Please answer the questions below and send your output to our BPED 52 google

classroom:

1. What is morphology? Explain the difference between morphology of animals with

Morphology of plants.

In biology, Morphology is the study of how things are put together, like the make-up of animals and
plants. In morphology, the word part morph- means “form” and -ology means “the study of.” So, those
who study how something is made or formed are engaged in morphology. Basically it is the study of the
size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their
fundamental parts. The term refers to the general aspects of biological form and arrangement of the
parts of a plant or an animal. The term anatomy also refers to the study of biological structure but
usually suggests study of the details of either gross or microscopic structure. In practice, however, the
two terms are used almost synonymously.

Typically, morphology is contrasted with physiology, which deals with studies of the functions of
organisms and their parts; function and structure are so closely interrelated, however, that their
separation is somewhat artificial. Morphologists were originally concerned with the bones, muscles,
blood vessels, and nerves comprised by the bodies of animals and the roots, stems, leaves, and flower
parts comprised by the bodies of higher plants. On the other hand morphology involves the detailed
structure of cells, complexity of the many structures of the cells of plants and animals, complex
molecules such as hemoglobin, the gas-carrying protein of blood, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Thus
Morphology encompasses the study of biological structures over a tremendous range of sizes, from the
macroscopic to the molecular.

A thorough knowledge of structure (morphology) is of fundamental importance to the physician, to the

veterinarian, and to the plant pathologist, all of whom are concerned with the kinds and causes of the
structural changes that result from specific diseases.

What is the difference between Morphology of plants and Morphology of animals?

Plant morphology (or phytomorphology) is the general term for the study of the morphology (physical
form and external structure) of plants. This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, which is
the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level. Plant morphology is
useful in the identification of plants.

Plant morphology “represents a study of the development, form, and structure of plants, and, by
implication, an attempt to interpret these on the basis of similarity of plan and origin.” There are four
major areas of investigation in plant morphology, and each overlaps with another field of the biological
sciences.

First of all, morphology is comparative, meaning that the morphologist examines structures in many
different plants of the same or different species, then draws comparisons and formulates ideas about
similarities. When structures in different species are believed to exist and develop as a result of
common, inherited genetic pathways, those structures are termed homologous. For example, the leaves
of pine, oak, and cabbage all look very different, but share certain basic structures and arrangement of
parts. The homology of leaves is an easy conclusion to make. The plant morphologist goes further, and
discovers that the spines of cactus also share the same basic structure and development as leaves in
other plants, and therefore cactus spines are homologous to leaves as well. This aspect of plant
morphology overlaps with the study of plant evolution and paleobotany.

Secondly, plant morphology observes both the vegetative (somatic) structures of plants, as well as the
reproductive structures. The vegetative structures of vascular plants includes the study of the shoot
system, composed of stems and leaves, as well as the root system. The reproductive structures are more
varied, and are usually specific to a particular group of plants, such as flowers and seeds, fern sori, and
moss capsules. The detailed study of reproductive structures in plants led to the discovery of the
alternation of generations found in all plants and most algae. This area of plant morphology overlaps
with the study of biodiversity and plant systematics.

Thirdly, plant morphology studies plant structure at a range of scales. At the smallest scales are
ultrastructure, the general structural features of cells visible only with the aid of an electron microscope,
and cytology, the study of cells using optical microscopy.

Fourthly, plant morphology examines the pattern of development, the process by which structures
originate and mature as a plant grows. While animals produce all the body parts they will ever have
from early in their life, plants constantly produce new tissues and structures throughout their life. A
living plant always has embryonic tissues. The way in which new structures mature as they are produced
may be affected by the point in the plants life when they begin to develop, as well as by the
environment to which the structures are exposed. A morphologist studies this process, the causes, and
its result. This area of plant morphology overlaps with plant physiology and ecology.

Meanwhile, Morphology, Animal

The study of the form and structure of animal organisms in their individual (ontogenetic) and historical,
or evolutionary (phylogenetic), development. Animal morphology comprises anatomy, comparative
anatomy, histology, cytology, and embryology. Morphological methods of research are also widely used
in other biological disciplines, such as zoology and paleontology.

In contrast, animal morphology “represents a study of the development, form, anatomical structure and
physiology of animals, and, by implication, an attempt to interpret these on the basis of similarity of plan
and origin.” There are four major areas of investigation in plant morphology, and each overlaps with
another field of the biological sciences.

2. Provide the meaning of the given terminologies and provide their relationship/s to

physiology of exercise and physical activity:

- Physical Geography and Meteorology

Physical geography is referred to as the setting upon which human activities take place. It is the field of
geography that deals with the natural environment, including features and processes, at or near the
earth’s surface. These include geomorphology or the study of landform features (plains, mountains,
shields, and plateaus as well as small-scale features such as hills, valleys, cliffs, ridges, and badlands) and
processes (erosion, landslides, earthquakes, and volcanoes, that shape and change the landforms
around us); it also includes geology or the study of rock types and natural resources; soils (pedology);
rivers, Lakes and oceans (hydrology); weather and climate (meteorology); and flora and fauna
(biogeography).

In some cases, as water moves through the hydrological cycle in its various forms, it not only helps
shape the surface features of the earth but also provides one of the key elements for life on earth.
Water is also an important component of weather and climate. The conditions of the atmosphere,
including temperature, precipitation, winds, length of sunlight, and so on, have a great effect on both
the physical and human environments on earth. Indeed, our daily lives and activities are greatly
influenced by weather and climate.

For instance, Meteorology is, by definition, the study of Earth’s atmosphere. The root of meteor is a
variation on the Greek meteoron, which is a term dealing with any objects that originate in the sky. It is
an extremely interdisciplinary science, drawing on the laws of physics and chemistry (among others) to
aid in our understanding of Earth’s atmosphere, its processes, and its structure. It is a study that dates to
ancient times, when ancient civilizations made observations and kept records of the scientific study of
the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes/conditions and forecasting. Specifically, it
stimulates the temperature, pressure, water vapor, and the gradients and interactions of each variable,
and how they change in time.

Over the centuries, the atmosphere has been studied for a variety of reasons, including agricultural
knowledge, military defense and planning, and developing better warnings for severe weather systems
like tornadoes and hurricanes. Technological advances, such as the development of scientific computing
and an increase in the total number of meteorological observations being taken daily across the globe,
have allowed for better forecasts (or at least the meteorological community likes to think they are better
forecasts) and a much better overall understanding of our atmosphere.

In this cases, there is a significant relationship of physical geography and meteorology to physiology of
exercise and physical activity. In a sense that physical geography influence the concept of how the
human adapts in regards with the physical activity. Considering the geographic features and
meteorological findings, the human physiology is likely to undertake physiological changes or variations
due to the environmental factors. These physical environmental factors might be directed to
improvement or to degradation of a person’s capabilities in doing physical activities, physical therapy, to
augment an existing treatment to remedy or to ameliorate the effects of a disease or illness upon the
body. In short, these tends to strengthen or weakening the power of the body and the general health as
well. Indeed, many aspects of our lives are influenced by the physical environment around us.
- Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative analysis would become more of a “word-crunching” exercise consistent with the logic of
survey research as opposed to the in-depth, theme-based analysis it has always been.

Qualitative analysis fundamentally means to measure something by its quality rather than quantity.
When we do qualitative analysis, we are exploring how we describe something. Very often, we cannot
use numbers or numerical expressions to describe those things. When we do qualitative work, we work
with descriptions. We work with feelings, thoughts, and perceptions. We attempt to understand
motivations and behaviours. Moreover, qualitative analysis uses subjective judgment based on “soft” or
non-quantifiable data and deals with intangible and inexact information that can be difficult to collect
and measure.

Qualitative analysis focuses on why. Why do people behave in certain ways? Why do they make
decisions? Qualitative analysis and research methods often include: Focus groups, Open-ended
questionnaires and surveys, Unstructured interviews, Unstructured observations (like reading social
media posts), Case studies.

In Physiology of exercise and physical activity, qualitative analysis plays a big role in understanding, and
provides logical, critical and systematic analysis on its general coverage. Basically, qualitative analysis is
use to analyse and describe why the various processes, systems, and functions of the human body as
influenced by the performance of physical activity. This also serves as a way to extrapolate why the
exercise is necessary to further understand how the body functions, to amplify why is important to
develop activities and programs that establish, maintain, and promote physical fitness and to assess why
your body responds to short-term bouts of physical activity and why it adapts to repeated bouts of
physical activity over time can have a profound impact on your health and help you reach a higher level
of fitness and/or health long-term.

In a sports context, qualitative analysis will help to determine why the physical exercise or fitness,
trainings, warm-ups, conditioning tactics and etc. affects the person’s actual performance in respect to a
particular athletic or sporting purpose. Another example on how does qualitative analysis is being use
on this field, is to describe why the exercises, nutritional factors, physical activities or physical fitness,
physical therapies, treatment to remedy or to ameliorate the disease or illness upon the body affects the
general health of the body. In such a way, whether it helps to improve or elevate, worsen or degrades
and nothing to do with the physiological status of the body. Thus, qualitative analysis gives,
visualizations, factual interpretations, and critical analysis and provides the general analysis of the
physiology of exercise and physical activity with its constituents and general components.

- Histology

Histology is the study of cells, tissues, and organs including their role in the body, their anatomy, their
interaction with body systems and the ways they are affected by disease. This micro level perspective on
biology and medicine can seem tedious, and some students may be frustrated and eager to move on to
more generalized approaches to anatomy. It also includes cellular detail down to the molecular level
that can observed using an electron microscope. This is also concerned with the composition and
structure of plant and animal tissues in relation to their specialized functions. The terms histology and
microscopic anatomy are sometimes used interchangeably, but a fine distinction can be drawn between
the two studies. The fundamental aim of histology is to determine how tissues are organized at all
structural levels, from cells and intercellular substances to organs. Microscopic anatomy, on the other
hand, deals only with tissues as they are arranged in larger entities such as organs and organ systems
(e.g., circulatory and reproductive systems)

In relation to the Physiology of exercise and physical activity, histology will provides prior information
about the anatomical and physiological systems of cells, organs and tissues. In this case, it could be
easier to analyse what could be the exercises or conditioning exercises suitable for maintaining the
functional cells, organs and tissues in the body. In other words, knowing the histologic systems of living
things will be directed to examine how your body’s cells, organs, and tissues such as your cardiovascular,
muscular and respiratory systems, are changed when exposed to acute (short) and chronic (long, over
time) bouts of exercise. In order to stimulate chronic diseases, histology will directly elaborate the
possible damages and the observed disfunctions. In this cases, Clinical exercise physiology then applied
or physical activity for therapy, treatment, and prevention of chronic diseases. For some instances,
diseases that can be treated with exercise therapy is osteoporosis, the loss of bone tissue that
commonly occurs in old age.

Indeed, Histology has a significant roles and processes in relating to the general factual knowledge of
exercise physiology and physical activity.

- Auscultation and Percussion, Gymnastic and Athletics

Auscultation

Auscultation is the medical term in listening the sounds inside of our body during a physical
examination. Auscultation is usually done using a tool called a stethoscope. Health care providers
routinely listen to a person’s lungs, heart, abdomen, Major blood vessels, intestines and etc. to evaluate
these things about the sounds: Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Number and Quality. Potential issues
after hearing the sound inside the body can include Irregular heart rate, Crohn’s disease, Phlegm or fluid
build-up in your lungs.

Meanwhile, Percussion involves your doctor tapping their fingers on various parts of your abdomen.
Your doctor uses percussion to listen for sounds based on the organs or body parts underneath your
skin. You’ll hear hollow sounds when your doctor taps body parts filled with air and much duller sounds
when your doctor taps above bodily fluids or an organ, such as your liver. Percussion allows your doctor
to identify many heart-related issues based on the relative dullness of sounds. Conditions that can be
identified using percussion include Enlarged heart- which is called cardiomegaly; Excessive fluid around
the heart-which is called pericardial effusion; and Emphysema

Inspection, percussion, palpation, and auscultation are essential components of the chest examination,
listen for abnormal sounds in our heart, and variations can signal to your doctor that some areas may
not be getting enough blood or that you have a leaky valve. To learn more about breathing sounds and
abnormal sounds in our lungs, such as wheezing and can indicate that mucus is preventing your lungs
from expanding properly. To also know about what’s happening in your abdomen (intestines). Whether,
digested material may be stuck or your intestine may be twisted if an area of your abdomen has no
sounds. In this cases, adventitious sounds provide clues regarding the underlying chronic diseases.
In relation to the exercise physiological terms, Auscultation and percussion are directly Why is
auscultation important?

Auscultation gives your doctor a basic idea about what’s occurring in your body. Your heart, lungs, and
other organs in your abdomen can all be tested using auscultation and other similar methods.

For example, if your doctor doesn’t identify a fist-sized area of dullness left of your sternum, you might
be tested for emphysema. Also, if your doctor hears what’s called an “opening snap” when listening to
your heart, you might be tested for mitral stenosis. You might need additional tests for a diagnosis
depending on the sounds your doctor hears.

Auscultation and related methods are a good way for your doctor to know whether or not you need
close medical attention. Auscultation can be an excellent preventive measure against certain conditions.
Ask your doctor to perform these procedures whenever you have a physical exam.

In the era of technological advances, a thorough examination of the respiratory system retains its
importance in diagnosing disorders of the respiratory system. Auscultation of the chest is among the
oldest bedside diagnostic techniques used to assess airflow through airways. It is an easy, safe, non-
invasive and cost-effective diagnostic technique. [1] The majority of the manifestations of respiratory
disease present with abnormalities of chest examination. Egophony is increased resonance of voice
sounds heard when auscultating the lungs. When spoken voices are auscultated over the chest, a nasal
quality is imparted to the sound which resembles the bleating of a goat. Egophony (also known as “E” to
“A” change) is an auscultatory finding due to a change in the quality (timbre) of the voice. A solid
(consolidated), fluid-filled, or compressed lung decreases the amplitude and only allows select
frequencies to pass through. This changes the sound of the vowel “E” to “A.” [2]

Examination Method

The patient should be auscultated in a quiet room with the chest piece of the stethoscope in direct
contact with the skin; it is preferable to have the patient remove clothing. The anterior and posterior
chest walls along with the axillary region are commonly auscultated. Assess for symmetry, quality, and
intensity of breath sounds.

Normal or vesicular breath sound is a low pitched, soft sound with a rustling quality. It is characterized
by a prolonged inspiratory and short and soft expiratory phase. Vesicular sounds are produced due to
turbulent air flow through the alveoli, lobar and segmental airways (inspiratory phase), and central
airways (expiratory phase). On the other hand, bronchial breath sounds are loud, hollow, and high
pitched sounds that are normally heard over the sternal manubrium and posterior chest wall due to
movement of air through the trachea and large airways. Bronchial breath sounds heard in other areas
could be due to any of the following underlying pathologies:
Consolidation (e.g., pneumonia)

Pleural effusion (bronchial breath sound can be auscultated above the level of the effusion)

Pulmonary fibrosis

Atelectasis

Tension pneumothorax

Lung mass over a patent bronchus

Gymnastics

Gymnastics is an excellent activity for both boys and girls. It is ideal for developing a child’s balance,
basic motor skills and coordination.

Physical strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and balance are the sports core components however
participation in gymnastics activity also develops confidence, creativity & leadership, not to mention a
healthy body and mind.

Gymnastics is all about teaching children the fundamental movement skills and general coordination
they need to lead an active and healthy life.

It provides the foundation for future sporting success and lifelong, active and healthy participation in
physical activity. It keeps children fit and provides them with the skills of control, flexibility and strength
which means they can leap and jump and perform tricks like no other.

Gymnastics is the name for a whole range of different Gymsports, or disciplines. These include those
Gymsports you may have seen on television at the Olympic or Commonwealth Games such as Men’s and
Women’s Artistic Gymnastics (the one where the men show super human strength on Rings and the
women do somersaults on the Beam), Rhythmic Gymnastics (the one where they throw a ball, hoop or
clubs in the air while doing a backflip, and catch it), and Trampoline (where they jump as high as the
roof).

Gymnastics also includes Acrobatic and Aerobic Gymnastics, as well as Trampolining and Gymnastics for
All – an all-encompassing gymnastics discipline for people of all ages, gender and ability.

Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility,
power, agility, coordination, and balance. Internationally, all of the competitive gymnastic sports are
governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique. Each country has its own national governing
body affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic sports. It
typically involves the women’s events of uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault. Men’s
events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and high bar. Gymnastics evolved
from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse,
and from circus performance skills. Other gymnastic disciplines include: rhythmic gymnastics,
trampolining, Team Gym, tumbling, aerobic gymnastics and acrobatic gymnastics. Participants can
include children as young as 20 months old doing kindergym and children’s gymnastics, recreational
gymnasts of ages 5 and up, competitive gymnasts at varying levels of skill, and world class athletes.

Gymnastic

Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility,
power, agility, coordination, and balance. Internationally, all of the competitive gymnastic sports are
governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Each country has its own national
governing body affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best know

Athletics is considered to be mother of all games and is in fact the way of living and not just a sport. An
Athlete is an all-round sportsperson with skills for cricket, football, tennis and has immense control of
his body and senses. Athletics not only builds you physically but it helps in body coordination and gives
you mental stiffness.

What is Athletics ?

Athletics is an exclusive collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping,
throwing, and walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road
running, cross country running, and race walking.

History

Organised athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC, and most modern
events are conducted by the member clubs of the International Association of Athletics Federations. The
athletics meeting forms the backbone of the modern Summer Olympics, and other leading international
meetings include the IAAF World Championships and World Indoor Championships, and athletes with a
physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships.
Types of Events

There are three types of events in Athletics:-

•Track events A variety of running events are held on the track which fall into three broad distance
categories: sprints, middle-distance, and long-distance track events.. Relay races feature teams
comprising four runners each, who must pass a baton to their team-mate after a specified distance with
the aim of being the first team to finish. Hurdling events and the steeplechase are a variation upon the
flat running theme in that athletes must clear obstacles on the track during the race.

••Field events The field events come in two types – jumping and throwing competitions. In throwing
events, athletes are measured by how far they hurl an implement, with the common events being the
shot put,discus, javelin, and hammer throw. There are four common jumping events: the long jump and
triple jump are contests measuring the horizontal distance an athlete can jump, while the high jump and
pole vault are decided on the height achieved.

•Combined events Which include the decathlon (typically competed by men) and heptathlon (typically
competed by women), are competitions where athletes compete in a number of different track and field
events, with each performance going toward a final points tally.

Physical fitness leads to better athletic performance, and persistent training will usually develop physical
fitness. Detailed analyses of the anatomic and physiological characteristics of famous athletes show that
it is possible to make fairly reliable predictions of athletic performance. Scores obtained by various static
and dynamic tests exhibit various degrees of correlation with the scores made in competition, and it has
been easy to pick out the tests that give the highest coefficients of correlation. Dynamic tests thus are
shown to have higher predictive value than static tests. Type of physique, strength and power,
respiratory efficiency, and cardiovascular components are among the factors that determine
performance, but no two, or three, or four factors, even when combined in an optimum manner,
measure all aspects of fitness. Fitness tests applied to former champions gave the best results in those
athletes who were in continued training. Endurance training makes marked improvements in
cardiovascular function. Ability of the endurance athlete to use oxygen is related to circulatory and
respiratory capacity, but in sprints, weight lifting, and swimming there are many other important
specifics

Anthropometry

Anthropometry is the science that defines physical measures of a person’s size, form, and functional
capacities. Applied to occupational injury prevention, anthropometric measurements are used to study
the interaction of workers with tasks, tools, machines, vehicles, and personal protective equipment —
especially to determine the degree of protection against dangerous exposures, whether chronic or
acute.

Introduction

What is the reason, we might ask, for the human preoccupation with measurement of the human body?
We are weighed and measured not just from the cradle to the grave, but now from only a few weeks
after conception. While these preoccupations can bring benefits to health, they can also trip over into
concerns that have a detrimental effect on well-being (e.g., in body image distortion in eating disorders).

Anthropometry is the technical name for this preoccupation. It is the measurement of the body’s
physical features, and these measures can play a key role as variables in epidemiology, psychology, and
anthropology studies. The precise and unambiguous measurements of the body’s physical dimensions
and underlying composition should allow us not only to accurately characterize our current health, but
also to make predictions about outcomes as diverse as our physical attractiveness, ability to reproduce,
and our long-term survival. However, as this article shall outline, most of the common techniques are
less precise than we would wish and, although they have a reasonable validity at the population level,
can give misleading results when looking purely at an individual.

There are a host of potential anthropometric measures that could be included in any review of this type.
However, this article shall concentrate primarily on those relating to body mass and body shape as these
seem to be the best predictors of health and reproductive potential, although some other common
measures will be considered as well.

Anthropometry

Anthropometry includes measurements of body weight (estimated dry weight for dialysis patients),
height, triceps skinfold, abdominal circumference, calf circumference, midarm muscle circumference,
elbow breadth, and subscapular skinfold. These values provide information about the distribution of
body fat and skeletal muscle mass, and over time, identify nutritional deficiencies or excesses in calorie
and protein reserves compared with standardized percentiles. One of the problems with using
anthropometric measurements to assess the nutrition status in CKD is that reference values are derived
from healthy individuals. This is a potential pitfall given the known alterations in body composition
associated with uremia and the presence of edema. Anthropometry is usually performed on the
nondominant arm, but in hemodialysis patients the dominant arm is used if the contralateral arm has a
vascular access in place. To minimize the interference of edema, measurements should be made during
the last hour of dialysis. For routine care, anthropometric measurements are recommended every 3 to 6
months.
Neck circumference, reflecting upper body subcutaneous fat, is another anthropometric measurement
that is receiving increasing attention because of its association with cardiovascular risk. The utility of this
measurement in CKD populations is currently being evaluated. Other methods of assessing body
composition include dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and bioelectrical impedance. These
techniques are accurate, but at present their use is limited to research purposes because of equipment
availability, radiation dose, patient acceptance, and cost.

Anthropometry

Anthropometry estimates body composition through measurement at various circumference and skin-
fold sites. Skin varies in thickness from 0.5 to 2 mm367; thus fat beneath this skin typically represents
most of the skin-fold measurement. The assumption is that a direct relationship exists between total
body fat and subcutaneous fat. Five sites commonly used for measuring skin-fold thickness are the
triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdomen, and thigh. Measurements from multiple (at least three) sites
are deemed better for overall skin-fold assessment than measurements from only one or two sites,368
and measurements should be repeated at least two or three times and averaged. Several population-
specific equations for calculating total body fat from skin-fold sites have been established. Although
inexpensive and relatively easy to perform, anthropometric measurement offers limited accuracy due to
measurement error and bias associated with the site of the measurement.369 Circumference or girth
measurements may also be used. Typical sites of measurement include the abdomen, buttocks, thigh,
and upper arm. As with skin-fold measurements, age- and gender-specific equations using
circumferences have been developed. Reproducibility of circumference measurements is good, with
only a 2% error in measurement.370

Anthropometric measures may predict disability and mortality in elderly populations. The calf
circumference measurement predicted self-reported disability in a population of elderly women.7
Campbell et al.371 reported that low arm muscle area and triceps skin-fold thickness were associated
with significantly increased mortality risk in 758 subjects who were more than 70 years old. Body
composition changes throughout the adult life span, which must be considered when evaluating
anthropometric indices.372 Height declines, and there is less FFM in an elderly person than in a younger
one of the same gender.373 Most of the loss in FFM results from a decrease in skeletal muscle.259
Geriatric-specific anthropometric and bioimpedance body prediction equations have been
developed.374,375

Anthropometry

Anthropometry values, such as those obtained by thickness and limb circumferences, can be used in
multiple regression equations to predict body density and to calculate body fatness and FFM. Skinfold
thicknesses can be taken in several sites, such as bicep, tricep, suprailiac, subscapular, thigh, and
abdomen. The measurement of thickness is based on two assumptions: (1) the thickness of the
subcutaneous adipose tissue reflects a constant proportion of the total fat and (2) the sites selected for
measurement represent the average thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. The validity of using
equations to predict body composition is restricted to populations from whom these equations were
derived. Other contributing factors to error in this technique include the biological variation in fat in
other depots such as intermuscular, intramuscular, and fat surrounding organs and the gastrointestinal
tract. There is some evidence to suggest that equations need to be established that are specific for race.
For additional information on anthropometry, a comprehensive manual provides details for
measurement procedures and standardized techniques for more than 40 anthropometric
measurements.

Remedial exercise

Remedial exercise-Is rehabilitation exercise, an important part of the therapeutic plan, are a daily form
of self care for your use at home. It is an important to be an active participant in your own health and
recovery and doing these prescribed remedial exercises can help to quicken your recovery time.
Exercise programs can be site specific for neck rehab or can be for the entire body, like postural
exercises, they can include stretches or strengthening exercises for the muscles that are designed to
address imbalances with counter balance movements, which will then, over a period of time, return the
muscles to their balanced state.

- Anthropometry

- Remedial Exercise

- Forensics

3. Based on Table 1.3, page 23, Partial List of Employment Opportunities for Qualified

Exercise Physiologist, which area: Sports, College/University, Community, Clinical,

Government/Military, Business or Private do you choose and what position: Sport

Director, Strength/Conditioning coach, Director/Manager of state/national teams,

Consultant? Why?

At first, I wanted to be a Medical Technologist but unfortunately my family could not afford its school
fees. So, I decided to take BPED since it has a lot of Employment opportunities which is inclined with the
medical jobs like nursing, physician, physical therapist and etc. In this case if I would be Qualified as an
Exercise Physiologist, I would choose the field of Clinical as a Strength/Conditioning coach. Not just
because I like the profession, some kind of medical stuffs, the laboratories, equipment and all but
because I wanted to help people to ease their pain and suffering. With this I would love to evaluate and
supervise anybody who is experiencing difficulties such as diabetes, obesity, arthritis, dyslipidaemia,
cystic fibrosis, cancer, hypertension, low functional capacity, as well as to address children’s medication
and to monitor/overlook the pregnant women.

-Evaluate/supervise

special populations

(diabetes; obesity;