LESSON 5: A World of Regions REGIONALISM

COUNTRIES - political ideology that seeks to increase

- sovereign states with defined borders the political power, influence, and self

and governments. determination of the people of one or

- Each country has its own unique culture, more subnational regions.

history, and government - also refer to the process of increasing

- may be classified in different ways, such cooperation and integration among

as by their economic development, countries in a particular region.

political system, or geographic location

● This involves:

REGIONS - Creating formal mechanisms for dealing

- groups of countries that are with common transnational issues.

geographically or culturally connected. - Top-down governmental projects.

- a geographic area or a defined part of a - Describes the activities of the

larger territory that exhibits common organizations to establish the legal and

characteristics, often based on physical, non–legal framework

cultural, or administrative criteria

- Middle East, North America, and REGIONALIZATION

Southeast Asia - an actual integration process that ties

people or economies together

● Non-state actors, such as multinational irrespective of national political

corporations and non-governmental boundaries

organizations, play a significant role in - can be viewed as a result of independent

shaping regional dynamics economic actors’ decision–making.

● On the positive side, globalization can

lead to increased economic growth, job Globalization Regionalization
creation, and cultural exchange.
- process of - process of
● On the negative side, globalization can increasing increasing
interconnectedness cooperation and
lead to increased inequality,
and interdependence integration among
environmental degradation, and social between different countries in
countries and regions a particular region.
unrest.
 ● Countries can adopt regional policies 2. Warsaw Pact
and standards, to harmonize their - Aka Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation,
regulations and make it easier for and Mutual Assistance
businesses to operate across the region. - Made by the Soviet Union

● Countries can invest in regional - a military alliance between the Soviet

infrastructure, to improve connectivity Union and seven of its satellite states in

and trade within the region. Eastern Europe during the Cold War.

● Countries can join regional - Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,

organizations, such as ASEAN, in order East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and

to increase their cooperation and Romania

integration with other countries in the - disbanded in 1991.

region.
● Countries can sign regional trade 3. Organization of the Petroleum

agreements, in order to reduce tariffs Exporting Countries (OPEC)

and other trade barriers between - a cartel of 13 oil-producing countries

themselves and other countries in the that was founded in 1960

region - to coordinate and unify the petroleum

● Some countries may be more policies of its member countries in order

enthusiastic about regionalization than to secure an efficient, economic and

others. Some countries may see regular supply of petroleum to

regionalization as a threat to their consumers, a steady income to

sovereignty or economic interests. producers and a fair return on capital for

Others may see regionalization as an those investing in the petroleum industry

opportunity to promote their own - They control about 40% of the world's oil

interests and values. production and about 80% of the world's

proven oil reserves.

REGIONAL ALLIANCES
4. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
1. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- international organization of countries
(NATO)
that are not formally aligned with or
- between Western European countries
against any major power bloc
and the United States.
- founded in 1961 during the Cold War as a
- Their collective goal was to safeguard
way for countries to assert their
Europe against the perceived threat
independence and avoid being drawn
posed by the Soviet Union
 into the conflict between the United
States and the Soviet Union.
- It has been a vocal advocate for
developing countries and has worked to
promote peace and security in the world.
- currently made up of 120 member states
and 17 observer states. It is
headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia.
5. Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN)
- a political and economic union of 10
member states in Southeast Asia
- established on 8 August 1967 in
Bangkok, Thailand.
- the world's sixth-largest economy and
the third-largest trading bloc
- a regional organization that aims to
promote economic and security
cooperation among its member states
- ASEAN members have a combined
population of over 660 million people
and a combined GDP of over $3.2 trillion
NEW REGIONALISM
- is identified with reformists who share
the same “values, norms, institutions,
and system that exist outside of the
traditional, established mainstream
institutions and systems.
- Communities engage in regional
organizing
- they can be “tiny associations that
include no more than a few actors and
focus on a single issue, or huge
continental unions that address a
multitude of common problems from
territorial defense to food security.
● Organization and Institutions
- Rely on the power of individuals,
non–governmental organizations
(NGOs), and associations to link
up with one another in pursuit of
a particular goal
- Legitimizers- organizations who
partner with governments to
initiate social change; they
participate in institutional
mechanisms and influence in
technocratic policy-making
processes.
NON STATE REGIONALISM
- is a type of regionalism that is driven by
non-state actors, such as businesses,
NGOs, and social movements
- can be defined as the process of
cooperation and integration among
nonstate actors in a particular region
NEW REGIONALISM (EXAMPLES)
● ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human
Rights (South East Asia) prevents
discrimination, upholds political
freedom, and promotes democracy and
human rights throughout the region.
 ● Rainforest Foundation (Activists across resentment and inequality between
Central and South America) protects countries.
indigenous people and the rainforests in 3. Political instability: Regional
Brazil, Guyana, Panama, and Peru. cooperation and integration can be

● Regional Interfaith Youth Networks destabilized by political instability in one

(Christians across Asia, Africa, the or more member countries

Middle East, the Americas, and the 4. Sovereignty: Countries may be reluctant

Caribbean) promote conflict prevention, to cede sovereignty to regional

resolution, peace, education, and institutions

sustainable development 5. Dispute resolution: It can be difficult to

● Migrant Forum (Asia) commits to resolve disputes between member

protecting and promoting the rights and countries.

welfare of migrant workers.

CHALLENGES OF NON STATE

REGIONALISM
● non-state actors are not accountable to
governments. This can make it difficult
to coordinate their activities and to
ensure that they are aligned with the
needs of the region
● non-state actors may not have the same
resources and influence as governments.

CHALLENGES
1. Protectionism: Countries may be
reluctant to open their markets to goods
and services from other countries in a
region. This can lead to protectionism
and reduce the benefits of regional
cooperation and integration.
2. Inequality: Regional cooperation and
integration can benefit some countries
more than others. This can lead to
LESSON 6: GLOBALIZATION OF 2. SECT
- a smaller and more tightly knit religious
RELIGION
organization that has broken away from
RELIGION
a larger church
- refers to a collection of social-cultural
- typically have a strong emphasis on
customs that often link people to
personal experience and revelation, and
magical divine and heavenly elements
they may reject some of the traditional
- customs may include specific behaviors
teachings of the church from which they
and rituals, values, beliefs, worldviews,
originated
scriptures, holy sites, visions, standards
- often characterized by their exclusivism,
of conduct, or organizations.
their emphasis on community, and their
- religion should accomplish several goals
charismatic leaders
- faith provides a clear ethical framework
- They have strict rules and regulations
- It enhances mental and physical health,
that govern the lives of their members
offers purpose to one's existence, and
● Mormons- they have stricter beliefs and
may inspire people to fight for positive
methods than churches, often run by a
social change.
single leader; They seek a return to a
real religion, condemn liberal
RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
denominational growth, and organize
1. CHURCH
demonstrations against societal ideals.
- a large and established religious
● Amish, Quakers, Mennonites, Mormons,
organization with a hierarchical structure
Scientologists, and Seventh-day
and a claim to have a monopoly on the
Adventists
truth.
- typically have a central authority figure,
3. DENOMINATION
such as a pope or a patriarch, who leads
- a religious organization that has
the organization
emerged from a church or sect
- State and church have strong ties,
- They have a more open and inclusive
- They prioritize community worship and
approach to religion than sects, and they
serve Christian adherents
may emphasize different aspects of the
● The Roman Catholic Church
faith, such as social justice or missions.
- a large and established religious
- often formed as a result of
organization
disagreements over doctrine, practice, or
● The Eastern Orthodox Church, The
church governance
Anglican Church
 - Some denominations have a hierarchical
structure, with a central authority figure,
while others are more congregationalist
- This type of religious organization
combines aspects of a sect and a church
● Methodist Church, Baptist Church,
Presbyterian Church, Lutheran Church,
and Episcopal Church
4. CULT
- a small and isolated religious
organization with a charismatic leader
who demands absolute obedience from
its members
- Often characterized by their use of mind
control techniques and their exploitation
of their members
- They often punish followers, isolate
members, and demand sacrifices and
financial contributions.
- typically have a charismatic leader who
demands absolute obedience from their
members; The leader may claim to be a
prophet, messiah, or other divine figure.
- Cults can be very dangerous and harmful
TYPES OF RELIGION
1. POLYTHEISM- believe in multiple gods;
Examples of polytheistic religions
include Hinduism, Greek mythology, and
Roman mythology
2. MONOTHEISM- believe in one God;
Examples of monotheistic religions
include Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
3. ATHEISM- the lack of belief in God; often
characterized by a focus on personal
enlightenment and ethical conduct; They
may also have a strong emphasis on
meditation and mindfulness.
4. ANIMISM- belief in a supernatural force
that organizes and animates the physical
universe; ex. Shinto (indigenous nature)
TOP 5 RELIGIONS (no specific order)
1. JUDAISM
- monotheistic religion that originated in
the Middle East
- the world's fifth-largest religion, with
over 14 million followers
- Yahweh- their God
- Torah- the word of God
- Mitzvot- contains the 613
commandments of the Torah
- practiced for around 4,000 years
therefore one of the world’s oldest
religions
● Orthodox Judaism- the most traditional
branch of Judaism; it adheres strictly to
the laws and commandments of the
Torah.
● Conservative Judaism is a more
moderate branch of Judaism; it allows
for some flexibility in the interpretation
of the Torah.
● Reform Judaism is the most liberal
branch of Judaism, and it emphasizes
the importance of personal autonomy
and social justice.
2. CHRISTIANITY
- a monotheistic religion based on the life
and teachings of Jesus Christ.
- world's largest religion, with over 2.4
billion followers
- Jesus- the son of God and the Messiah
● Catholics believe that the Pope is the
head of the church and that he is the
successor to Saint Peter
● Protestants- reject the authority of the
Pope and believe that the Bible is the
sole source of religious authority
● Orthodox Christians- believe that the
Eastern Orthodox Church is the one true
church and that they have preserved the
original teachings of Jesus Christ.
3. ISLAM
- a monotheistic religion based on the
teachings of the Quran
- world's second-largest religion, with over
1.8 billion followers.
- Allah- their God
- Muhammad- their prophet
- 5 pillars of Islam: Shahadah (the
profession of faith); Salat (prayer); Zakat
(charity); Sawm (fasting during
Ramadan); and Hajj (pilgrimage to
Mecca).
● Sunni Muslims make up the majority of
Muslims, and they believe that the
caliph, or successor to Muhammad,
should be chosen by the Muslim
community
● Shia Muslims believe that the caliph
should be a descendant of Muhammad's
cousin and son-in-law, Ali.
4. HINDUISM
- a polytheistic religion that originated in
India.
- world's third-largest religion, with over
1.2 billion followers.
- Hindus believe in a cycle of birth, death,
and rebirth (samsara).
- law of karma, which states that our
actions in this life will determine our fate
in the next life
- There are 33 million Hindu gods and
goddesses. (depende sa source)
5. BUDDHISM
- non-theistic religion that originated in
India in the 6th century BCE
- based on the teachings of Siddhartha
Gautama, who is known as the Buddha,
of "Enlightened One."
- He taught that the root of all suffering is
attachment to material possessions and
to the ego
- He also taught that the way to end
suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path,
which is a set of ethical guidelines for
living a good and moral life
- Buddhists hold that enlightenment, or
nirvana, may be attained by meditation,
hard work, and good conduct
- Dated back 2500 years
RELIGION AND GLOBALIZATION
- religion can be a force for resistance to
globalization. Religious leaders and
communities may see globalization as a
threat to their traditional values and way
of life.
- religion can also be a force for
adaptation to globalization. Religious
leaders and communities can help
people to cope with the challenges of
globalization. They can also promote
values such as compassion and
tolerance, which are important for
building a more just and equitable world.
RELIGIOUS GLOBALIZATION AND
SECULARISM
- Understanding the dynamics between
religious globalization and secularism is
crucial for fostering inclusive societies
that respect religious diversity while
upholding democratic values
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO
RELIGION
1. Reduces the disparity between cultures
2. Makes it much simpler to spread the
gospel via the use of media and
technology
3. People's religious convictions become
less firm as they get more connected to
the modern world
4. Neglects regional traditions and values
5. Promotes a secular, capitalist lifestyle
6. Religious freedom
7. Interfaith dialogue
RELIGIOUS GLOBALIZATION AND ETHICS
- As religious ideas spread across borders,
they influence societal norms and shape
ethical perspectives
- Religious globalization has the potential
to promote universal ethical principles,
such as compassion, justice, and respect
for human dignity
- Understanding the ethical dimensions of
religious globalization is crucial for
addressing global challenges and
promoting a more just world
RELIGIOUS GLOBALIZATION AND
GENDER
- The globalization of religions has varying
impacts on gender roles and women's
empowerment
- Understanding the intersection of
religious globalization and gender is
essential for fostering gender justice,
challenging harmful practices, and
empowering women within religious
contexts
- It is crucial to promote dialogue and
collaboration to address gender
disparities.
LESSON 7: MEDIA AND - includes radio, television, and satellite
broadcasting
GLOBALIZATION
- Can reach a large audience quickly and
MEDIA
easily; inexpensive to produce and
- refers to all channels of communication
distribute; more engaging
- includes news, art, educational content,
and any form of information that can
SOCIAL MEDIA/ INTERNET
reach or influence people
- refers to online platforms that allow
- plays an important role in society by
users to create and share content,
informing, entertaining, educating, and
connect with others, and build
persuading people. It can also be used to
communities
shape public opinion and influence social
- encompasses websites, social media,
change.
and online platform
- Offers interactive content; instant
PRINT MEDIA
connectivity; revolutionized
- Aka the traditional media
communication, advertising and content
- uses physical objects, refers to
creation
newspapers, magazines, and books. It
- Problems include issues on privacy,
offers in-depth coverage, detailed
misinformation and digital divide
analysis, and a tangible reading
experience
MEDIA AND ITS FUNCTIONS
- vital for journalism, research, and
1. Information- info abt current events
education
politics, businesses etc; can be
- It is portable, durable, affordable and can
opinionated, objective or subjective
be accessed even in areas with limited or
2. Entertainment- serves as a relaxation
no internet access
and enjoyment
- However, it faces challenges in the
3. Persuasion- persuade people to buy
digital age due to declining readership
their products, support causes and
and competition from online platforms
change their behavior
4. Surveillance- monitors and reports on
BROADCAST MEDIA
current events and trends
- delivers content to a large audience
5. Socialization- helps people to socialize
through a single channel and utilizes
and connect with others
visual and auditory elements to engage
viewers and listeners
 6. Personal identity- helps people to
develop their personal identity and sense
of self
7. Transmission of culture- transmits
cultural values and norms
8. Social control- used to control social
behavior and maintain status quo
THE GLOBAL VILLAGE
- “Global village” was coined by Canadian
communications theorist Marshall
McLuhan in the 1960s
- describe the increasing
interconnectedness of the world due to
the rise of mass media and
communication technologies.
- McLuhan believed that these
technologies were creating a new kind of
social space
- These technologies have made it easier
than ever for people from all over the
world to connect with each other and
share information. As a result, the world
has become more interconnected and
interdependent than ever before
● The internet
- people are easily able to connect
via social media or email to
people around the world
- people all over the world are
interconnected with each other
with the help of transport and
communication means.
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
- the imposition of one culture over
another through the use of media,
economic power, or military force. It can
involve the spread of a dominant
culture's values, norms, and products to
other cultures
● Negative consequences- can lead to the
loss of cultural identity, the erosion of
traditional values, and the exploitation of
cultural resources; promote
consumerism and materialism, and it can
lead to social and cultural inequality.
- cultural imperialism became one of the
primary instruments of colonization and
was almost always initiated by some
military intervention; its full effects were
achieved through practices of cultural
imperialism
CRITIQUES OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
1. Loss of Cultural Diversity- critics argue
that cultural imperialism homogenizes
diverse cultures, eroding local traditions,
values, and customs, leading to the
marginalization and suppression of local
cultural expressions
2. Power Imbalance- Critics argue that the
dominance of Western cultures,
particularly in media, technology, and
entertainment industries, perpetuates an
unequal global order that favors certain
cultures over others.
 3. Reinforcing Stereotypes and
Misconceptions- cultural imperialism
can reinforce stereotypes and
perpetuate biased portrayals of
marginalized cultures.
4. Exploitation- critics claim that
dominant cultures exploit the cultural
resources of marginalized societies,
extracting profits while offering limited
benefits to the local communities.
5. Undermining Local Creativity and
Innovation- cultural imperialism is seen
as a barrier to local creativity and
innovation; This can stifle the
development of local art forms,
languages, and traditions,
6. Disruption of social cohesion- critics
argue that cultural imperialism can
disrupt social cohesion within
communities by promoting individualism
and consumerism
REASONS WHY PEOPLE MIGHT JOIN A
CYBERGHETTO:
- To connect with other people who share
their experiences.
- To find support and advice.
- To build a sense of community.
- To escape from discrimination and
harassment in the real world.
- To express themselves freely.
TIPS FOR STAYING SAFE IN A
CYBERGHETTO:
- Be careful about what personal
information you share.
- Be aware of the potential for
discrimination and harassment.
- Report any instances of discrimination or
harassment to the
- cyberghetto's administrators.
- Take breaks from the cyberghetto and
connect with people in the real world.

CYBERGHETTOES
- online spaces where people from
marginalized or disadvantaged groups
congregate
- It can be a positive space for people to
connect with others who share their
experiences and build a sense of
community; they can provide support
and advice to people who are struggling
- Tho, discrimination, harassment social
isolation and alienation can also happen