WORLD OF RELIGIONS
different states or provinces.
Lesson Expectations:
1. Look at the regions as political entities
2. Examine what brings regions together as they interlock with
globalization
3. Explore the other facets of regionalism, especially those
that pretend to identities, ethics, religion, ecological,
sustainability, and health.
4. Conclude by asking where all of this regionalism is bringing
us members of the nation and as a citizen of the world.
WORLD OF RELIGIONS
- According to Edward Mansfield and Helen V. Milner,
“economic and political definitions of regions vary, but
there are certain basic features that everyone can agree
on”.
REGION
- A group of countries located in the same geographical or
specified area, or an amalgamation of two regions, or a
combination of more than two regions organized to regulate
and oversee the flows in policy choices
- Examples of regions are Europe, central and eastern Europe
region, Asian region, African region, the Mediterranean, the
middle east, and the America.
- Regions are made up of nations or countries.
Regionalization
- A regional concentration of economic flows, and its process
of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions.
- An example of regionalization is the division of a nation into
- Businesses use this regionalization as a management tool
and a way to make certain needs unique to a particular area.
REGIONALISM
- A political process characterized by economic policy,
cooperation and coordination among countries.
- A political ideology.
- Seek to increase political power or influence of the people
of one or more subnational regions.
- Focuses on the development of a political or social system
based on one or more regions.
Countries Respond Economically and Politically to globalization
in various ways.
1. Some countries are large enough and have a lot of resources
to dictate how they participate in the process of global
integration.
Example, China offers its cheap and huge workforce to
attract foreign businesses and expand trade with other
countries. Same with the US and Japan
2. Other countries also make-up for their small size by taking
advantage, their strategic location.
Example, Singapore and Switzerland are small countries.
They compensate for their lack of resources into financial
banking hubs. Despite its small size, according to the
Ambassador to Singapore, Kathleen Char McFarland,
Singapore, sit stride, one of the most important geo
strategically important locations in the world. It is the
 economic gateway between the east and the west as one of
the world's most important trade route on the Malacca
Strait, and it is the world's largest transshipment port.
Singapore is the security gateway between east and the
West as the entrance to the South China Sea.
3. In most cases, however, countries form regional alliances
because they believe that there is a strength in numbers.
When we talk about alliance, this is international relations.
Either a formal agreement between two or more states or
countries for mutual support in case of war. Contemporary
alliances provide for combined action on the part of two or
more independent states, and are generally defensive in
nature. Obligating allies to join forces if one or more of
them is attacked by another state or coalition.
3.1. Military Defense
● North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- The most widely known defense grouping
- Formed during the Cold War. This was when
the Western European countries and United
States agreed to protect Europe, against the
threat of the Soviet Union
● Warsaw Pact.
- The Soviet Union responded by creating a
regional, another regional alliance
- Consisting of the Eastern European countries
under Soviet domination.
- The Soviet Union deployed in December,
1991, but NATO still remains in its place,
3.2. Countries form regional organizations because they
need to pool their resources to get better returns for their
exports, as well as expand their leverage against the trading
partners.
● Organization of the Petroleum Countries (OPEC)
- Established in 1960, Iran, the countries Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia. and Venezuela.
- Formed to regulate the production and the
sale of oil. So this regional alliance flexed its
muscles in the 1970s when its member
countries took over the domestic production
and dictated the crude oil prices in the world.
- OPEC success convinced nine other oil
producing countries to join them.
3.3. To protect their independence from the pressures of
superpower politics.
● Non-Allied Movement (NAM)
- Presidents of Yugoslavia, Egypt, Ghana, and
Indonesia created the non allied movement
(NAM) in 1961
- To pursue world peace and international
cooperation, human rights, national
sovereignty, racial and national equality, and
non-intervention and peaceful conflict
resolution.
- 120 member countries.
- The movement was never formalized and
continues to exist up to present, although it
lacks the same favor that it had in the past.
 - Organizations representing new regionalism rely on the
power of individual, non-government organizations (NGOs)
3.4. Economic crisis compels countries to come together. and associations to link up with one another in pursuit of a
particular goal.
- Example, the Thailand economy collapsed in 1996,
- Identified with reformists who share the same values,
after the foreign currency, speculators and troubled
norms, institutions and systems that exist outside of the
international banks demanded that the Thai
traditional and established mainstream institutions and
government pay its loan. There was a rapid
systems.
withdrawal of foreign investments which
- Some organizations, Partner with the government to initiate
bankrupped the the economy of Thailand.
social change.
Crisis began to spread to other Asian countries as - Example, ASEAN issued its human rights declaration in
their currencies were also devalued in foreign 2009, but the regional body left it to the member countries
investment left in a hurry. The IMF tried to reverse to apply the declarations principles as they see fit. Aware of
the crisis, but it was only after the ASEAN countries those democratic rights are limited in many ASEAN
Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, countries. These new regionalism organizations use this
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, declaration to pressure these governments to pass laws.
China, Japan and South Korea agreed to establish an
OTHER ORGANIZATIONS DEDICATE THEMSELVES TO
emergency fund to anticipate a crisis that ASEAN
SPECIALIZED CAUSES
economies stabilized.
Rainforest Foundation
NON-STATE REGIONALISM
- which is established by activists across Central and South
The crisis made ASEAN more united and coordinated. It is not only
America.
the state or countries that agreed to work or to join together in the
- the aim of this organization is to protect the indigenous
name of a single cause or because of one reason.
people and the rainforest of Brazil, Guyana, Panama and
Peru.
NEW REGIONALISM
Regional Interfaith Youth Networks
- Communities engage in regional organizing
- formed by the young Christians across Africa, the Middle
- Small associations that include no more than a few actors
East, the Americas, and the Caribbean.
and focus on a single issue, or huge continental unions that
- the aim is to promote conflict prevention, conflict
address a multitude common problems from territorial
resolution, peace, education and sustainable development.
defense to food security.
Migrant Forum in Asia.
- An NGO and Tradeable Union, which is committed to protect
and promote the rights and the welfare of the migrant
workers.
These organizations primarily lie in their moral standing and their
ability to combine lobbying with pressure politics. Unfortunately
most of them are poorly financed, this places them at a
disadvantage when dealing with their official counterparts who
have large state funds. Their impact in global politics, however, or
therefore is limited.
This new regionalism differs significantly from the traditional to
state regionalism. When it comes to identifying problems, for
example, state treat poverty organization environment degradation
as technical or economic issues that can be resolved by refining
existing programs of state agencies and making minor changes in
economic policies and creating new offices that address this issue.
However, new regionalism advocates such as the NGO Global
Forum, see these issues as reflections of a flawed economic
development and environmental modern. Today, this region faces
multiple challenges and the most serious of which is the
resurgence of militant nationalism and populism.
The relationship, for example, the United States and NATO. The
Alliance Core member with NATO has become problematic after
Donald Trump demonizes the organization as simply he believed
that it is just leeching American military power without giving
anything in return. Another example is the most crisis regional
organization today is the European Union.
The continuing financial crisis of the regions, forcing countries like
Greece to consider leaving the union who gain more flexibility in
their economic policy. Anti-immigrant sentiment and populist
campaigns against Europe have already led to the United Kingdom
voting to leave the European Union in the move the media has
termed it Brexit. (BREXIT - 'Britain' and 'exit', refers to the
withdrawal process of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European
Union (EU). In Asia, like ASEAN members continue to disagree over
the extent to which member countries should sacrifice their
sovereignty for the sake of regional stability.
Recently, ASEAN countries also disagreed over how to relate to
China. The Philippines enabled other countries to support the
condemnation of China's occupation in the West Philippine Sea.
The final challenge to regionalism is the differing visions of what
regionalism should be.
For the Western governments they see regional organizations not
simply as an economic formation, but also an instrument of
political democratization. On the other hand, the non-Western and
developing societies, however, may have a different view regarding
globalization development and democracy like Singapore, China,
and Russia, they see democracy as an obstacle to the
implementation and the deepening of economic globalization
because constant public inquiry about economic projects and
lengthy debate slowed down the implementation or lead to an
unclear outcomes.
The factors or the difference between globalization and
regionalism is that globalization, as we all know, signifies the
events relating to the globe over the world, and it is the way
countries and people of the world interact or integrate. The term
regionalization referred to the event across regions that are sub
global, like Europe, Northern America, Amazon, Brazil, ASEAN, and ASIA REGIONALISM
these regions are formed by two factors. Lesson expectations:
1. Physical Factors. 1. Differentiate between regionalization and globalization.
- defined by the landforms, like continent, mountain ranges, 2. Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of Asian
soil, natural vegetations, and another one. region
2. Cultural Factor 3. Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges
- distinguished by such traits, languages, politics, religions, of globalization and regionalization.
economic and industries.
Regionalism is an expression of a common identity implementation
These regions are kept together through the following: of institutions that express a particular identity, and it shapes the
1. natural factor collective action within the geographical region. Asia is the new
2. history factor stabilizing engine of global economic growth. It greatly influences
3. Administration the world. Since it plays a vital role in the global economic
4. Polarization leadership.
5. communication
Asian regionalism is integration of Asian countries for economic or
Factors leading to greater integration of the ASEAN Region global economic progress.

1. Trade ● The product of economic interaction.

2. similar culture ● Helps the region to grow richer and closer together
3. common goals ● Focused on finding new and flexible forms of cooperation.
4. mutual beliefs ● Regional initiatives are intended to complement global
5. similar security needs. relationships.

The history of regionalism shows that regional cessations emerge
as the new global concern arises. The future of this regionalism
will be contingent on the immense changes in the global politics
that will emerge in the 21st century.
How is Asian economies connected?
1. Trade. At the beginning of the 21st century, nearly all
countries were responding to globalization of production by
promoting exports and opening domestic markets to
international competition to varying degrees.
 Japan, for example, has played a prominent role in Asian
trade. South Korea, China and Taiwan have also traded more
heavily with other Asian countries. Over the years, China
and Association of SouthEast Asian Nations (ASEAN),
ASEAN members are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
and Vietnam, have enjoyed growing political mutual trust
and strong regional economic reciprocity, which have all
played a significant part in the growth of bilateral trade and
economic operation. According to Keyan Fang, the director
of the research department of the National Strategy
Institute at Shingwa University. ASEAN now becomes
China's largest trading partner in 2020 with 7% growth.
There has been an effort on the part of Asian countries to
improve their trading position by also joining organizations
of commodity producers.
For example, the most prominent and occasionally
successful of these groups is the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC), which is dominated by the
major oil producing countries of SouthWest Asia. ASEAN
also has fostered joint economic ventures among its
member states to reduce tariff trade barriers.
2. Financial Transactions. According to Gemma Estrada, Dong
Yun Park and Arif Aramayan in 2010, economic theory
suggests sound and efficient financial systems. Like banks,
equity markets and bank markets which channel the capital
to its most productive users are beneficial for economic
growth.
Asia has been the world's largest regional banking market
for a decade. Generating pre-tax profit in excess of $700
billion and accounting for 37% of global banking profit
pools in 2018. The estimation is that as incomes continue to
rise and the middle class grows to include ⅔ of Asian
households, personal financial assets in the region will total
to $69 trillion by 2025, which will represent approximately
three quarters of the global total. According to Jacob Dal,
Ervin Nam and Joy Deepsanggupta.
3. Direct investments. An investment in the form of
controlling ownership in a business in one country by an
entity based in another country.
In 2019, China was the largest foreign direct investment
recipient, attracting 38% of the total foreign direct
investment inflows to the region. Japan was the largest
source of investment from the region in 2019, which is
responsible for 42% of the regional outward foreign direct
investment. As the cross border investments, Asia emerges
as a major global investor while it continues to attract
feasible Foreign Direct Investments(FDI). And in 2018,
43.1% of global inward FDI went to Asia, creating around
900,000 jobs.
4. Economic relationships. In Asia, regional economic
integration has mainly focused on trade in goods and
services and to some extent investment. So regarding trade
in goods, most intra-ASEAN trade or trade between ASEAN
and its six FDI partners (China, Korea, Japan, Australia, New
Zealand and India) already involve tariffs that are very close
 to zero. The highest level of interregional trade within Asia
is in East Asia.
The 10 countries, ASEAN including South Korea, Japan, and
China, there has been a high share of Interregional
investment in Asia with the five largest investors (Japan,
China, South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong).
5. Labor and Tourist flows. In view of the division of labor that
existed between the colonial countries and the
metropolitan powers in colonial days, it is not surprising
that until the 1970s, the economies of the independent
states or countries in Asia were more competitive.
According to the most recent International Labor
Organization (ILO) estimates in 2007, there were 163.8
million migrant workers in the world. Asia and the Pacific
host 20.4% of these migrants. The Arab states, have the
highest proportion of migrant workers to all workers, which
is 40.8% and host 13.9% of migrant workers worldwide,
while most of them from Southeast and South Asia.
There are other key migration corridors in the region,
including two and within the association of southeast Asia
region. So, moreover, as clearly illustrated in the United
Nations World Trade Organizations(UNWTO) compendium of
best practices and recommendations for eco-tourism in Asia
and the Pacific has become an important niche market in
the region, helping to extend the benefits of tourism to
poorer local communities in less developed tourism
countries such as Cambodia, Philippines, Vietnam, and Sri
Lanka, as well as in less developed areas of more
established tourism destinations like Thailand and
Indonesia
6. Technology. Digital economy refers to a broad range of
economic activities that use digitized information and
knowledge as key factors of production. The internet, cloud
computing, big data, Financial Technology (FinTech), and
other new digital technologies are used to collect, store,
analyze and share information digitally and transform social
interactions. Asia’s digital transformation is already having
a massive impact on the region's economies. Asia’s
eCommerce translation actions account for 25% of the
business to consumer market in the world led by the
People's Republic of China, where companies like Alibaba
and 10 cents have grown at a breakneck pace.
FinTech has risen to the new ways of delivering financial
services in Asia, particularly in facilitating payment and
lending. It promotes financial inclusion in many developing
Asian countries, FinTech based lending in Asia reached up
to $102.8 billion in 2015 while the proliferation of
technologies further improved the efficiency of the payment
system and strengthened Asia's position as the largest
payment market in the world.
Digitized networks and intelligent information and
communication technologies (ICT) enable modern economic
activities to be more flexible, agile, and smart.
Importance of this Asian Regionalism?
1. helped to sustain the region's growth
2. underpinned the region stability
 3. reduce inequality multilateral exchange between Europe and Asia in
4. marshal common response to major challenges the spheres of politics, business, and culture.
5. sustain global economic progress. - Founded in 1996 at the Initiative of Singapore and
France, which has expanded from its original
Economic and political cooperation is not yet well established in membership from 26 to 53 members today.
the Asia Pacific region. In Europe, many states believe that it is - The European side, these are the 28 European Union
important to keep their own distinct economic and political profile. members states ( which include Switzerland,
Diverse regional cooperation structures are emerging in this region Norway). On Asian side, they comprise China, Japan,
too. India, South Korea, Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia,
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines,
Different ASIAN Groups and Associations
Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam).
According to the Federal Foreign Office, there are different regional
- The Australian secretariat (Pakistan, Australia, New
organizations in Asia.
Zealand, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Russia, and the
1. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Kazakhstan).
- was founded in 1967
3. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).
- now it has 10 member states. (Brunei DaruSsalam,
- Founded in 1989 on the Initiative of Japan and
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos Malaysia, Myanmar, the
Australia
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam).
- Aims to strengthen the economic growth in the Asia
- Cooperation in ASEAN to date has focused on
Pacific region
economic integration.
- Dismantling tariffs and other barriers to trade their
- ASEAN Charter
summit in Bogor,Indonesia in 1994.
- provides a foundation for the further
- APEC countries agreed to set up a free trade area
development of ASEAN community and gives
within the economic community
ASEAN a legal personality.
- Summits at the head of state and government level
- records ASEAN state's commitment to the
are held annually with the participation of the
rule of law, democracy, and good governance
business executives.
and envisages the formation of a human
- Climate protection appeared on APEC's agenda for
rights body that's supporting to ASEAN work.
the first time at the 15th summit in Sydney in 2007.
2. Asia-Europe meeting
- Currently APEC has 21 member economies
- According to the official website of Asia-Europe
(Australia, Brunai, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong,
meeting is an interregional dial forum for
Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand,
 Papua New Guinea, Peru, the Philippines, the
Russian federation, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan,
Thailand, the United States and Vietnam.
- Together these economies account for some 55% of
global gross domestic product and some 45% of the
global train.
4. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC)
- According to SAARC-SEC.ORG, it was founded in
1985 by Bangladesh, Butan, India,Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan has had eight
members since 2007.
- Together with China, Japan, South Korea, and the
United States, the European Union also attended the
SAARC Summit as an observer for the first time in
2007.
- Had observer status at the United Nation since
December 2004.
- SAARC concentrates on economic and trade issues.
The agreement to create the South Asian Free Trade
Area (SAFTA), which entered into Force 2006,
brought a milestone in regional economic
cooperation.
- SAFTA has been ratified by all member states, the
SAARC remit extends to cooperation in seven key
areas, including agriculture and rural development,
environment and forestry, human resources
development, and transportation.
5. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
- Emerged in 2001 from the Shanghai five set up in
1996.
- The original five members were China, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, and Tajikistan.
- Uzbekistan joined in 2001
- Mongolia, India, Iran, and Pakistan became
observers in 2004 and 2005
- Belarus and Sri Lanka dialog partners in 2009
- SCO Summit in Beijing, China in June 2012,
Afghanistan, which had attended the SCO Summit as
a special guest for several years, was granted
observer status, and Turkey also obtained dialogue
partner status. Turkmenistan, however, is not a
member of the SCO on the grounds of its permanent
neutrality, but it attends the summit as a special
guest of honor.
- SCO has held observer status and the United Nation
since 2004.
- SCO maintains cooperation agreement with the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the
ASEAN. CIS is a regional intergovernmental
organization in Eastern Europe and Asia.
- SCO's original focus was on security cooperation in
the member states' border regions.
6. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partner (RCEP)
- A free trade agreement between AsiaPacific Nations
of Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia,
Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand,
Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, and
Vietnam.
- 15 member countries account for about 30% of the
world's population, which is 2.2 billion people and
30% of global gross domestic product (GDP), which
 is $26.2 trillion as of 2020, making it the biggest
trade bloc in history.
- Unifying the preexisting bilateral agreements
between the 10 members. ASEAN envies its major
partners.
- Signed on November 15, 2020 at the virtual ASEAN
summit, which was hosted by Vietnam, and it took
effect after 60 days.
- RCEP is the first free trade agreement between
China, Japan, and South Korea. Three of the five
largest economies in Asia. (China is the largest
economy in Asia, followed by Japan, India, South
Korea, and Indonesia. These five together hold a
huge 76.5% share of the Asian economy.)
- Several analysts predicted that it would offer
significant economic gains for signatory nations, as
well as pull the economic center of gravity back
towards Asia, with China poised to take the lead in
writing trade rules for the region, leaving the US
behind in economic and political affairs. Reactions
from other were neutral or negative with some
analysts saying that economic gains from the trade
deal would be modest.
- RCEP has been criticized for ignoring labor, human
rights and environmental sustainability issues.
7. Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).
- Founded in Wellington, New Zealand in 1971.
- Provides a forum for dialogue and cooperation on
politics, economics, environment, culture, education,
and social affairs.
- This forum is the only multilateral forum in the
Pacific region to also look at the security policy
aspect.
- 16 member states are Australia, Cook Islands,
Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru,
New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea,
Republic of the Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon
Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
- European Union (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain and Sweden) is one also of the 14
Dialogue partners of the PIF.
- Other dialogue partners of PIF are China, France,
Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and also the United
States.
8. ASEAN PLUS THREE (APT) and ASEAN+6
- A forum that functions as a coordinator of
cooperation between the ASEAN-Plus Three (APT)
which consists of 10 ASEAN Member States (Brunei
DaruSsalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos Malaysia,
Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and
Vietnam), and PLUS Three - China, Japan, and the
Republic of Korea (ROK).
- The government leaders, ministers and senior
officials from the 10 members of the ASEAN and the
three East Asian states consult on an increasing
range of issues.
- APT is the latest development of Southeast Asian -
East Asia regional cooperation.
- Proposals such as South Korea's goal for an Asian
common market in 1970, in Japan's 1980,
suggestions for an Asian network have been made to
bring closer to regional cooperation.
- APT was the first of attempts for further integration
to improve the existing ties of Southeast Asia with
the East Asian countries . This was followed by an
even larger East Asia Summit (EAS) which included
APT as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand.
This group acted as a prerequisite for the East Asia
community, which was supposedly patterned after
the European community, which is now transformed
into the European Union (EU). ASEAN eminent
persons group was created to study the policy.
Possible success and failure.
- The group became ASEAN Plus Six with Australia,
New Zealand, and India, and stands as the linchpin
of Asia Pacific’s economic political securities, social,
cultural architecture, as well as the global economy
and relations between these countries has seen
progress through the development of the regional
comprehensive economic partnership,which is a free
trade agreement involving the 15 countries of the
ASEAN Plus Six, excluding the India. The RCEP
would, in part, allow the members to protect local
sectors and give more time to comply with the aim
for developed country members. So the economies in
this region that have not joined RCEP are Hong Kong,
India, Macau, North Korea and Taiwan.
9. Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans
Pacific Partnership (CPTPP11)
- A trade agreement between countries. (Australia,
Brunei Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New
Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam)
- This agreement evolved from the trans pacific
partnership (TPP), which never entered into force
due to the withdrawal of the United States.
- The 11 signatories have combined economies
representing 13.4% of the global cross domestic
(GDP) at approximately 13.5 trillion US$, making the
CPTPP one of the world's largest free trade areas by
GDP.
- Along with the United States, Mexico, Canada
Agreement, the European single market, and the
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
10. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
- which is promoting peace and security through
dialogue and cooperation in the Asia Pacific.
- ARF was founded in 1994 following a decision by the
ASEAN Foreign Ministers.
- The ARF deals with security issues, and it's the only
institutionalized security policy discussion forum in
the Asia Pacific Region and along with the 10 ASA
members states another 16 countries, Australia,
Bangladesh, Canada, China, India, Japan, Mongolia,
New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua Gua,
Russian Federation, South Korea, Sri Lanka to more
or less in the United States currently participate as
well as the European Union.
 - For the European Union, the ARF is the important
forum in the Asia Pacific for advocating its security
policy concepts and promoting confidence building
and preventive diplomacy.
Benefits Asian Regionalism to Asia
1. Link the competitive strengths of its diverse economy.
2. Create regional mechanisms.
3. Effective global solutions.
4. Connects the region's capital market.
5. Pooled the region's foreign exchange.
6. Cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic
policies.
7. Exercise leadership in global decision making.
8. Build connected infrastructure and collaborative on
inclusive development.
9. Generate productivity gains, new ideas, and competition.
10. Diversify the sources of global demand.
11. Contribute to the efficiency and stability of global financial
markets
12. Stabilize the world economy.
13. Diminished the risk post by global imbalances.
14. Provide leadership
Asian regionalism has brought greater impact in the region's
growth and development. In 2001 for example, India had one of the
fastest growing service sectors in the world with an annual growth
rate of 9%.
In 2010, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and
Kuwait registered high GDP in the years. In 2012 - 2013, the
Philippines managed to grow at rates at par with China. In 2013,
China opened its Shanghai Free Trade Zone, which then in 2015,
China surpassed the United States and the European Union to
become the world's largest economy.
In 2019-2020. United States of America is no longer the strongest
country when it comes to economy, China is now in the top one.
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), China has the
biggest GDP in the world, followed by US, India, Japan, and also
Indonesia
Indeed in 2020,accordingly, Asia’s GDP will overtake the GDP of the
rest of the world if combined. By 2030, the region is expected to
contribute roughly at least 60% of the global growth. Asia Pacific
will also be responsible for the overwhelming majority of 90% of
the 2.4 billion new members of the middle class, which is entering
the global economy.
The bulk of that growth will come from the developing markets of
China, India, and throughout Southeast Asia, and it'll give rise to a
host of new decisions for businesses, governments, and the NGOs.
Risk of Asian Regionalism
1. The global demand and financial can be compromised.
2. Financial reversal and economic slowdowns.
3. New health or security threats could also make the flow of
people and goods more difficult and expensive.
Environmental damage could also result in radical changes
in economic policy.
4. Social instability could generate tension and uncertainty
that overwhelms economic progress.
GDP Growth Forecasts
Asia's economy growth today according to Asian Development
Banks, the regional economic growth in developing Asia will
decline sharply in 2020. Due to the effects of the
Novel-Coronavirus (Covid 19) pandemic, before recovering in 2021,
according to Asian development out looking 2020.
All developing Asia subregions will see growth within this year
(2022) because of weak global demand. And in some economies
because of domestic outbreaks, containment policies and
subregions that are more economically open like East and
Southeast Asia or tourism dependent like the Pacific will be hard hi
Economic activity, however, the Pacific subregion is expected to
contract by 0.3% into 2020 before recovering to 2.7 in 2021.
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
Lesson Expectation:
1. Explain how globalization affects religious practices and
beliefs.
2. Analyze the relationship between religion and global
conflict and conversely global piece.
What is religion?
- a belief in a supernatural power or powers that are regarded
as, um, creators and maintenance of the universe.
A social cultural system of designated behaviors and practices,
morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies,
ethics, or organizations that relates humanity to supernatural,
transcendental and spirit wall elements.
Types of Religion.
1. Monotheistic religion
- they believe in one God.
- includes many of the well known faiths, including
Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.
2. Polytheistic religion
- a belief in many gods,
- some well known faiths including Taoism, Hinduism,
Shintoism, Wicca, and some of the Chinese folk
religions. Other examples are various African tribal
and/or folk religions, and various American tribal
and/or folk religions
3. Animistic or traditional religion
- Often believed that different aspects of nature have
divine powers.
 - The term animism is a feature of various ancient and
modern religions, including Shinto, which is the
traditional Japanese folk religion.
- And today, this animism is often used as an
anthropological term when discussing different
systems of belief.
Different Religions of the World
Major religions around the world
1. Christianity (the religion with most adherence)
2. Buddhis
3. Islam
4. Hinduism
5. Indigneous religions
6. Judais
Religions in Southeast Asia
Note: Common Era and Before the Common Era are year notations
for the Gregorian calendar, the world's most widely used calendar
era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to
the Anno Domini and Before Christ notations used by Dionysius
1. Judaism
- Existed 2000 before the common era
- A monotheist religion
- Believe that their God made a special covenant or
agreement with Abraham, who is the father of the
Jewish people.
- Believe that God revealed his laws to his people
through Moses and 10 Commandments.
- Presently existed in the country, Israel.
Star of David
● Shield of David
○ Jewish symbol
○ Composed of two overlaid equilateral triangles that
form a six pointed star
○ Mostly appear on the Jewish synagogues, tostones
and flag of the state of Israel.
● Megan David is a Jewish liturgy, which signifies God as the
protector of David.
○ Some Kabbalist popularize the use of this symbol as
a protection against the evil spirits. (Kabbalah is an
esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in
Jewish mysticism. A traditional Kabbalist in Judaism
is called a Mekubbal.)
2. Christianity
- 26 to 36 Common Era
- Christianity is heavily influenced by the religion
Judaism
- A monotheistic religion which believes in one God
who is all powerful and all knowing, believes in
Jesus Christ who died for the sins of mankind.
- Believe that salvation comes from the faith in God
- Believe in the old, in the New Testaments of the
Bible, which they considered as the Holy Books.
Branches of Christianity
A. Roman Catholicism
- Comprises the beliefs and practices of the
Catholic Church.
- Stands under the authority of the Bishop of
Rome, the Pope, and is led by him and bishops
 who are held to be through ordination, - Founded by Prophet Muhammed,who lived from 570
successor of Peter and the apostles. to 632 in Saudi Arabia.
- Christian Church has been the decisive - The teachings of Prophet Mohamed were collected
spiritual force in the history of Western into the book, which is called the Quran.
civilization, along with Eastern Orthodoxy - Muslims worship in buildings, which are called
and Protestantism. mosques (masjid).
B. Protestantism
- Form of Christian faith and practice, which Five Pillars or Central Teachings of Islam
originated with the 6th-century Reformation
1. Statement of a prayer
- A movement against what its followers
2. Pray five times a day in the direction of Mecca, Saudi
considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic
Arabia
Church.
3. Charity
- One of the major divisions of Christdom and
4. Pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia at least once in a
together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern
lifetime, called Hajj.
Orthodoxy.
5. Fasting, which is during the month of Ramadan.
C. Eastern Orthodox
4. Hinduism.
- Anglicanism is sometimes considered to be
- One of the oldest religions in the world
independent from protestantism.
- polytheistic religion that originated in South Asia,
- All the many Protestant denominations reject
which is present day India, around 2000 before the
the notion of Papal supremacy over the
common era.
universal church, and generally deny the
- Atman and Brahman are important to the belief in
Roman Catholic doctrine of
Hinduism.
trans-substantiation, but they disagree
- Atman is the spirit or soul of a person, which most
among themselves Regarding Christ's
Hindus believe is eternal.
presence in the eucharist.
- Brahman refers to a supreme spirit, but it can also
3. Islam
mean an infinite and unchanging reality.
- 610 Common Era
- Most of the Hindus believe that the goal of life is to
- Monotheistic religion.
realize that Atman is the same as Brahman and
- Believe in one God.
thereby reach Moksha or liberation.
- Developed in Saudi Arabia in the early 1600s
- Directly related to Judaism and Christianity.
- Believe in life after death (reincarnation) and karma.
When a person dies, they believe that they live again,
until they finally reach Moksha.
- Have several holy books like Vedas, Upanishads, Epic
of Mahabharata and Epic of Ramayana
- Vedas are a large body of religious texts
originating in ancient India. Composed in
Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest
layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest
scriptures of Hinduism.
- Upanisads, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism,
deal with meditation, philosophy,
consciousness, and ontological knowledge;
earlier parts of the Vedas deal with mantras,
benedictions, rituals, ceremonies, and
sacrifices.
- Epic of Mahabharata is an ancient Indian epic
where the main story revolves around two
branches of a family - the Pandavas and
Kauravas - who, in the Kurukshetra War,
battle for the throne of Hastinapura.
Interwoven into this narrative are several
smaller stories about people dead or living,
and philosophical discourses.
- Ramayan Epic, traditionally ascribed to the
Maharishi Valmiki, narrates the life of Rama,
a legendary prince of Ayodhya city in the
kingdom of Kosala
- System in India, which is called the caste system,
which is the system of social organization.
Four main categories of caste system, but presently this system
has led to discrimination and has been outlawed by India.
1. Brahmins
2. Kshatriyas
3. Vaishyas
4. Shudrasor
5. Buddhism
- Originated in India.
- Sometime between 6th and 4th centuries before the
common era, which is spreading through much of
Asia
- World's fourth largest religion
- Based on a series of original teachings attributed to
Siddharta Gautama Buddha.
- Most Buddhist traditions emphasize transcending
the individual through the attainment of Nirvana or
by following the path of Buddhahood and ending the
cycle of death and rebirth.
- Buddhism Four noble truths, which is considered to
be the first teaching of the Buddha.
- The goal of Buddhism is to overcome suffering,
which is caused by the desire and ignorance of
reality's true nature ,including permanence and the
nonexistence of the self, anattā.
- Most Buddhist traditions emphasize transcending
the individual self through the attainment of nirvana
or by following the path of Buddhahood and ending
the cycle of death and rebirth.
- Originated in India and presently this religion existed
in Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and
Cambodia.
 6. Taoism
- A philosophy, which began in China about 500 to 400
BC.
- Based on the teaching of Laozi
- Tao Te Ching, a collection of Laozi’s teaching
- Tao is called the Great Mother Empty yet
inexhaustible. Gives birth to infinite words and it is
always present within you, and believed, you can use
it in any way you want.
- In ancient Chinese philosophy, The Yin Yang or the
dark light or the symbol of the dark light. The
negative and the positive is a concept of dualism
describing how seemingly opposite or contrary
forces.
Yin Yang symbol
- In Chinese cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a
primary chaos of material energy organized into the cycles
of Yin and Yang, and forms into objects and lives.
- Yin is receptive. Yang oung is the active principle seeing in
all forms of change in different, such as the animal cycle,
like the winter and summer, the landscape, the north facing
shade and the south facing brightness, aside from that, like
sex were coupling the male and the female, the formation of
both women and men as characters and social political
history and disorder and order.
- Presently it existed in some parts of Taiwan, China, and
Australia.
7. Confucianism.
- A philosophy that began in China around 500 to 400
BC and it is based on the teachings of Confusius.
- Concerned mainly with social organization and
emphasizes the respect for the elders and education.
8. Ancestor Worship.
- An ancient belief that has been incorporated into
many religions in Asia
- The idea of worshiping and respecting one's
ancestors.
- Traditional African religions generally believe in an
afterlife
- An important basic concept is mostly in all African
religions.
The development of religions has taken different forms in different
cultures and some religions place an emphasis on belief while
others emphasize practice, some religions also focus on the
subjective experience of the religious individual. While others
considered the activities of the religious community to be most
important, some religions claim to be universal and believe that
their laws in cosmology to be binding for everyone. Others are
intended to be practiced only by closely defined or localized
groups. In many places across the globe, religion has been
associated with public institutions such as education, hospitals,
family, government, and political hierarchies
Anthropologists John Monaghan and Peter Just state that “it seems
apparent that one thing, religion or belief, helps us do or deal with
the problems of human life that are significant, persistent, and
intolerable”. One important way in which religious beliefs
accomplish, is by providing a set of ideas about how and why the
world is put together, and that allows people to accommodate
anxieties and deal with misfortunes.
What is the relationship between this religion and globalism?
● Peter Berger , argues that far from being secularized, the
contemporary world is furiously religious. In most of the
world, he believes that there are reasonable explosions of
religious fervor occurring in one form of another In all the
major religious traditions, like Christianity, Judaism, Islam,
Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confusionism. And in many
places in imaginative synthesis of one or more world
religions with indigenous faiths.
● Religion is said to be the foundation of modern republics.
The Malaysian government places this religion as the center
of their political system.Its constitution explicitly explained
that Islam is the religion of the federation, and the rulers of
each state was also the head of religion of Iran.
● The late Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini, bragged about
the superiority of Islamic rule over its secular counterparts
and pointed out that “there is no fundamental distinction
among constitutional, despotic, dictatorial, democratic, and
communistic regimes.” He believed that all secular
ideologies were the same and they were flawed. Islamic rule
was a superior form of government because it is spirit in
one.
● Religious movements do not hesitate to appropriate secular
themes and practices.
● The moderate Muslim Associations Nahdlatul Ulama in
Indonesia has Islamic schools, called Pesantren,
● Students are taught not only about Islam, but also about
modern science, social science, modern banking, civic
education, rights of women, pluralism, and democracy.
● It was also believed religion was the result of a shift in state
policy. The Church of England was shaped by the rationality
of modern democratic in bureaucratic culture. King Henry
VIII broke away from Roman Catholicism and established his
own power. The United States religion and law were fused
together to help build this modern secular society. It was
observed in the early 1800s by French historian and
diplomat, Alexis de Tocqueville, who wrote that not only the
Americans practice the religions out of self-interest, but
they even place in this world the interest which they have in
practicing it.
● Jose Casanova confirms this statement by noting that
historically religion has always been at the very center of all
great political conflicts and movements of social reforms.
● From independence, evolution from nativism to women's
suffrage, from prohibition to the civil rights movements,
religion had always been at the center of these conflicts but
also on both sides of political barricades.
● Globalization helps increase greater religious tolerance and
acceptance of other cultures and religion that enhances all
mind, knowledge, etc., with globalization, religion becomes
a culture of pluralism that teaches us to respect other
religions. In one country or in the world, people from
different religions live in harmony and peace and respect
one another.
● Media and technology also plays an important role in
spreading the ideas of every religion. People can know
about every religion and can choose the right path of their
life.
● Globalization brings economic marginalization, in which
various religious organizations play an important social role
such as the Catholic Relief Services, World Vision
International, Islamic Relief Worldwide and others serve
many disadvantaged areas such as poverty relief,
healthcare, HIV or AIDS crisis and environmental problems
that draw massive followers while strengthening religious
values and ideas. Another example in the face of political
chaos and crushing poverty, the Africans find the church as
the place they can go for assistance and relief.
● Globalization brings global political forums that try to
diminish cultural, ethnic, ideological and religious
differences such as - while discussing issues such as
international peace and security, health, poverty,
environment, etc. Like the United Nations, World Health
Organizations, European Unions (EU), etc. Organization
shares basic commitments of religious traditions such as
peace, human dignity and equality, religious freedom,
conflict resolution, etc.
● Globalization brings negative impacts on religion because
religion breaks the traditional beliefs as people are more
connected with the world that sometimes it weakens their
own religious beliefs. This is a challenge to the globalization
of religion. There is a survey that shows that the British
people’s beliefs are changing. When they were asked what
they believed in God. In response, 77% of people answered
yes in 1968. In 2004 there were only 44% who said yes. This
evidence shows that religious beliefs are becoming less
common in this country.
● As religious and traditional beliefs are decreasing, the
explosion of the new religion is another prominent religious
phenomenon in this globalized world.
● Religious Terrorism is terrorism that is carried out based on
motivations and goals that have predominantly religious
character or influence. As the world is connected because of
globalization, people can spread their ideas and beliefs
everywhere, often by inspiring those ideas, people come up
together in order to fulfill their purpose in the name of
religion that often causes terrorist activities.
● Terrorism activities worldwide are supported through not
only the organized system that teach Holy War as the
highest calling, but through legal and often indirect
methods of financing this system. These sometimes use
organizations including charities in order to mobilize or
channel sources of funds.
● Huntington’s thesis argued that the primary source of
conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious
lines, and he called it the clash of civilization. He also
argued that the future is mostly likely to occur between
Muslims and non Muslims identifying the bloody borders
between Islamic and non Islamic civilization. Recently there
is a conflict that happened between Israel and Palestine,
due to territorial disputes, which is marked by protests,
riots and attacks on Israel by the Hamas Group and the
 Palestinian Islamic Jihad. These killed civilians on both
sides and damaged properties, buildings and even injured
innocent people.
The advancement of technology, media and free flow of
information, people are using their own religious values and terror
groups have used political agendas by using religion as a tool to
fulfill political gains. Religion has entered the information age, has
globalized and exhilarating rates in the methods religions used for
teaching and belief systems. Religion epitomizes the definition of
globalization due to the fact that it can spread more effectively
than ever before through the use of different technological tools. It
is now possible for any religion to spread beyond national borders,
allowing even small, new religious movements to engage in
overseas activities and leading to new unseen religious
development.
Globalization has a great impact on religion. As people and culture
move across the globe, ideas are mobilized and transported by the
use of media technology. Religious globalization will still go on and
on, and it has its PROs and CONs. People should cope with the flow
of information and choose their own in a peaceful way.
THE GLOBAL CITY
Lesson Expectations
1. Explain why globalization is a spatial phenomenon.
2. Identify the different attributes of a global city
3. Analyze how these cities serve as engines of globalization.
Chances are many of you would like to move to New York (USA),
Sydney (Australia) or Tokyo(Japan), probably to visit them anyway.
You have heard stories about these cities or you may have some
relatives living there who described the buzzing metropolis with
skyscrapers, buildings, and train lines that zigzag on top of each
other. You may have an idea on what these cities look like based on
what you have seen in some Hollywood movies.
How the ideas of internationalism shape modern world politics. We
need to examine the cultural movements like the Kpop and how
they spread through media like the internet.
Why globalization is spatial.
1. It occurs in physical spaces.
- When foreign investments in capital move through a
city
- When companies or businesses build buildings or
skyscrapers.
- For example, people who are working in these
businesses are Filipinos,working abroad, and
starting to purchase or rent high rise condominium
units and also better homes.
2. What makes it move is the fact that it is based in places.
- Los Angeles for example, the home of Hollywood. It
is where movies are made for global consumption.
 - The main headquarters of Sony, in Tokyo, Japan, from
there the company coordinates the sale of its various
electronics, electronics goods to some branches
across the world.
These cities act on globalization and this globalization acts on
cities. These cities are sites as well as a medium of globalization.
Just like the internet, which enables and shapes the global forces.
To do so with the cities, in years to come, more and more people
will experience globalization through cities.
In 1950, there were only 30% of the world who lived in urban
areas, but in 2014 this number increased to 54% and is expected
that in 2050 it will reach 66%. Studies about globalization through
the living environment of a rapidly increasing number of people.
Saskia Sassen
- Sociologist
- popularized the term global city in the 1990s
- identified three major cities, these are New York (USA),
London (England). and Tokyo (Japan).
- New York has the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
- London has the Financial Time Stock Exchange (FTSE)
- Tokyo has the Nikkei
- The amount of money traded in markets is staggering. The
value of shares traded in the NYSE is $19.3 trillion, while
the shares in the Philippines Stock Exchange (PSE) is
$231.3 billion, the NYSE represents the highest
concentration of capital in the whole world.
Limiting the discussion of global cities to these three major
metropolises, however, is proving more and more restrictive. The
global economy is now changing since Sassen wrote her book and
any account of the economic power of cities today, must take note
of the latest development there is. Recent commentators have
expanded the criteria that Sassen used to determine what
constitutes a global city. Example, though it is not as wealthy as
New York, the movie-making Mecca Los Angeles can now rival the
(Big Apple’s New York) cultural influence.
Los Angeles. Sprawling Southern California City and the center of
the nation's film and television industry. Near its iconic Hollywood
sign, studios such as Paramount Pictures, Universal, and Warner
Brothers offer behind the scenes to works.
San Francisco. Another global city because it is home to the most
powerful companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Google. San
Francisco is a cultural or commercial and financial center in
Northern California. It is said to be the 16 most populous cities in
the United States.
Shanghai and Beijing in China. The growth of the Chinese economy
has turned these cities into the center of trade and finance. The
Chinese government reopened the Shanghai Stock Exchange in the
late 1990, and since then, it has grown to become the fifth largest
stock market in the world.
Sydney and Melbourne. Some cities in Australia are global because
they are a great place to live in. Sydney, commands the greatest
proportion of capital. Melbourne is described as Sydney's rival
global city because many of the magazines and least have now
referred to it as the world's most livable city. Melbourne is a place
with good public transportation, a thriving cultural scene, and
relatively easy pace of life.
Defining a global city can be difficult, one way of solving this
dilemma is to go beyond the simple dichotomy of global and
non-global. Instead of asking whether or not one city is a global
city, it is better to ask in what ways are these cities global and to
what extent are they global?
Indicators for globality
1. Economic power
- Economic power largely determines which cities are
global
3. Economic Competitiveness
Example 1: New York has the highest stock market in
the world, but Tokyo houses the most corporate
headquarters. Tokyo it was said that there are 613
company headquarters as opposed to New York
which is 217.
Example 2: The City of Shanghai may have a smaller
stock market compared to the two (New York and
Tokyo), but it plays a critical role in the global
economy. Supply chain ever since China has become
the manufacturing center of the world. Shanghai
City in China is the busiest container port in the
world, moving over 33 million containers in 2013.
4. Center of Authority.
2. Economic Opportunities.
- economic opportunity in a global city makes it
attractive to and from across the world.
Example 1: Silicon Valley in San Francisco. Since the
1970s many of the top IT programmers and
engineers from different parts of the world, or
specifically from Asia, have moved to the San
Francisco Bay area, to become some of the key
figures in Silicon Valley's technological boom. This is
a region of the southern part of the San Francisco
Bay Area in northern California that serves as a
global center for high technology and innovation.
Example 2: London. Remains a preferred destination.
Many Filipinos with nursing degrees for economic
opportunities.
- market size, the purchasing power of the citizens,
and the size of the middle class and the potential for
growth of a certain city.
Example: Singapore is part of ASEAN countries and
is the most competitive city. Singapore has a strong
market efficient and incorruptible government and
liability. It also houses the regional offices and many
major global corporations and businesses.
Prosperous nations with a business friendly or
regulatory environment, and a very low
unemployment rate.
- political power
- the cities that house the major international
organization may be considered the center of
political influence.
Example 1: Washington District of Columbia
(Washington DC), it may not be as wealthy as New
 York, but it is a seat to American politicians or
American state power. So people around the world
know its major landmarks like the White House, the
US capital, the Supreme Court, the Washington
Monument, and the Lincoln Memorial.
Example 2: Compared to Sydney and Melbourne. One
city in Australia, named Canberra now is a sleepy
town and does not it is not attractive to some
tourists, but it is Australia’s Political capital. This
place is a home to the country’s top politicians,
bureaucrats and policy advisors.
Example 3: New York. The headquarters of the
organization of the United Nations. and the
European Union is located in the process.
Example 4: Jakarta. An influential political city
which is not just the capital of Indonesia, but also
the headquarter of the Association of the Southeast
Asian Nation (ASEAN). Decisions made in the city
can therefore affect the political economy of the
entire continent and beyond.
5. Center of higher learning and culture.
A. Publishing industry.
- Many of the books that people read
and published are from New York,
London, and Paris (France). New York
Times newspaper. Not just a typical
newspaper, being a local newspaper
because people read it not just across
America, but also across all over the
world.
B. Education.
- Boston, Massachusetts. Many tourists
visit Boston because they want to see
one of the world's top universities,
Harvard University.
- Australia. Many Asian teenagers are
moving to Australia because Australia
is the leading English language
university. Education in Australia is
the third largest export of the country.
In 2015, the Australian government
reported that it made as much 19.2
billion Australian dollars from
education.
C. Film Industry.
- Los Angeles is the center of the
American film industry and considered
a global city.
D. Culinary
- Copenhagen (Denmark), A small city in
Denmark, where one can travel or can
tour around the city in just 30 minutes.
It is not a home to major stock
markets. However it is considered as
 the culinary capital of the world. With
its top restaurants, in consumer rate
with its size, and it is the birthplace of
New Nordic cuisine. The city of
Copenhagen, has set into motion
various culinary trends like foraging
the forest for local ingredients.
E. Music and Arts
- Manchester (England). In the 1980s
was a dreary industrial city, but many
of the prominent bands and the new
wave bands like Joy Division, The
Smiths, and the Happy Mondays hailed
from this city, which makes it a global
household name.
- Singapore. Slowly becoming the
cultural hub of the SouthEast Asian
region. It houses some of the region's
top television stations like Channel
News Asia and MTV SouthEast Asia. Its
various galleries in Singapore show
paintings, artists and filmmakers
respectively coming from the
Philippinesand Thailand. In fact,
sometimes it is easier to watch a
Filipino Indie film in Singapore than in
Manila. (An independent film,
independent movie, indie film, or indie
movie is a feature film or short film
that is produced outside the major film
studio system, in addition to being
produced and distributed by
independent entertainment
companies.)
Global City today…
● culturally diverse.
● can try cuisines from different parts of the world
○ the large Turkish population in Berlin and Tokyo offer
some of the best Turkish food one can find outside
Turkey.
● Manila VS Singapore
○ Manila is not a global city because of foreign
residents despite the massive domestic migration.
○ Singapore is a global city because it has a foreign
population of 38%
Challenges of Global Cities
Conjure up images of a fast paced exciting cosmopolitan lifestyle.
● great inequality and poverty
● tremendous violence. So like the broader, broader processes
of globalization
● Pathologies of global city (Chicago Council on Global
Affairs)
1. Cities can be sustainable because of their density.
2. Richard Florida notes that ecologists have found that
by concentrating on their populations in small areas
“Cities and metros decrease human encroachment
on the natural habitats”
3. Denser settlement patterns, yield energy savings
and apartment buildings, are more efficient to heat
and cool than the detached suburban houses.
4. Cities with extensive public transportation systems,
people tend to drive less,thereby cutting carbon
emissions.
- Extensive train system in New York, they have
the lowest per capita carbon footprint in the
United States. In Asia, cities like Singapore
and Tokyo also have relatively low per capita
carbon footprints. Not all cities are dense as
New York and Tokyo, some cities like Los
Angeles are urban sprawl.
5. Lack of public transportation
- With massive freeways that force the residents to
spend money on cars and gas, and while cities like
Manila, Bangkok, Mumbai.
6. Government's inability to regulate the car
industries have made them extremely polluted.
7. Urban areas consume most of the world's energy
because of the sheer size of city populations across
the world. Take note that cities around the world
cover only 2% of the world's land. These cities
consume 78% of the global energy, if carbon
emissions must be cut to prevent global warming,
these massive energy consumption in the cities must
be curbed.
- Vertical Farming . One action which requires a
lot of creativity in some cities around the
world since many of the food products travel
many miles before they get into the center of
the cities. Shipping of these food through
trains, buses, cargos, and even planes
increases the carbon. Vertical farming in
some cities around the world in New York,
Japan, and Singapore built in abandoned
buildings is increasingly being done in which
may lead the way towards a more
environmentally sustainable if more food can
be grown with less water in denser spaces
and cities will surely begin to be greener.
8. Terror attacks have targeted these cities, especially
those with global influence, economically and
politically. Due to high populations, these attracts
terrorist which targets for symbols of globalization
that many terrorist despise.
Looking from this perspective, attracting workers
and migrants make attributes that make them sites
of potential terrorist violence. 911 Terrorist
Attacked, which brought down the World Trade
Center Twin Towers in New York
In November 2015 a coordinated attack in Paris by
zealots of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
(ISIL).
9. The global city and the poor. Economic globalization
has paved the way for massive inequality. This
phenomenon is very pronounced in some cities.
Scandinavia (In English usage, Scandinavia most
commonly refers to Denmark, Norway, and Sweden)
have found ways to mitigate inequality through
 stateless social redistribution programs. However,
many cities, particularly those in developing
countries like the Philippines, India and Indonesia
are sites of contradiction. It is common in these
countries where cities are gleaming skyscrapers
alongside the shanty towns or squatter places. This
duality may even be seen in rich and urban cities. In
the outskirts of San Francisco (New York) there are
poor urban enclaves occupied by African Americans
and some immigrants who are denied opportunities
and a better life. These African Americans or
immigrant families are being forced to move away
from the economic centers of their cities because as
their cities attract more capital and richer residents,
real estate prices go up. These poor residents are
forced to relocate in far away areas with cheaper
areas.
Gentrification - driving out the poor in favor of the newer or
wealthy year in residents
In Australia, poor Aboriginal Australians, once living in
public urban housing were forced to move farther away from
the city centers that offer more jobs, more government
services, and better transportation due to gentrification.
In France, poor Muslim migrants are forced out in Paris and
have clustered around the ethnic enclaves known as
Banlieue.
10. In most of the world's global cities, the middle class
is thinning out.
- Middle class. A description given to
individuals and households who typically fall
between the working class and the upper
class within a social economic hierarchy.
Globalization creates high income jobs that are
concentrated in global cities. These high earners in
turn generate demand for an unskilled labor force -
hotel cleaners, nannies, maids, waitresses that will
attend to the increasing needs. A large global city
made us be paradise to some but purgatory to others.
Many middle income jobs in manufacturing and
businesses process outsourcing (BPO) like the call
center are moving out to other countries. The
hollowing out of the middle class in global cities has
heightened the inequality within.
In New York, there are high rolling American
investment bankers whose children are raised by
some Filipina maids. These global cities are sites and
mediums of globalization and are for material
representation of the phenomenon.
Through global cities, we see the best of globalization. They are
places that create exciting fusions of culture and ideas, but are
also places that remain sites of great inequality where global
servants serve global entrepreneurs. The question, how
globalization can be made more just is a question of how people
make their cities more just or more equal.
THE GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE
Lesson expectations:
1. To analyze how various media drive various forms of global
integration.
2. Explain the dynamic between local and global cultural
production.
3. Compare the social impacts of different media on the
process of globalization.
Globalization also entails the spread of our cultures
● When a film is made in Hollywood, it is not only shown in
the United States, but also in other cities across the globe.
● The rights of the LGBT community are spreading across the
world and become more widely accepted.
● People do travel around the globe, teaching and preaching
their beliefs in universities, in churches, in public forums,
classrooms, or even as a guest, plays a major role in the
spread of culture and ideas.
World of Ideas in Globalization
● The world of ideas is the transmission of ideas, meanings
and values around the world in such a way as to extend and
intensify social relations. This process is marked by the
common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by
the internet, popular culture, media, and international
travel.
● Mass media includes all forms of information
communicated to large groups of people from handmade
signs to an international news network. Globalization relies
on the media as its main conduit for the spread of global
culture and ideas. Scholar named Jack Lule was then right
to ask if global trade had evolved without the flow of
information on markets, prices, commodities, good religion
or music, poetry, film fiction, cuisine and fashion developed
as they have without the intermingling of media and
culture. Mass media includes all forms of information
communicated to large groups of people from handmade
signs to an international use network. There is no standard
for how large the audience needs to be before
communication becomes mass communication.
● Global media culture explores the relationship between
media culture and globalization. It approaches the past, in
current challenges concerning international
communication, explores and considers the power of media
representation. Today, these television programs, social
media groups, books, movies, magazines, and the like, have
made it easier for the advocates to reach a larger audience.
Media
● a means of conveying something such as a channel of
communications (Lule). There is an intimate relationship
between globalization and media, which must be unraveled
to further understand the contemporary world. Since media
is a means of conveying some things such as a channel of
communication, technically speaking, a person's voice is a
medium, when commentators refer to the term media, the
plural of medium, it is about technologies of mass
communications - the print media, the broadcast media, and
the digital media.
○ Print media includes the books, magazines, and
newspapers.
○ Broadcast media involves radio, film and television.
 ○ Digital media, like internet and mobile mass
communication. Within the category of this digital
media is the internet media, these are the email,
internet sites, social media, and internet based video
and audio.
Mass communication on a global level allows people across the
world to share and access the same information.
Media Globalization.
● Facilitates the operations and a prerequisite for
technological advancement. Organizations are easily
created while individuals are interconnected to those
around the world. These media technologies are intended to
reach a large audience by mass communication. Media
plays a key role in enhancing globalization.
● There is practically no globalization without media and
communications. This made the media play an important
role in facilitating the culture exchange flows of information
between different countries.
Global media industry in 2022 (in the video it’s 2021, below is the
latest data)
This report shows that connected technology became an even more
essential part of people's lives over the past year.
With social media, eCommerce, streaming content and video
games, all seeing significant growth in the past 12 months. Covid
19 introduced a new set of challenges and opportunities. Some of
the key things to look for in this year's report are the changes in
how people search for information in brands. The evolving
demographics of online audiences and the rapidly growing
importance of eCommerce.
Global Media and International Communications
Global media plays an important role in the development of
Intercultural communication in the era of globalization. Media
broadcast statements by political officials addressed to other
countries or other cultures. This international communication,
which is referred to as the study of global communication, the
communication practice that occurs across international borders.
The need for international communication was due to the
increasing effects and influences of globalization. International
communication is widely spread in contemporary society due to the
increasingly globalized market, employees who possess the ability
to effectively communicate across cultures are in high demand.
Seven (7) Dimensions
International communication encompasses political, economic,
social, cultural, and military concerns. When we talk about
international communication or communication in international
relations we are really talking about the seven dimensions of
Global Media.
1. Technology.
- The branch of knowledge that deals with the creation
in the use of technical means and their interrelations
with life, society, and environment, drawing upon
such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied
science and pure science.
- The application of scientific knowledge to the
practical aims of human life. Some ways in which
social groups provide themselves with the material
objects of their civilization is what we call
technology.
2. Telecommunication. The telegraphic or telephonic
communication of audio, video, or digital information over a
distance by means of radio waves, optical signs, or the
others, or along a transmission line. Telecommunication
companies in the Philippines are PLDT, Globe Telecom, the
cable television companies, and the mobile phone
companies, which use voice technologies to transmit
information globally. Some of the largest companies in
telecom communication sectors provide fixed line telephone
and wireless services, as well as internet data and video
communication.
3. Cultural Products. Cultural products are goods and services
that include the arts (performing arts, visual arts,
architecture), heritage, conservations (museums, galleries
and libraries), the cultural industries (written media,
broadcasting, film, recording, and festivals.
UNESCO has declared that these products are not like other
forms of merchandise. A declaration has far reaching
consequences for public policy towards culture and for the
treatment of these goods and services in international
agreements regarding trade and investment. That cultural
products are not like other groups. It is a distinction with
considerable appeal, but what that calls for significant
clarification.
4. News. News is about current events. Provided through many
different media, like the word of mouth printing, postal
system, broadcasting, electronic communication or through
the testimonies of observers and witnesses to some events.
Common topics to the news reports include war,
government, politics, education, health, the environment,
the economy, the business, the fashion, the internet, as well
as the athletic events, quirky or unusual events, government
proclamations concerning royal ceremony, laws, taxes,
public health and criminals have been dub as news since the
ancient times.
5. Mails.
- Materials such as letters and packages sent or
carried in a postal system.
- Electronic mail or Email, which is a method of
exchanging messages between people using
electronic devices.
6. Cultural relations.
- Refers to the interventions in foreign cultural arena
with the aim of enhancing intercultural dialogue and
bringing about mutual benefits connected to
security, stability and prosperity.
 - Cultural relations are reciprocal. It is non-coercive
transnational interactions between two or more
cultures encompassing a range of activities that are
conducted both by the state and non-state actors
within the space of cultural and civil society.
7. Language
- The method of human communication, either it is
spoken or written, consists of the use of words in a
structured and conventional way.
- “A study of the way children learn the language, a
system of communication used by a particular
country or a community”.
Media really plays an important role in the development of
intercultural communication in the era of globalization. They
broadcast statements by political officials addressed to other
countries or cultures, and depending on the choices of these
statements, the public who receives the message reacts or creates
a certain image to a particular country or a culture.
In cases of arrests and classes in the world have caused the media
to be seen as a big position based on the way of media coverage of
particular intercultural events. This has made the media message
to be more sensitive and added for media social responsibility and
journalism ethics. Today the media seem to be more rigid, more
panic stimulatory when covering developments affecting different
cultures.
Challenges of Global Media Culture.
● Television was turning the world into a Global VIllage -
Marshall Mc Luhan
○ Creation of a global culture. Some scholars further
grappled with the challenges of global media
culture. A lot of these early thinkers assume that
global media has this tendency to homogenize
culture. They also argued that as global media
spreads people from all over the world begin to
watch, listen to, and read the same thing like what
Marshall Mc Luhan used in his analysis of technology
to examine the impact of electronic media. He was
writing in the 1960s and mainly analyzed the social
changes brought about by television. Mc Luhan
discovered and declared that the television was
turning the world into a global village. He meant that
as more and more people sat down in front of their
television set and listened to the same stories, their
perception of the world would contract
● Cultural imperialism
○ Raises concerns in many countries where people feel
that their culture gets diluted or given a backseat to
the demands of large media and corporate interest in
the name of globalization where products and
imagery, mainly from the west, make it into the
televisions and homes of the people. The fear of
many people is that if people around the world are
molded into modern consumers, following a Western
standard, then it is easier for the large companies to
sell their products and know their buyers' habits etc.
while eroding the local cultures and traditions. There
is often extensive debate as to how likely this will be,
whether local cultures and traditions will exert their
 influence on local forms of global or if there will be through international news, broadcast, television, programming,
more extremist backlash in different parts of the new technologies, film and music.
world. Many of these and other reactions are already
seen. At one point it seemed that global television was also creating a
○ Today, cultural imperialism tends to describe the global monoculture. Now it seems more likely that social media
United States. The United States' role as the cultural will split culture and ideas into bubbles of people who do not
superpower throughout the American movie is interact. Societies can never be completely prepared for the rapid
generally much more successful than the encounter changes in the system of communication.
parts. Not only because of their business models, but
also because the concept of Hollywood has become Cultural dimensions of globalization have exercised a profound
one of the modern world worldwide movie impact on the whole globalization process, although many people
businesses defining traits. may individually try to keep themselves out from Facebook,
○ Multinational and non-governmental corporations Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. This media will continue to
can now drive global culture. This is neither entirely engender social changes. Instead of fearing these changes or
good or an early bad. Foreign cultural institutions entering a state of moral panic, everyone must collectively discover
can adopt successful American business models and ways of dealing with them responsibly and ethically.
corporations are largely willing to do whatever
makes them the most money in a particular market.
Whether that means giving local people a shot of
making movies, or making multicultural films such
as the 2008 Slumdog Millionaire.
○ Cultural imperialism has potential negative effects
as well from the spread of Western ideas of beauty to
the possible decline of local culture around the
world. Cultural imperialism can have quick and
devastating effects.

Different media have a diverse effect on the globalization process.

Global mass media are seen today as playing a key role in
enhancing globalization, facilitating culture exchange, and
multiple flows of information and image between countries