SOCSCI 21

A WORLD OF REGIONS

ZERO SUM SITUATION

 GAINS=LOSS
- Also known as ‘gain theory’

 Zero Sum Gain

- Define as one person’s gain is equivalent to another person’s losses.
- When it comes to globalization, it is not win-win situation.
- [e.g.] healthcare workers. They are choosing to work abroad since they are in search
for better job opportunities. When it comes to labor force, it is Philippine’s loss and
a gain for that certain country.

 Imports and Exports

- Kapag ang isang bansa ay malaki ang kanilang export, it is their gain. On the other
hand, kapag malaki ang import ng isang bansa, it is their loss. Bakit? Dahil kapag ang
bansa ay laging nag-iimport ng products, mas malaki iyong pera na lumalabas
outward their country. Kapag malaki naman ang export ng isang bansa, malaki iyong
perang pumapasok sa kanilang bansa.

Globalization failed to [….] the gap within and across the countries. Hindi pa rin nito na-
fufulfill iyong pangako niya to share prosperities among countries.

In 2013, there are 767M people na kung saan ang budget lang nila ay 1.90 USD. (more or less
P100 ang budget nila everyday)

HDI [HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX] RANKING

- It is used to measure the whole state development of a country in terms of their
health, education, and income.
- During 2019, the HDI of the Philippines (0.718)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations)
- Their aim is to eradicate the poverty by the year 2030.

17 SDG:
1. No Poverty
- End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. Zero Hunger
- End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture.
- Mababawasan ang famine
3. Good health and well-being
- Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all age
4. Quality Education
- Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
5. Gender Equality
- Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
- Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
- There are still some countries who freeze scarcity with water.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
- Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
- Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
- Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation
10. Reduced Inequalities
- Reduce inequality within and among countries
- Equal distribution of a resources
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
- Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
12. Responsible Consumption
- Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
 - Maging responsible sa pag-consume and pag produce, so that we will not face
scarcity

1-12 – about the well-being of the people about the economic stability of a country
13-17 – it focuses sa environment
13. Climate Action
- Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

Human environment system approach

- It discusses the duty of the people and the environment

14. Life Below Water

- Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
15. Life on Land
- Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss

16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

- Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at
all levels
17. Partnerships for the Goals
- Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for
Sustainable Development

COUNTRIES, REGIONS, AND GLOBALIZATION

Edward D. Mansfield and

Helen V. Milner state that
economic and political
definitions of regions vary
Regions
• “a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area”

ASEAN – South East Asia

- 1010
members
members

• “an amalgamation of two regions or a

combination of more than two regions”
RCEP – Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership
- Between members of the
ASEAN and the Free Trade
Agreement Partners.

• Regionalization and Regionalism should not be interchanged

Regionalization
- refers to the regional concentration of economic flows
- Increase cross border transaction or flow of goods, services, and commodities in
specified area.
- Concentrated in the economic flaws
Regionalism
- refers to the political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and
coordination among countries
- Focuses on political ideologies
- Priority niya ay ang interest ng region over the interest of one nation
- Dito nangyayari iyong pag-implement ng protocols, regulations, and laws to achieve
their goals

Reasons for regional association:

• Military defense
 • NATO and Warsaw Pact
NATO
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- Members: U.S. and other countries in Europe
- To secure peace, promote cooperation among its member and they want to fight
against the aggression of the soviet union.
- Kalaban ng NATO  USSR [Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]
Warsaw Pact
- Organization of USSR
- Also known as ‘Warsaw Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistant’
- Capital of Poland
- They established it to have mutual defense organization composed originally of the
soviet union.
• Pool their resources and get better return for their export
• OPEC
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
- Nag-cocoordinate sila para magkaroon ng policy among members, so that they can
secure fair and stable prices of petroleum for the producers and to have efficient
economic stable supply of petroleum for the consumers.
• Protect their independence from the pressures of superpower politics
• Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
- Gusto lang nilang maging independent upang maiwasan ang conflict. As well as
gusto lang nilang i-support ang kanilang sovereignty at territorial integrity.
- Countries who are not formally aligned against any major power block
• Economic crises compel countries to come together.
- it forces different countries para bumuo ng organization so that they’re be able to address
that crisis

- ASEAN
- for the purpose of accelerating economic growth and to promote security and cooperation of
its members
Countries respond economically and politically to globalization in various ways
 THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH, FIRSTAND THIRD WORLDS

Willy Brandt
- Brandt line
 Imaginary line that divides the north hemisphere and the south hemisphere
Global North
- Progressive countries
Global South

Imaginary Line
- Pinapakita niya na nagkakaroon ng north and south division when it comes to social
economic and political.
Global North and South
- It was popularized during 20th century and early 21st century
THREE WORLDS

1. First World
- Cold war
 War between US and the USSR
- They aligned themselves sa US capitalist economic and political system

2. Second World
- Mga bansa na kuampi sa new soviet communism as their economic and political
system
Capitalism
- Laborers and proletariat
 Sila iyong gumagawa ng trabaho. However, yung owner lang iyong madalas na
nagbebenefit
Communism
 - Class less society [?]. They have equal opportunity sa production. They can get the
resources they need as much as they want

3. Third World
- Non-align countries and they term as generally poor

North-South Divide in the Contemporary World

Global North

‣ Economically
• rich and developed parts of the world
• GDP per capita that is above the World’s GDP per Capita
Politically
• more powerful
Carlos Garcia
- Part ng security council
Global South

‣ Economically
• poor and developing countries
• GDP per capita that is below the World’s GDP per

‣ Capita
Politically
• politically marginalized
 They’re not be able to participate democratically in decision making

Open veins
- It is a book published by galliano [he is a latin American]
- Crayol[?] Oligarchy  rule of the few
 - Why open veins? Dahil nag-eexist lang ito to serve countries specially the
industrialized countries
Dependency Theory
- Core of the open veins, na nagsasabi na ang paghihirap ng latin America ay hindi
dahil sa national state but because of economic exploitation of these developed
countries
Neocolonialism
- They are indirectly colonizing poor countries
- They are dominated culturally or politically by more powerful countries
- It is indirect colonialism

Why Philippines remains poor or underdeveloped?

- We face trade defecit

- Government fails to strengthen the domestic market through industrialization
- Incapable of adopting the twin policy of the global north

Twin policy of the north

- Innovation and industrialization
Remittances
- Lifeline of Philippine economy

Kadalasang iniimport:
1. Capital investment
2. Loans
3. Machinery, technology, and high-value products
Kadalasang in-eexport:
1. Skilled workers or professionals
2. Raw materials
3. Semi-manufactured goods

Globalization and Asian Regionalization

Globalization and Regionalization in Asia

‣ Asia is now at the forefront of the globalization and regionalization due to several factors
• China in 2014 surpassed the US as the world’s biggest economy in terms of GDP
 According to IMF, naka-accumulate sila ng 17.632 trillion (2014). US, 17.416
trillion
• Southeast Asia is among the world’s most vibrant economic zones with much
potential for further growth
 Pagtaas ng educated work force
• rich in essential natural resources
• some Asian countries are among the world leaders in innovation, another dynamic
“driver of globalization”

Globalization and Regionalization in Asia

‣ Regional Trade Agreement

• ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA)
 November 2002
 It provides the legal basis for asean and china to negotiate further
 Nagging effective ito nong 2010
 To address cross borders barriers
• biggest free trade area in terms of population covered
• “trade between China and ASEAN countries including Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Thailand and Singapore has become duty-free for more than 7000
products”
‣ •ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) Asia is also the center of China’s 900 billion-
dollar Belt and Road initiative

•ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)

Asia is also the center of China’s 900 billion-dollar Belt and Road initiative
- To have a modern day of silk road

Belt and Road initiative is expected to make intercontinental trade between Asia,
Africa, and Europe in larger volume and capacity.

 The project includes six “corridors”

1. New Eurasian Land Bridge (Western China to Western
 Europe)
2. China-Mongolia-Russia Corridor (Northern China to
Eastern Russia ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
3. China-Central Asia-West Asia Corridor (Western China to Turkey)
4. China-Indochina Peninsula Corridor (Southern China to Singapore)
5. Bangladesh-China-Myanmar Corridor (Southern China to Myanmar)
6. China-Pakistan Corridor (Southwestern China to Pakistan)

‣ This century might become the time “when China rules the world.”

Income Inequality and Wealth Gap

- 1,426 richest individuals [5.4. trillion – net worth]
‣ • Tax Reform

Brain Drain and Labour shortage

• OFW nurses
• Japan
- Mababa ang fertility rate […]

 Brain drain reduces the capacity of Third World countries to make full use of their human and
natural resources.
Brain brawn – skilled workers na pinipiling magtrabaho sa ibang bansa
Hence, the reliance of developing countries on remittances seemingly discourage the
governments to strengthen local employment
Confronting the Challenges of Globalization

Massive-Environmental Destruction
- We tend to extract our natural resources
 -faster trade means bigger demands for commodity which resulted to massive extraction of
natural resources
 -In the Philippines, Bayan Muna Party list files Housebill 4315 (An Act Re-orienting the
Philippine Mining Industry, Ensuring the Highest Industry Development Standards, and for
other purposes.)
 as a way to balance the need for development-oriented mining and the need to preserve the
environment for future generation.

Favor only Industrialized Countries

High interest rates

• Subsidizing agricultural sectors and industrialization

- Subsidizing – industrial support
• Trade deficit *Brexit *Greece
- 3.31 billion usd nong 2021. 6 billion,s trade deficit
- Brexit – Britain and exit – exit of uk sa European union
- Naniwala sila na mas marami o mas matimbang yung burden na ibinibigay ng
European union rather than the benefit
- Greece- nagkakaroon ng economic integration sa pamamagitan ng pagtanggal ng
barriers

Terrorism
- 5 months
-