highest decision-making organ of ASEAN is the Meeting of the ASEAN Heads of State and Government. The
ASEAN Summit is convened every year. The ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (Foreign Ministers) is held annually

ASEAN has established committees composed of heads of diplomatic missions in the following capitals: Beijing,
Berlin, Brussels, Canberra, Geneva, Islamabad, London, Moscow, New Delhi, New York, Ottawa, Paris, Riyadh,
Seoul, Tokyo, Washington D.C. and Wellington.

Secretary-General of ASEAN (5 year term) is appointed on merit and accorded ministerial status.
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How do ASEAN regions
contribute to the growth
of Philippine society?
✓ Easier and cheaper travel options for everyone:
ASEAN wants to provide easier travel services for its service
providers.
✓ Cheaper goods and services:
ASEAN also gives nations within the region to do more trade for
goods and services.
✓ More and better jobs:
ASEAN’s goal, after all, is to decrease “unemployment and
underemployment” across the region.

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 How do ASEAN regions contribute
to the growth of Philippine society?
✓ More study options:
Last August 2017, Canada’s minister of foreign affairs announced at the
ASEAN regional forum in Manila that they would be offering a $10 million
scholarship program to support post-secondary students and mid-career
professionals from Southeast Asia.
The national university in Singapore offers scholarships for ASEAN
countries for graduate coursework.

✓ The Philippines: improved

ASEAN contributes to the advancement of the Philippines as a whole.
Because of the incredible support from Southeast Asian nations, the
country is better prepared for globalization.
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ASEAN’s Response to
the Covid-19
During the 26th ASEAN Economic Ministers (AEM) retreat in Da Nang, Viet Nam on 10
March 2020, AEM agreed on a statement “Strengthening ASEAN’s Economic Resilience in
Response to the Outbreak of the Covid-19,” which called for collective action to mitigate
the impact of the virus by working with external and development partners. The statement
focuses on leveraging technology, digital trade, and trade facilitation platforms such as the
ASEAN Single Window, to foster supply chain connectivity and to allow businesses,
especially SMEs, to continue operations amidst the Covid-19.

The ASEAN is also collaborating with their Development and Dialogue Partners. On 20
March, an ASEAN-EU Ministerial Video Conference took place to discuss Covid-19
challenges. Both parties agreed to mitigate social and economic impacts, keep supply
chains open and advance relevant scientific research.

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 On 1 April, the ASEAN-U.S. High-level Interagency Video Conference to
counter Covid-19 released a statement calling for further steps to
strengthen ASEAN-United States collaboration on Covid-19 response,

ASEAN’s
including through high-level engagement and on public health
cooperation more broadly.

Response On 9 April, ASEAN Foreign Ministers held an ASEAN Coordinating Council

to the
meeting on Covid-19 to discuss and exchange views on ASEAN collective
response to the rapid outbreak of the Covid-19. They called for a Special
ASEAN Summit and the ASEAN Plus Three Special Summit on Covid-19,

Covid-19
which was held on 14 April via video conference. The statement called for
a post-pandemic plan to
✓ i) restore ASEAN’s connectivity, tourism, normal business and social
activities, to prevent potential economic downturns;
✓ ii) ensure ASEAN critical infrastructure for trade and trading routes
via air, land and sea ports remain open; and
✓ iii) refrain from imposing unnecessary restrictions on the flow of
medical, food and essential supplies. As a result, ASEAN proposed to
establish a Covid-19 ASEAN Response Fund.

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Covid-19 Impact to ASEAN members
Socio-economic Impact: Disruptions to tourism, trade and
production
All ASEAN Member States are feeling the socio-economic impact of the
Covid-19. In the early stages of the pandemic, the rapid spread of the
virus in China led to the disruption of supply chains and freezing demand
limiting the flows of travel, trade, and investment.

Social impacts
The economic shocks will have more medium-term impacts on poverty
and welfare, especially among the more vulnerable in society and those
who work in the informal economy. The public health system is
increasingly struggling to cope with growing demand, and the medical
sector is overstretched, calling for targeted policy responses.

Economic downturn
Governments of the ASEAN Member States imposed stringent domestic
containment measures. The restriction of large-scale events, restaurants
and leisure, as well as school closures and lockdowns are having a
negative impact on economic activities.

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https://www.eastvantage.com/insights/5-advantages-asean-integration-philippines

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