8A Thermodynamics

Thermal concepts
Motivation
Thermodynamics is the study of the dynamics of a
system of many particles.
(in contrast, the mechanics in unit 1 and unit 4 is
about one particles only)

When we consider a system of many particles, there

is no way to calculate the motion of individual
particles. However, we know that they must have
two forms of energy.
1. Kinetic energy due to random motions of
particles.
2. Potential energy due to intermolecular forces
between particles.
The sum of these two is called internal energy.
Internal energy is the sum of molecular KE and PE.
Temperature
In kinetic model of matter learned in I/GCSE,
Temperature of a system is the measure of average
kinetic energy of molecules in the system.
When two systems are close to each other, the
energy transfer (thermal energy) from the system at
higher temperature to the system at lower
temperature.
Since the internal energy of a system is composed of SI Unit of
two parts: the thermal energy becomes either
1. Molecular KE (change in temperature) or
2. Molecular PE (no change in temperature)
A Classic Experiment
A heater of constant power beaker of
ice at . The temperature of the
system is measured once the heater is
turned on.
(See right)
Summary:
When molecular KE increases,
1. temperature increases and
2. the state does not change.
When molecular PE increases,
1. temperature does not change and
2. the state changes
Specific heat capacity and specific latent heat
If the thermal energy becomes molecular KE, we
have
is the thermal energy transferred in J.
is the mass in kg
is the specific heat capacity in
is the change in temperature in K
Definition of specific heat capacity
The amount of energy needed per unit mass to
increase the temperature of a substance by 1
kelvin.
Definition of specific latent heat
The amount of energy needed per unit mass to
change the state of a substance at constant
temperature.

Both are characteristics of material like density,

If the thermal energy becomes molecular PE, we
have
Gmmonhnkes-I.ee
1 8% 以 1 8% -
x
X
is the thermal energy transferred in J.
-

△0 i

1 2 4 7 12 13 21 26 37 x :
tnaltenperēlure
is the mass that undergoes change of state in kg tetlost t te
Eplanatài
is the specific latent heat. Surroundingsuch
as _ _ _
_

_
_ _ _ _
_ _

ORNtallenergistnsferred.to
the 。
-.- -.-
Ideal Gas Model
Motivation
What is a model?
Assumptions of ideal gas model
Assumptions of ideal gas model are listed as follow:
1. Molecules are point particles of negligible
volume.
Nz
2. Molecules are in random motion and point
law applies. ( 02 d

3. Intermolecular force between molecules is

negligible.
4. The collision between molecules and walls of Ne
the container is elastic.
5. The time of one collision is negligible compared
to the time between collisions.

Consequences:
Internal energy only.
 N_n
Ideal gas law == constand Rcmst

Experimentally it is discovered that for a cloud of

gas, ftonstnt
,
With the ideal gas model, it can be shown that this " "

constant is Chemistry %
PV
n R
-_- _

This is called the ideal gas law. " 的。 1

is the pressure in Pa mf 年 ⼆
Constand Ecmt

is the volume in hue.lv -6,0 以 1 0

"

Pkconsf
千

cmst.lk
is the temperature in "
⼀

hnverseypropaisd
is the number of molecules in a gas
is the constant )
ad
 Ideal gas law
Another outcome of the ideal gas model is an
explicit expression of average kinetic energy.
(The definition of temperature is ?)
One outcome of the ideal gas model is that

Awage tn ⼼〉
=

1任

is the mass of one molecule.

is the mean of square of speed of molecules
is the constant
is the temperature in K.
Terminology:
trms

is called root mean square velocity of

molecules.

( 1 2 3 4 8 9 10 14 15 17 18 )
Proof of
 htf 和 "" ⾔ 的
theupeuue
=

/ \
Mass A < > ;
mean

amolecule

spdfholewleshreaholism.tneisaforentdp.mn
c :

_
crn
AŌP
{ …比 善
此
⼀ 阅舞
By P 省 for all collisions taketime 此
=

Nterms
Ap ⼗ .tt
在
-_-bt
⼀
-_-

p
=

N然 N
(舉 ) Nmvi
p =_=

ftp.
哭 -11

ided

pV-NmligaslawfsXT-fnrinnk.imri.ee " "" 到 7

的
 2

V2 =
litlg 12 D)

: 廫
V2 litvi 1们
2
上 = 1× +

※.si
3_tsmndomhnot.in
我 < v2 >_< 以 ⼗
似

ni >_< vi >
2
⼈ 以 >_<

⼼ 以
2
=
< 以 > + < > t < >

< v7 = 3< vi >

So , kiemai > k.im

留
,

1⼀
呈的