21st CENTURY LITERATURE
Literature- Written works, especially those
considered of superior or lasting artistic
merit. .
Literatura- It is a Latin word that means
“Knowledge of Books.”
21 Century-. It is the current century of the
st
Anno Domini era or Common Era, in
accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE - is
characterized by:
 Folk tales.- These are made up of
stories about life, adventure,
love, horror, and humor where one
can derive lessons
about life. An example of this is
THE MOON AND THE SUN.
 The Epic Age. Epics are long
narrative poems in which a series of
heroic achievements or events,
usually of a hero, are dealt with
at length.
 Folk Songs. These are one of the
oldest forms of Philippine literature
that emerged in the pre-Spanish
period. These songs mirrored
the early forms of culture. Many of
these have 12 syllables.
Examples of which are Kundiman,
Kumintang o Tagumpay,
Ang Dalit o Imno, Ang Oyayi o
Hele, Diana, Soliraning and
Talindaw
Understanding Literary History
Literature in this period may be classified as
religious prose and poetry and secular prose
and poetry
Spanish Influences On Philippine
Literature
The first Filipino alphabet, called
ALIBATA, was replaced by the Roman
alphabet. Also, the teaching of the Christian
Doctrine became the basis of
religious practices. European legends and
traditions brought here became
assimilated in our songs, corridos, and
moro-moros.
 Folk Songs
It manifests the artistic feelings of the
Filipinos and shows their innate
appreciation for and love of beauty. The
examples are Leron-Leron Sinta,
Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi,
and Atin Cu Pung Sing-sing.
 Recreational Plays
There are many recreational plays
performed by Filipinos during the
Spanish times. Almost all of them were in a
poetic form such Cenaculo,
Panunuluyan, Salubong and Zarzuela.
PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1972-
1898)
In 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals
educated in Europe called ilustrados began
to
write about the hitch of colonization.
The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) -
This movement was spearheaded
mostly by the intellectual middle-class like
Jose Rizal, Marcelo del
Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna,
Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma.
Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno.
 Some of Rizal’s writings: Noli Me
Tangere, Mi Ultimo Adios,
Sobre La Indolencia Delos Filipinos and
Filipinas Dentro De
Cien Aňos.
Some of Del Pilar’s writings: Pagibig sa
Tinubuang Lupa (Love of
Country), Kaingat Kayo (Be Careful), and
Dasalan at Tocsohan
(Prayers and Jokes).
o Some of Jaena’s writings: Ang Fray
Botod, La Hija Del Fraile
(The Child of the Friar). and Everything Is
Hambug
(Everything is mere show), Sa Mga
Pilipino...1891), and
Talumpating Pagunita Kay Kolumbus (An
Oration to
Commemorate Columbus).
Various Dimensions of Philippine literary
history from precolonial to contemporary;
What is the 21st Century?
The 21st century is the current century of
the Anno Domini era or Common Era, in
accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It
began on January 1, 2001 and will end on
December 31, 2100. It is the first century of
the 3rd millennium.
21st Century Reader
A 21st Century Reader grew up using
technology as a primary learning tool. He is
capable of navigating and interpreting
digital formats and media messages. He also
possesses literacy skills, which include
technological abilities such as keyboarding,
internet navigation, interpretation of
technological speak, ability to communicate
and interpret coded language and decipher
graphics.
Let’s recall the major literary genres!
POETRY- is an imaginative awareness of
experience expressed through meaning,
sound and rhythmic language choices to
evoke an emotional response. It has been
known to employ meter and rhyme. The
very nature of poetry as an authentic and
individual mode of expression makes it
nearly impossible to define.
DRAMA- is a composition in prose or verse
presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story
involving conflict more contrast of
character, especially on intended to be acted
on a stage: a play. It may be any situation or
series of events having vivid, emotional,
conflicting or striking interest.
FICTION- is literature created from the
imagination, not presented as fact, though it
may be based on a true story or situation.
Types of literature in the fiction include the
novel, short story and novella.
NON-FICTION- is based on facts and the
author’s opinion about a subject. The
purpose of non-fiction writing is to inform
and sometimes to persuade. Its examples are
biographies, articles from textbooks and
magazines
21st Century Literary Genres
ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
 Story through text and illustrated images
 50% 0f the narrative is presented without
words
 The reader must interpret the images to
comprehend the story completely.
 Textual portions are presented in
traditional form.
 Some illustrated novels may contain no
text at all.
 Span all genres.
 Examples include The Invention of Hugo
Cabret by Brian Selznick and The Arrival by
Shaun
Tan.
DIGI-FICTION
 Triple Media Literature
 Combines three media: book, movie/video
and internet website
To get the full story, students must engage
in navigation, reading, viewing in all three
forms.
 Patrick Carman’s Skeleton Creek and
Anthony Zuiker’s Level 26 are examples.
GRAPHIC NOVEL
 Narrative in comic book formats
 Narrative work in which the story is
conveyed to the reader using a comic form.
 The term is employed broadly manner,
encompassing non-fiction works and
thematically linked
short stories as well as fictional stories
across a number of genres.
 Archie Comics by John Goldwater and
illustrator, Bob Montana, is a good example.
MANGA
 Japanese word for comics
 It is used in the English-speaking world as
a generic term for all comic books and
graphic novels
originally published in Japan.
Considered as an artistic and storytelling
style.
 Ameri-manga- sometimes used to refer to
comics created by American artists in manga
style.
 Shonen- Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach,
One Piece)
 Shojo- Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon)
 Seinen- Men’s Manga (Akira)
 Josei- Women’s Manga (Loveless,
Paradise Kiss)
 Kodomo- Children’s Manga (Doraemon,
Hello Kitty)
DOODLE FICTION
 Literary presentation where the author
incorporates doodle writing and drawings
and
handwritten graphics in place of the
traditional font.
 Drawing enhances the story, often adding
humorous elements
 Examples include The Diary of a Wimpy
Kid by Jeff Kinney and Timmy Failure by
Stephan
Pastis.
TEXT-TALK NOVELS
 Blogs, email and IM format narratives
 Stories told almost entirely in dialogue
simulating social network exchanges.
CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE
 Is genre fiction which addresses issues of
modern womanhood, often humorously and
lightheartedly.
 Chick Lit typically features a female
protagonist whose femininity is heavily
thermalizing in the
plot.
 Scarlet Bailey’s The night before
Christmas and Miranda Dickinson’s It
started with a Kiss
are examples of this.
FLASH FICTION
 Is a style of fictional literature of extreme
brevity
 There is no widely accepted definition of
the length and category. It could range from
word to a
thousand.
SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION
 Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks,
never worn.
 Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got
him, Shit.
CREATIVE NON-FICTION
 Also known as literary non-fiction or
narrative non-fiction
 A genre of writing that uses literary styles
and techniques to create factually accurate
narratives.
 Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as
technical writing or journalism, which is
also rooted
in accurate fact, but is not primarily written
in service to its craft.
 As a genre, creative non-fiction is still
relatively young and is only beginning to be
scrutinized
with the same critical analysis given to
fiction and poetry.
 1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and Wind,
Sand, and Stars by Antoine de Saint-
Exupery are
examples.
SCIENCE FICTION
 Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing
with imaginative concepts such as futuristic
science
and technology, space travel, time travel,
faster than light travel, a parallel universe
and extra-
terrestrial life.
 Often explores the potential consequences
of scientific and other innovations and has
been
called a “literature of ideas”.
 Examples include Suzanne Collins’
Mockingjay and Sarah Maas’ Kingdom of
Ash.
BLOG
 A weblog, a website containing short
articles called posts that are changed
regularly.
 Some blogs are written by one person
containing their own opinions, interests and
experiences,
while others are written by different people.
HYPER POETRY
 Digital poetry that uses links using
hypertext mark-up
 It can either involved set words, phrases,
lines, etc. that are presented in variable order
but sit
on the page much as traditional poetry does,
or it can contain parts of the poem that move
and
mutate.
 It is usually found online, through CD-
ROM and diskette versions exist. The
earliest examples
date to no later than the mid-1980’s.
Mobile Phone Texttula-. It is a literary
work originally written on a cellular phone
via text messaging. Chapters usually consist
of about 70-100 words each due to character
limitations on cell phones.
Speculative Fiction- . It is a type of story
that deals with observations of the human
condition but offers the experience through a
different lens.
Figures of Speech in Poetry
Definition
The meaning of language can be literal or
figurative. Literal language states exactly
what something is. On the other hand,
figurative language creates meaning by
comparing one thing to another thing. Poets
use figures of speech in their poems. Several
types of figures of speech exist for them to
choose from. Five common ones are simile,
metaphor, personification, hypberbole, and
understatement.
Simile 
A simile compares one thing to another by
using the words like or as. Read
Shakespeare’s poem “Sonnet 130.”
Metaphor

A metaphor compares one to another by

saying one thing is another. Read Emily
Dickinson’s poem “Hope Is the Thing with
Feathers.”

Personification

A personification involves giving a non-

human, inanimate object the qualities of a
person. Robert Frost did that in his poem
“Storm Fear.”

Hyperbole

A hyperbole is an exaggeration of the truth

in order to create an effect. Sometimes that’s
done in a single statement. Other times it
can happen with repetition like in Robert
Frost’s famous poem “Stopping by Woods
on a Snowy Evening.” Read the poem aloud.
Notice the effect of the last two lines. The
reader feels the tiredness of the weary
traveler.

Understatement

Understatement is the exact opposite of a

hyperbole. The writer deliberately chooses
to downplay the significance or seriousness
of a situation or an event. This is evident in
Mary Howitt’s Poem ” The Spider and the
Fly.”