B

ull
eti
noft
heG
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urv
eryo
fJa
pan
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l.5
3(2
/3),p
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5-3
87,2
002

Conceptualmodelsf
orgeothermalsystemsinth
eWoloBobo,
Nageand孔1 :a
talok
ofi
eld
s,Bajawaa r
ea,c en
tra
lFlor
es,Indonesia

Hideo AKASAK01, Koji MATSUDA2

,Koichi TAGOM
ORI2
,
Takehiro KOSEKia
,HiroshiTAKAHASHi
aand Sjafra DWI
PA4

Hideo AKASAKO, Koj

i MATSUDA, Koichi TAGO
MOHI, Tak巴him KOSEK
I,Hirosh
i TAKAHAS
HI and
Sjaf
ra DWIPA (200
2) Conc
eptual modelsf o
rgeothermal syst
emsinthe WoloBobo, Na
geand
Matalokofiel
ds,Baiawaar
ea,c e
ntralF l
ores,I
ndo
nesia. Bull
.Geo
l.Surv
.Ja p
an,vol
.5 3(
2/3
),p.
375-
38,1
7 0figs.

Abstract : Thiss tudywasc ar

rie douton t heRe search Coope rati onP rojectont heExp lo rat ion
of Smalls ca
le Geothermal R e s
o urcesi nt heE astern Part ofI n d
o nesia. The main pur pos eo f
thisp rojectist oc onstr uctageothermale xpertmodeling s ystemf orIndone s
ia. Fort hispur
pose,t heBaiawaa re ai nt hec ent r
alF lore swass electe
da samodelf ield
. Throughr egion alg e
ology andg eoc he
m ist rys ur
v eysi nt hee a rl
iers ta
ge,t heWol oBobo,Na geandMa tal o
k of iel ds
arer egardedt ohavea h igh pote nti
alf orge othermal d evelopme nti nt heBai awaar ea. I nt he
folowings t
age ,explora tionsweref ocuse dont heset hr e
ef i
elds.
Int heWoloBobof ield,t hef racturedz onee xtending nor thwar dt hrough t heal te
re d gr ound
ofWoloB obo,r epres e
nt edbyt hearrangemento fmanyvo lcanicc ones,c o n
t rolst hevo lca nis m.
Magmaticf luidsf low upalongt h
isf ract uredz onearoundt hea ltereds u rfaceandt heo r igi na l
temperatureo ft hesef luidsi sa tl east52 5℃. Therea r einte nsivea cidr eservoirso f80 1t ype
hot wa ter( 170° Ct o1 8 0℃ ） a t about 3 00 m under t he gr ound ,r e
s ul
te df rom t he mixi ng of
thesef luidsw ithunder ground wat er. Hots pringwat er swi thr e
lativ e
ly h ighClc oncentr at ion,
dischargeabou t2 .5km s outhoft heal tereds urface,ar ede rive df rom oneo ft he
s er e
s er voi rs.
Thes t
eam andgasfromt her eservoira lteredt hes urfac e
.
Int heNagef ie
ld,ma gm aticf luidsf lowupalongt hef a
ultt r endingsouthwe stwarda l on gt h e
WaeBanaR i
ver. Thesef luidsr esultinan i ntensivea cidhotwa tero f80 1type( about1 50° C)
atabout2 00m undert h es urface,throught hemixingwi t
hunde rgroundwat er.T hishotwat er
isd il
uted by unde rgroundwa terandf lowsou tal ong t heWaeBanaRiv er.
Int heMa tal
okof ie ld
,r echarg edme t
eor icwa terf rom t hev ol canicc one s,s urroun ding t heal -
tereds ur fa
c巴 ofMat al oko,chang巴st ohotwat eratad eepl evelbyt heh e atandga s巴sfromt h e
magmaandthrough wa t巴rr ocki nt巴raction. Although t h
ishotwate riss ti
l notd etected ,t h巴
hotwa t巴rf lowsupt ot he1 巴V巴lo f4 00m or5 00m d巴e p,t h elowerl imito ft h巴 a r
gilli
z e
dimpe r
meablel ayer
, alongt hef ra
ct uredz onese xtendingsouthwar don t hewesternande asterns id es
oft heal tereds ur
f ace. Thef racturedz onea ccompanie dbyt h巴 Wa eL ujaFaul te xt巴ndingnor t h-
we stwardal soc ont rolst hef low pat terno ft hehotwat e r. Th巴 t empe rat ureo ft hisgeo t he r ma l
reservoiri se s
timat edt ob e2 70° Ct o3 06° C. S t
eam andga sd erivedf rom t hisr ese
rv oirf low
upa lo
ng t h巴 fracture dz on日 o ft heWa eLu jaF ault. The y bringaboutas t巴a m-dominat 巴dr 巴s-
ervoirwi thatemperatureo f1 92° Ct o2 30° Ci nt heupperpa r to ft heimpe rme ablelaye r. The
mixing o fthe steam and ga s with s hallo w groundwater br i
ng saboutan a cid hot water ofS
04t ypen eart hes ur faceal ong t heWaeLui aR iver.

1Wes tJ apan Engi

n ee
ringCon s
ultants,Inc.
,Wa t
anabe- 1Di
rec
tor
ateofMiner
alReso
urcesIn
ventor
y.J
l
.Soe
kar
no-
dori218 2,Ch uo,Fuku o
ka,8 1
00 004J apan Ha
ttaNo .
444,Ba
ndung,4025
4I ndone
sia
Presen
t a ddress
: New En ergy a nd I n
dustr
ial
Technology D e
velopment Organizatio
n.S u n
shine 60,
30FH igashiIkebu
k uro311 ,Toshima ,Tokyo,1 706030
Japan
2We s
tJ apanEngin巴巴ri
ngCons ul
tant s
,Inc
.
九 Mi t
subish
i Mat er
ials Natura
lRe sourc
esD evelopment
Corp.
, Ni hon
bashiHa macho3 -21
-1 ,Chuo, Tokyo,103- Keyword
s: ・e
goth
ermal syst
em, c once
ptu
al mo
del
,
0007Ja pan Matal
oko Fl
ore
sIsl
and Ea
ste
rnIn〔l
one
sia
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ull
eti
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heGeo
log
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lSu
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芭市抗h
J,S
S凪 D ,
0

F
ig.1 Lo
cat
ionma
poft
heB
aJa
waa
rea.

fie
lds,i n1 999. Geolog ic al
, ge oc he
m ic
al ,s oi
l ai r
(mercury) ,g ravity and r es i
stivity (MT/CSM T)sur
1
. Introduction
veys were c a
rr i
ed out i nt hisd etai
lede xpl ora t
ion
The Research Cooperat io n P roject on t he areai n FY 1 999 2 000
. Mos ts u rveysf oc use d on
Explorationo fSm allscaleGeother mal Resour cesi n theMa talo kof iel
d,b ecaus ea di rectc ontr ibu tiono f
theE asternParto fIndones iawass ignedi n1 998by ma gmatic f luidst ot heg eothermal systems i nt he
two Japa neseo r ganizations and an I nd onesian or Wolo Bobo and Nage f ields ise stim at
edf rom t he
ganiza
t i
on,t heNewEnergyandI ndustrialTechnol chemist ryo fhots pringwater. Ont h
eo the rhan d,
ogy Devel opment Organi z ation (NEDO, J ap
a n
) , a directc ontributiono f mag mati cf lui
di s notd e-
Geologica
l Sur vey o f Japa n (GSJ)and D irectorate tectedandn eut r
alho twa terr e servoirise xp ectedi n
Genera lGeology and Mineral Re sources (DGGMR, theMat alokof iel
d. Int hi sfis c
alyear,t heVol can
Indo
nesia). Themaino b j
ectiv eo ft hi
si nternat
iona l ologica
l Surve yo fIndo n esia( VS I, oneoft hei nsti
cooperationp roj
e cti stoc on structt he "Geotherma l tutesb elon ging t o DGGMR ) dr illedas halow we l,
Expert Modeling System f orI ndonesia" (iGEMS) . MTL1 ,i nt heMata l
okof ie l
d. Thed ri
lling oft his
The p rojects ta rtedi ne arly 1 998i n t he Nus a well was u nfortunately s topp eda tt he1 03.2 3m
Tenggaraa rea,e a
sternI ndo nes ia
,a s a mode lfield. depth,b e cau s
eo f a steam bl owout wh ile dr illing.
Aftert heanal ysiso ft hee xisting dataands i
ter e The me asured t emperatu reo f di s
charge s team i s
connaissance,t he Bajawa a r巴a o f about 4 00 km ＇
’ 115 °C att h巴 wel lhead. As f orth巴rd rilli ng wor k s
south centralp ar tofF lor巴sI sland,was c hos e
nf or were j udg 巴d tob e impo ssible,t his wel was f illed
ani ni
tialexpl orationar eaf ort hi
sp roject( seeFi g. withc e ment.
1)
. Vari ous expl orat
ions ha veb e
enc arried out i n Account ing f ort het opograph ic and a cces s road
anda roundt hisa rea(Nasut ion eta l,1
. 999;Mat suda conditi
onst ogetherwi tht heses urv eyda t a,e xplor a-
etal.2 0
00; Muraokaθtal .2 000: Takaha shiθ ta l. torywelso fMT 1and MT2wered ril
ledn巴a rt he
2000
;Takas hima e ta .,2
l 000;Yasukawae tal,2
. 000). siteofw巴1 MTL1i nFY 2 0 00 2 001. Th 巴 d r
illing
The Wolo Bobo, Nag 巴 and Ma taloko geothermal ofW 巴1 M T1wasal sos to pp巴da t2 07.26m d田 pb巴
fie
ldsi nt hisar eaar ee xp
e cte dt o have ah igh po causeo fas teamblowoutwhi led ri l
ling. Themeas
tent
ialf org e o
the rmal de velopme nt
, ba sed on geo- uredtemp er atureo fdischarg es team i s150° Ca tt he
logi
caland g eoc hem i
caldata. A d e
tailede xplora- we l
lhead. Asf urthe
rdri ll
ingworkswerej udge dt o
tionar eaofabout7 0km2wass el
ectedf ort hene xt be impos sible
,t his wel was f ile d wi th cemen t.
巴xplorat
ions t ag巴， cont
ai ni
n gt hesethr巴巴 g eoth巴rmal When wel MT-2 wa sd ril巴d t oa 1 62.35m d ept h,
 C
onc
ept
ualmod
elso
fth
eNageandMat
alo
kog
eot
h告rmalf
iel
ds(AK.
l¥
S.
l¥
KOe
tal
.
)

steamwasa lso blownoutbutt hesteamd is

char ge canicc on
eo nt hen ortherns ideo ft h
eal tereds ur
was fortun
at e
ly c o
ntr
ollab
le. From t hed is
cha rge fa
c eo f Mata l
oko) and Cone Volcani cs( younger)
te
st wi t
ht heR us
selJames me thod
, t hel argest from Wolo Manulalu ( vol
canicc one on t h
es o
u th
st
eamf lo
wr a
tewasc al
culat
edt ob e4.58kg/sa ta easterns i
deo ft healte re
ds urfaceo f Wo loB o bo
)
wellhe
adp ressureof0.37MPaG,a ssumingas atura are0 .506±0.030Maand l esst han 0.15 Ma, respec
tio
ns tat
ea tt hee ndoft hedis
cha rgepip
e. I nt his t
ive l
y.Th ea lt
erationzo nenameo f”Wol oBobo ”i
， n
pap
er,c onceptualm odelsf o
rt he g eoth
erm a
ls ys Fig.2,i sgi venby t henameo fv olca
nicc ones itu
temso fthet hreefie
ldswillber e
pr e
sentedb a
s e
don ated about1km n ort
ho ft he a lte
reds u
rface
, be -
thes
ee xploratio
nd ata
. The se models wil
lc ontrib- causei tis mo ref amou st h ant heo therv olcanic
utetoc o
nfirmt h
eu t
il
ityo fthec o
n s
tructediGEMS. conesn eart hea l
tereds urface.
Takahashie tal.( 20
0 0)e s
tim atefour l ineaments
from t hea rrangement o ft he v olcan
ic c onesa s
2
. Geology
shown i nF ig.2 . The e xtento f two lineame nts
Takahashi etal.(2 0
00)c l
assi
fyt hev olc
anicr ocks
, amon gt hem, exte n
dno r tht hroughWoloBob oand
coverin
gt h
e Wolo B obo
, Nage and Mat aloko g eo northwestbe tweenWol oBoboandMataloko ,i sc on
thermalf ie
lds,into f i
veu nits
:t he Old Volcanics
, siderab
lyl ong.Theset wol i
n eamentsa rec onsid
e red
the Bajawa C al
de r
a Volcani c
s,t he Cone V olca
n ic
s tob e ma ins tructurec ontro
l lingt hev olcanism in
(o
lder
),t heConeVo lca
nics(youn ger
)andt heI neri
e theBaia waar ea(Mura oka e ta l,2
. 0
00).
Volcan
icsi na scendi n
go r
der,a s shown i nF ig
.2 .
Theys tatet h
att heGreenTuffoft heNeogenedi s
3
. Geothermalsystemi
ntheWoloBobof
iel
d
tr
i b
utes under thesev olcanicr o
c k
sa s a baseme nt
ro
c k
. Tagomor ie tal.(2002)pointo utt h
att hereis 3.
1 Geochemistryo fgeothermalm a
nifestation
ah igh Boug uer anomaly i n and around t h
e Nage anda lte
reds urface
f
ielda ss hown inF ig.3. From t hisfigure,t hey Therea r
efum arolesw i
that emperatureofabou t
consi
dert hatt he
r ea rei n
trusiv
er ocksw ithah igh 95° Ci nthea l
tereds urf
aceoft heWo lo Bobo (s
ee
densi
tya tad eepl e
vel. Fig.4). The alter
e ds ur
faceextendssoutheastfor
Takahashi etal.( 20
00)r epor
ttha tt heK Arage s about2 00m andi t
swi dthisabout100m. Thea l-
oft heConeVo lcanics(older)fromWolo Sasa( vol terat
ionisc h
aract
erizedbyi nten
sivesil
ic
ific
ationof
’
a

Z
正

巨~ ~

臼 ，
w

/ L

F
ig.2 Geo
log
ir
nlma
poft
heWol
oBo
bo,Nag
ean
dMata
lok
oge
othe
rma
lfi
eld
s(a
fte
rTa
kah
ash
ieta
l.,2
000
).

-3
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亡戸銅 l
叩 血

(
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~ ・’ー圃
F
ig.3 Bougue
ranomal
ymapoft
heWol
oBob
o.NageandMat
alo
kog
eot
hermalf
iel
ds（
ρ＝2.
4;a
ft ie
erTagomor ta
l.,2
002
).

、
可也

、
、
国 GEN
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1
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F
ig
-.4 Geot hermalmani
fes
tati
onanda lt
er巴dsurf
aceinth巴 WoloBoboandNag 巴E 巴o
thermalfi巴l
ds.Theg
eol
ogi
caldata,Hg・
conc
e n
tration d
atai nthesoi
l ai
r and gravi
ty dat
a are based on Ta
kahashie tal
.( 2000
),WestJapan Eng
"in
eeri
ng
Consultant
s,Inc.andMitsubi
shiMateria
lsNaturalResour
c e
sDe vel
opmentC o
rp .(20
00)andTagomoriθta l
.(2
002
),r e
-
spe
ctivel
y.
 C
onc
ept
ualmod
elso
fth
eNageandMatalokog
eot
h告rma
lfi
eld
s(AK.
l
¥S.
l¥Oe
K ta
l.
)

theConeV olcanics( younger)ando ccurrenceo fsub water t hatr esult

ed from mi x
ing o ft he mag ma tic
limateds ulphur. I dentif
ie ds ec
ondary m in e
rals in gas wi th underground wa ter. Applying a δi' C(C
the samples from t hisal tereds urfac
ea r
eq uar
tz, OzCH 4) geothermometer ( D’Amo re and Pa nichi,
αc r
istobali
t e,t r
idymite,a luni
te,gypsum,k ao
linite, 1987
),a t emp eratureo f5 25° Ci se stimated.Thisi s
pyrite
,s id
erite,anataseands ulp
hu r. Hydrothermal consideredt ob eat empe ratur ec ond
i t
ion n e art he
alterat
ion under an a c
idc onditi
o nisi ndicated by ma gma. On t heo th
er ha nd,a temperatur eof2 9 0
mosto ft he s
em inerals. °Ci ses timat edbyCO ,Arge o
thermomete r(Gi gge n
Matsuda e ta.(
l 2002)r eportt heg asc om po
siti on bach,1 992
)andt ha
to f1 70℃ t o1 80° Cise stima t
e d
oft hef umarolicg asa sf o l
lows: C02 of9 3.3v o
l%, by C02 -
H2S- H2- CH4ge o
t hermometer (D Amo
’ re and
H,So f5 .6
8v ol%andr e
sidualgaso f1 .0
2v o l
%( ma in Panich
i,1 98 0
) and H, -Ar ge ot hermometer ( Gigge n-
compone nti sN,o f9 8.
1v ol%).T hisi ndicatesth at bach,1 980). Theformeri sr eg a
rdedt obea c o ndi-
thef umarolicgasi sd eriv
e dmainlyfromar eservoir tionont h ewaywheret hef luid flowsupfromt he
ofh otwater. However,802gaso f5 0ppmwasd e ma gma. Thel att
erw illbea tt her eservoirofac id
tectedbyt h eKitagawap recisiong asdetectori nt he hotwaterr esu l
tedfrom t hemag maticf luid
.
fumarolic gas. M ore over, Clo f0 .9
0 mg/li sd e Acid t on e utralhotwate r of80 4t yped is cha rge
tected in t he c ondensate o ft he f u
mar olic ga s att hef ooto fa s t
eepc liffi nT ude,ad istanceo f
(Matsuda e ta l
.,2 0
02). T here
fore,i ti sc onsidered about 2. 5 km s ouths out h
e astfrom t hef uma r ol
es
thatt herei sc ontr
ib u
tiono f magmatic gas t ot he (Matsuda e ta l
.,2 000
). The r ei s altereds urf a
c e
fumarolicgas. characterizeds il
icif
icati
on and a rgi
llization of t he
Matsuda e tal.(2002)r eport thatδD and δ o 凶 Old V olcani cs around t he hot s prings. Judg ing
valuesoft hes teamwatera re-47。 目 and- 7.4%0,r e- fromt h e δD(H20)and δ日O( H,O)va lues,t heo ri gin
specti
vely. Judging from t hes
ev al
ues,t h
e mai n ofh ot wa teri s mainly me teo r
ic wa ter
. On t he
origino ft he steam wat eri sm e
teoric water as other hand,n eutralh ot wat er ha sac ons id era b
l y
showni nFi g.5. high Clc on centrati
on ( 110 mg/ l
)and t empe ratur e
From t hesed ata,a cid gas with a h igh tempera (71
.4° C). I ts 804/C lr atioofabout8. 7i sc lo set o
turee mitted from magma c omesup n eart hes ur acidc raterl ake water i nt heK e
li Mutu Vol cano
faceandt herei sana ci
dr ese
rvoiro f80 4typeho t centr
al Fl oresI sl
and( Paste r
n ack and Va re kamp,

．
10

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1994). Considering its r e

lat
ively large values of survey(see Fi
g.6). Itisconsi
deredthatthi
scon-
δ九 （ SO,
百 ,11.
1% ） and δ日 C(
。 HCO・;,9 .1旬。） together duct
ivepa rtcorres
pon
dst otheres
ervo
irofacidhot
with theo therda t
a ,ac o ntr
ibution of a ma gmatic water thatr e
sulte
df rom t
he magmatic f
lui
d and
flui
di se stimate
d . Ac i
d hot wa ter has r esu
lted undergroundw at
er.
from t h
ed il
ution o fn e
u tralhotwa ter and oxida-
t
ion ofH2 S gasflowi ng upfromad eeperpa rt. 3. 3 C onceptualgeothermalmodel
There arec oldf umaroles and altereds urfacea I nt he Wol o Bobo f ield,t he vo lca
nism o ccurred
distan
ceo fabou t2kms out heastoft heWol oBobo along t he f aultt rending nor th and ga vet he ar
fumarole
s. The a l
teration is c harac
terized by rangemen to f many vol can icc onesi nt hist rend.
sili
cif
icat
ion and t he o ccurr
ence o f sublim ated Thetempe r at u
r earoundt h er esi du
alma gmai se st
i-
sulphuriss ometi mesrecognized
. Th ereist hesme l mat edt obeatl east5 2 5。 C. Ma gmaticfluidflows
ofH2 S gasfrom t h ecoldfumar ol
es. up a long t he f racture dz one ac companied by t his
faultar oundt heal tereds ur faceandc oo
lsgr adualy
3.2 Ge ologicals truc t
u re (s
e eF ig.7 ). I ts tempe ra ture de creasesto abou t
Acco r
ding t o Takahashiθt al .( 2000,t
) he r巴 i sa 290° C asi tf l owsu p. Th巴 f lu idflowsi nto und巴r-
faulte stim
a ted from t h巴 northt r
巴n dingl in eam ent, groundwa ter. T hismixtur 巴r 巴sul
tsi nani nt e
nsiv巴

given by t he ar rangement o ft he v ol
c anicc ones acid hot wat er( 170°Ct o1 80° C)o fs o4typewith
through theal te reds u
r face. Thisf aulti st hemai n relatively hi gh Cl c onc e
nt r at
ion at about 300 m
struc
turec ontrolling t hev ol
canis mi nthisf ie ld,a s deep. The s team and gas d erivedf rom t his hot
mentioned b efor 巴 The ge othermal man ife station, water,c ontai ning a c 巴rtain amount o f magmat ic
indic
ating ac o
nt ribution ofmagma ticf luid,andal gas, comeupt ot hes urf ac 日 a ndr 巴sultint h巴 Wol o
t日r巴ds ur
fac edis tributearoundt hisf aul
t.I ti sc on Boboa lte r
a ti o
nz one. Ast hisa cidhotwa t巴rflows
sidere
dt hat magmatic f lui
df lows up a l
o ng t he south, i t change s t o a ne u tral pH hot wat er
fracturedz onea ccompan ied wi tht hisf aultaround through wat e r-rocki n teract ion and d iluti
on by u n-
theal tere
ds urfac 巴. Ac cording t o Tagomor i eta l. der groundwa ter. Thish o twat 巴rflowsou taround
(20 ),ac
02 onduc tivepar ti sde tec
t edata round300m theal tered s urf acef ora d ista nceo fabout 2 .
5km.
d巴巴P unde rt he a lt日r巴d s ur f
ace,by t h巴 CSM T/MT Thehotwa t巴rc hangesagai nt oana c
idt yp日 byt he
n
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F
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odi
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lmodela
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ndt
heWol
oBo
boa
ndNagef
i
eld
s.

o
xid
ati
ono
fH2
Sga
saroundt
hes
urf
ace. Iti sc onsider e
dt ha tt h
istemperatur ec ondi tion is
thep as t.
The ho ts p ring wa ter sampl e
sa re alla c id and
4
. Geothermalsystem intheNage f
iel
d
classif
ie di nto t he S0 1t ype (Matsudaθta l.,2 000
).
4.
1 Geochemistryofgeothermalmanifestation Thei rClc oncentrat ionandF c on c
e n
t rationa rec on
andal tereds urface sider ablyh igh ( 399t o4 61mg/ land 6 .
02t o7 .53
Therea rehots p r
ings( 72° Ct o8 0° C ) along t he mg/l ,r e
spect i
vely),v e
ry d iffe rent from t h o seo f
Wa e Bana R iver with about a 5 00 m spac ing ( see typic als team h eat ed acid hot water. Moreover,
Fig.4). Ah igh Hg c onc entration anomal yi nt he their S01/Clr at
io o f about 1 and F/C lr atio of
soi
la iri sdetecteda longt her ive
re x t
e nding t ot he about0 .0
15a rev er ycloset oac i
dc r aterl akewa ter
northeast (West Japan Engineering Consultant s, in t he Kel i Mutu v olcano ( Pa sternac k and
Inc.and Mi tsubishiM a ter i
als Na tural Resourc es Varekamp,1 994). Thev alueo f δ1 1S(S0 1)o ft hehot
DevelopmentCorp. ,2000
). Theho ts pring sa res ur- wat er sampl esi sr e
lativ
el ylarge a t9 .9t o1 11%
. 。
，
rounded by al tere
ds urface. The l imitso ft hea l- and t h ey incr eas
e wi tht hei nc reaseo f S01c oncen-
tere
ds urfac
ea r enotc learb ecausep lantsc o vert he trati on. Thesef eaturesi ndicatet hec ont rib
u t iono f
ground. Takahashi e ta .(
l 2000)r 巴portst hatt he a high temp巴r ature ma gmat icf lui
di n
t ot h巴 ge o-
followingz onation oft h巴 a lt
巴r a
tion i sr ec ogniz ed thermal s yst em. Applyi ng t h巴 compu t巴r c od巴
from t hec enter( ar
oun dt he ho ts pring s
)t ot he "SOLVEQ”byReedandSpych er( 1984),t hec hemica l
marginal parto f al
tereds urface;s il
ic i
ficationz on e equil i
brium temperat ureo fquar tzandanhy dr i
t巴 is
charac
t eri
zed by t he o cc urrence o f quar tz and about 1 5
0° C and 2 00° Ct o2 10° C, r es
p e cti
vely
pyrophyl l
ite
,s il
ici
ficat
ionarg il
lization zon巴 c o
ns ist (Matsuda e t δ1.2
, 0 0
0). I ti sc ons i
de r巴d thatt hes巴
ingo fq uartz， αcristobalit e
, ka o
l i
n it巴 a ndal u
n it巴， 巴quil i
briumt emperaturesi ndicat et ha tt h巴 r 巴S巴rvoir
argi
llizatio
nz onec o
nsisting o fsm日c titeand p yri te. heat ed by t h巴 magmaticf luido rf luid on i tsway
Theo cc urr
enceo ft h
eses econdarym in eralssug ges ts upwar d.
thatt h巴 hydrothermalal te rationr esulte dfroma cid The ho ts prings show g as bu bbling and gypsum
hotwaterandtemperatur ea tthec 巴n terwash ighe r depos itioni sr ecog niz
edont hemar ginalpa rtofhot
than 1 00° C. Howev er,t herei s no ge otherma l waterp oo
l. Chemi c
alcompos itionandi s otopi cdat a
manif巴s t
ation givi
ng s uch a temp巴r atu r巴 condition. oft heb u
bbling gas i ndicat巴 itc ontain sa irt h
ati s
nD
 B
ull
eti
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heG
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ogi
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urv
eyo
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pan
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l.5
3(2
/3
),2
002

d
iss
olv
edi
nwater(Matsuda e
tal
.,2
002
). River( s
eeF ig.7 )
. Ah ighd ensi
tybodyi se stima t
ed
ata d eepl evelby t heg ravitys urvey (Tagomorie t
4.
2 G eologicals tructure al
.,2 0
02). Therei sapos s i
bi
lityt hatt hemag mat i
c
The Nage geothermal f ieldis a ba sinc overe d by flu
idc omesf romt hisi ntr usivebody. Thetemper a
the Old V olcanics surrounded by a s teepc l
iff. A tureo ft hef luidsf lowingupwa rdise stimate dt obe
fau
ltt r
e ndingno rt
h ea
s tise stimatedalongt heWae about 2 90 ° C. The sef luids flowi ntot he unde r
Bana R i v
er from d istrib
utiono fh ots pri
ngs and ground wa ter. The f l uids make t he unde rground
highHgc oncentrationanomalyi nt h esoilair(We st waterani nt ensi
vea cidhotwa te
r( about1 50° C)of
JapanEngineeringC onsultants.I n
c.andMitsubis hi 80 4typew i th relati
vely h ighC l and F c onc entr
a-
Materials Natural R es ources Development Cor p,
. tionsa tabouta2 00m d e pth. T hisacidh otwate r
200
0),a ss hown i nF ig.4 . Howe ver,t hee xten to f isdilutedbyunde rgroundwat erandf lowsoutwit h
thea ltereds ur
fac巴 iss 巴eminglyi nd ependento ft his bubbling gas along t h e Wa eB arra Riv 巴r. The
fa
ult. Ther esu
l tisfrom a lte
rationt ha tis caus ed hydrotherma la lteration a round t h巴 肝 o thermal
byp r巴se n
tandp asthydrotherma la cti
vity,a smen manifest a
tio n was r esulte df rom t hi
s hot wat er
.
tione
db efor
e. Tagomori e tal.(2002)r eportt ha ta Howeve r
,i ti sr egardedt hatt h
e mo sti nt巴n si
veal
conductivep artisd etecteda tarounda2 0m d
0 epth terat
ion had o ccu
rredi nt hep a
stb eca u
s et het em-
undert he alter巴d s u
r face around t h巴 Wa e Bana peraturee stimat 巴df romt h eoccurrenceo fs 巴condary
River by t he CSMT/MT survey ( se巴 Fig.6 ). I ti s min巴ralsont h日 surf
a c
ei sc onsidera
bly hi ghert han
consid巴r巴d thatt hisc onductivepartc orrespon dst o thep res巴ntc onditi
on.
ther 巴S巴rvoiro ft h巴 a cid hot wat 巴r th a
tr esulted
fromt hema gmaticf luidandunde rgroundw ate r.
5
. Geothermal systeminthe Mataloko f
iel
d
4.
3 Conceptualgeothermalmodel 5.1 Geochemistryofgeothermalmanifestati
on
Inth巴 Nagefie
ld, magmaticflui
dsflo
wupa long anda lter
eds ur
fac
e
t
hef a
ultt r
end
ing southwest al
ong t
he Wae Bana There ar巴 f
umarol
esand hot spr
ings on abouta

LEGEND

ピ
ラ FUMA
円OLE

(
±) EXPLORATORYWELL

O 100 200m

F
i・.
g 8G e
othe
rmalma
ni f
estat
ionandal
ter
eds
urf
acei
nth
eMatal
okog
eot
hermalfi
el
d.Theg・
e
ol・
g
oicald
ataa
reb
ase
don
Ta
kaha
shie .(
t丘1 2
000. Thec
) o
nce
ntr
ati
ond
ataofHgint
heso
ilai
r,r
esi
sti
vi
tyd at
aandgTavi
tydataa
reb
ase
don
Ta
gomor
ietal
.(20
00).

-38
2-
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elso
ftheNageandM
ata
lok
oge
oth告rmalf
iel
ds(AK.l¥S
.l¥
KOe
tal
.
)

1kms paci
ngal ongt heWaeL ujaR iv er( seeF ig
.8 )
. 192° Ct o230° Cundert hesha l
lowacidaquiferofS
The h ots pri ngs show g as bubbl ing and a res ur 04t ypeh otwater. Thed i
schargeflu
id sfromwe l
ls
roundedbya lt er
e ds urfa ce. Theal t e
r a
t ioni sc har MTL- 1
,MT- 1andM T- 2a r
er egard
edt oc omef rom
act e
ri z
edbya rgillizationands ilicification. Takahashi thi
s steam- dominated r
eservo
ir. They al so de
du ce
eta .(
l 200
0)r eportt ha tt hef oll owings ec ond ary that t her
e i sa d eep, rather extensi
ve wate r-
mi neralsa rei dentifi
edi nt hesamp les from t he al dominatedr eservo
irwi t
hatemperatureof2 70°Ct o
ter e
d s urface; q uartz， αc ristob alite
, ka olinite, 306° C.
alunite,s mect
i te,i a
rosite,p yr ite ands ul phur. The
occ urrenceo ft h e
ses e condary mi nera lsi n dica tes 5.2 G eo log i
c a
ls tru ct
u re
tha tt he hydrothermal a lter ation r esult ed mainl y Thisf ieldi s c ove red by t he Baja wa Ca l
de ra
froma c
idhotwa t
er. Volcanics. Th ree we lls 仏' 1TL1 , M T1 and M T2 )
Sueyoshie ta .(
l 200
2 )r ep ortt h at most c utti ng dril
ledi nt hi sf i
elda r ev er ys halow. The ya res til
l
sa mples from t h ew ellso f M T1 and M T2 a re int heB aj awa Cal d era Vol canics and h av e not
argillizedr ocks,thought h erea res omer atherf re sh reachedt heOldV olca nicsunde rt heBajawaCa l
de ra
roc ks. According t ot hem, t he al terati on i nt he Volcanic s(Su e
y o
s hie ta l.,2 00 2).
sha llowp artso ft hesew ells( s hall ower than 5 0m TheWaeLujaF aul te xt e
n dings o ut
h-sout heasti s
and7 0m f orM T1andM T2 ,r esp ectively )i sc h ar estimate d al ong t h e Wa e Lu j
a R iver i n t he
act e
ri z
ed by t heo ccurr enceo fk a olinitei ndic ati ng Mataloko f ield( Taka hashie ta l
.,2 000). The hot
an a cidc ondition. On t h eo therh and,t h
e al te ra springs
, fuma roles and al tereds urfacesa red istrib
tio n
si nt hed eep erp art s ar e chara cte
r ized by t he uteda longt hisf a
ult. Thes ha llowconduc tivez one
occ urrenceo fm o n
tmo ril loni te and c hlorite/mont - (neart hes urfacet o4 00m or5 0 0m d eep;Tagomor i
mor illoni
te i nterst
ratif ied minera l
. Mo reove r, eta l
.,2 0
02)andh igh Hg c o nce ntrationanoma ly i n
wai rakitei si d en
t i
fieda td ept hso f1 42 m, 1 60 m, thes o
ila i r( Tagomori e ta l,2
. 000)a lsoe x
tendal ong
181m,and2 0 2m i nM T- 1andatad ep tho f1 50m thisf ault( seeFi g.8 ). Thes hallowc onductivez one
inMT2 . I ti sdeduc edt hatt hea ctivityo fa c idhot isr egar ded t ob e an ar gil
liz ed impermea ble la yer
wa teri sl im
it edon lyn e art hes ur face. (capr ock) from t hed atao fwe ll
s M T1and M T2.
The hot s p ring water ( abo ut8 9℃ ） i sa c id and On t heo th er ha nd, no g eolog ica
ls tructurec orre-
classifiedi n
tot he 80 4t ype (Matsuda e ta l
.,2 0 00). sponding t ot he Wae Lu ia Fau lti sd et
ecteda ta
Theh otwaters ample sg i
v ee xtre mel ylowC landF deeperl evel,t hough t hreef au ltst rendi
ng no rtha re
co ncentrati
on ( 1
.5 t o1 8.0 mg/l and 0. 13 t o0 .27 estimate d around t he a lte red s urface from t he
mg /l,r espect
i vely).Theirδ ＇＇S (
S O,)v aluesa resma l resist
ivityda ta( T
agomorietal .,2002
),asshowni n
at 1 .6to 2. 5。 % andratherconst ant,i n depe ndent Fig.9. Fromt hesef actors,i ti sc onsi
deredt ha tt he
oft heirSO ,c o ncentration. Th isi ndic a
t est h ata c id Wae Lu j
a Fa ultc ont ro
ls t he ge otherma la ctivity
ho t water was mainly r esult edf rom t heo xi dati on neart he s u rface and t hee s timat e
dt hreef aults
ofH2Sg asa roundt hes urfac e. Theh otwatersam- (MFl, MF2andMF3)c ont rolt hegeothermala ctiv
pies gi velarge r values ofδD(H ,O) and δ1 80(H ,0) i
tya ta d eepl evel
. Af a ultt rending northi sa lso
thant hec olds urfacewateri nt heBaiawaa re a( see estimate d between MFl and MF2from t he gravi ty
Fi g
.5 )
. Thes lopeo ft hiss hift from t hemet eor ic data(Ta gomo rie tal .,2002). Thisf au
lti sr egar ded
wa terl ineinF ig.5（ム δ DI~ δ 180 va l u
eo fabout3 ) toc orre spon dt oMFl o rMF2.
indica t
est hats teaml o
s so ccu rsat7 0t o9 0° C( Eli s
and Mahon, 1 977). T h i s tempe rat urec ondit ioni s 5.3 Conceptualgeothe rmalmodel
closet ot hemeasuredwatert e
m per atu rea tt hed is Int he Mat al
oko field,r e
char ged meteo ri
c wat er
ch argeo rou tf low p oin
t . fromt hes urrounding vo lcani
cc oneschange st ohot
Mat sudae ta .(
l 2002)r eportt hechemic alc ompo si water a tad eepl evelby t hehe a
t and gas esf rom
tio nand i sotop icd atao ft hef uma ro licg asi nt his the magma and through wa terrocki nterac
tion.
field
. Applyi ng a δD(H2CH. ) g巴othermometer Although t hi
sh ot wat 巴ri ss til
l notd etect巴d,t he
(D'Amo re and Pani chi,1 987)
,at em pera tureo f1 20 ho t water flows up al ong t h ef aul
tso f MFl and
°Ct o1 30° Ci s 巴stimat ed. T hist emperaturei sr e- MF2t re nd
i ng north(seeF ig.1 0)
. Abovet hei nter-
ga rdeda s bei ng i nt her eser voiro fs team he at ed sections oft hesef au
lts wi tht he Wae Lu ja Faul t
,
acid wat er. Th巴 t 巴mp 巴ra turec o nditi ono f around theh ot water alsof lo ws up al ong t he Wae Luj a
300° C gi ven by mosto ft h
eo thergeothermometers Faultt ot h巴 d巴pthl ev
e lo f4 0 0m o r5 00 m,t h巴
isc onsid巴redt ob ei nad eepe rpar tthant hel evelo f lowerl imitoft hearg il
l
iz 巴di mpermeablel ayer
. The
ther eservoi
r. temperatureo ft he geot herma lr eser
voira long t he
Matsuda e ta .(
l 20
02)d iscu sst hege ochemi s try of Wa eLujaFa ultandMF2i se stimatedt ob e2 70。 c
the di schargef l
ui d from t he expl oration w ello f to3 06° C andas eali
ngz onei se stimatedatt het op
M T2 . A ccord ing tot heiri n terpre t at
i o
n ,t he rei sa oft hisr eserv
oir. Thes team andga sd erivedf rom
st巴a m dominated r 巴S巴rvo ir wi t hat emperature o f thisr 巴S巴rvoirflow up al ongt h巴 fr
act u
r巴d z on巴 of

-3
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References
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ta ti
on orh ighHgc oncen
trationanomaly i s
recogn
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. Summary
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7 )Geoc hem i
s try
Bobo , Nageand Matalokof ield
s,t hef ollowingcon ing eo thermal e xp lo rat ion.I n Economides,
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a t ed.I nt he Wolo Bobo M.andUngemach,P .,e d,.A ppliedG e othe r
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g i nalt emperatureo ft hese Pres s, NewYork, 3 9 2p.
fluidsa r eatl east5 25° C. Themi x
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esef lu- Giggenba ch, W. F . ( 19 80) Geotherma l g a s
ids with under ground water r esults an i ntensive equi libr ia.G eoch i
m . Cosmochim. Ac ta,4 4,
acidh ot water( 1
7 0°Ct o1 80° C)o f SO ,typea ta 20 212 03 2.
dept ho fabout3 0
0m. I nt heNagef ield,ma gmatic Giggenbach,W.F .( 1
99 2)Chem i
ca ltechnique si n
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an i ntens i
vea cid hot water ( about1 50℃ ） o f SO, Dev e lop men
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typea tad eptho fabout2 0 0m,throught hemixing Sma l EnergyRes ourc e
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i
sn ota va
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fie
lds, c ontribu
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thear eawheret hei n
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ns ivea cidh otwaterr esulted Japane se)
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geothermale xplorationont h e
sef i
elds
. andFu ta g
oishi,M.( 200 2)Chemicalandi s o
Int he Mataloko f i
eld,r ec harged meteor i
c water to pics tu d
ieso f wel di schar gefluid o ft h e
fromt hesurroundingv olca ni cc oneschangest oho t Mat aloko geothermal f ie
ld, F lor es,
water a tad e
epl evel by t h e he atand gase s from Ind o ne sia.Bull. Ge ol.S urv.J apa
n,5 3,3 4 3
the magma and t hrough waterr ocki nte
raction. 35 3.
The rei s an arg i
l
lized impe rmeable l a yer from t he Mura oka ,H .,Na sut i
on,A. ,Ura i
,M. ,Ta ka hashi,
surf a
c 巴 tot h巴 d巴pth1 巴velo f4 00m o r5 00m. The M. a nd Takashima, I .( 200
0) Regi ona lg巴O
hotwaterf l
owsupt ot h el o werl imito ft heimpe r th巴rma l g巴o lo gy o ft he Ngada D i strict
,
meable l ayer
, al ong thef ra ctur edz onese xtending Cent ral F lores. Indonesi a. Pro c. Wo rld
south, on t hew estern and e as
t erns ideso ft hea l- G eo th ermalCongr es s20 00,1 47
3-1478.
tereds ur f
ace
. Thef ractu re dz one accompan ied by Nasu tio n, A ., Mur aoka， 日. . Takash ima , I .
,
th巴 羽T a
eLuja F ault 巴xt 巴nd i ng northw巴s tal so con- Okubo,Y ., Takaha sh i,H. , Takaha shi ,M. ,
trolst hef lowp att巴rno ft h巴 h o twat 巴r. Thetem- Uc hida, T ., Anda n, A .
, Aka sako， 日． ，
P巴ra tureo ft hisgeothermalr eser voi
ri s巴s timatedt o Matsuda, K ., Nanlohi ,F .
,K usun adi,D .,
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thisr eservoi
rf low up al o ng t h ef ract u
redz oneo f Pre l
imi nary s urvey of Ba jawa g e othermal
the l 九TaeL uja Fa u
lt. The yr 巴sul
ti nas team- are a, Ngada D istr ict, Fl ores, Ea st Nusa
dominatedr eserv
oi rwi t
hat emp eratureo f1 92°Ct o Tengga ra,I ndonesia. Geot herm. Re s
. Coun
230° Ci nth巴 upp巴rp arto ft hei mperm巴ab lel ayer. cil.T ran s.
,2 34 6747 2.
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l
.53(
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3)
,20
02

Pasternack,G .B . and Varekamp, J .C .( 1994

) me ntsi nt he Matalo ko geotherm al fie
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) Geotherma l geology o f t he
of pH and m inera
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a, Timur, I ndonesi. Pr
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)E xploratory West Japan E ngineering C o
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Tagomori, K .,T akahashi,H .,F uta
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ishiM aterials
are
a,C entralF lor
es, Nus aT enggar a
,r e- Na tur al R es
ourc es Development Corp ,
.
searchc o
operationprojectont h
ee xplorat
ion Fu kuo ka
,2 77p.(InJ apanese)
ofsmal- sca
leg eother
ma lres o
urcesonremote Yasukawa, K ., Andan, A., Kusuma, D . and
is
landsi nthee a
sternp artofI ndonesa.P
i ro
c. Uc hida,T .( 2000
)S el
f-pote
ntials urv eyi n
AsiaGeothermalSympo sium2 00α252 6
. the Mataloko g eothermalp rospe
ct,F l
ores
,
Tagomori,K ,S
. ait
o,H .,K oseki,T .
,Takaha shi
, Indo nesi. Pro
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hi, M. ( 2002
) 8アθSS 2 0
00,1 9851990.
Geology andhydrothermal a lt
erati
ons, and
thosec orr
elatio
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インドネシア共和国フローレス島中部バジャワ地域の
ウォロボボ， ナゲ，マタロコ地熱地帯における地熱系に関する概念モデル

赤迫秀雄・松田鉱ニ・田篭功一・小関武宏・高橋 洋・ S
jaf
raDWIPA

ヒ
エ
，
要 目

イン ドネ シア共和国で遠隔離馬小規模地熱の探金に関する研究協力が実施された ．このプロジ ェクト

の主要な目的はイン ドネ シア版地熱資源総合解析システムを構築することに ある ．こ の目 的のため，フ
ローレ ス島中部のパ ジャワ地域が モデルフィー ル ドとして選定 された ．初期 における広域の地質調査と
地化学調査により，パ ジャワ 地域内で はウォロボ ボ，ナゲ， マタロ コ地熱地帯の地熱ポテン シャルが高
いと推定さ れ た このため， 探企の重点 はこれら 3J
也熱地帯におかれた
ウォ ロボボ地熱地帯では，ウ ォロボボ変質帯を とおる火口丘群の配列によ り示さ れる南北方向の断裂
需が火山活動を規制 している変質寄付近のこ の断裂需を高温のマグマ起源ガスや蒸気が上昇してお り，
供給源付近は 5
25°
C 程度の温度 と推定される ．このガス ・蒸気が地下水に吹き込み，地下 3
00m 付
近 に強酸性 8
04型熱水 （
170∼1
80°
C）が分布 していると推定 される ．変質帯の南方約 2
.5km付近に
湧出する Cl濃度の比較的高い温泉水の起源はこの よう な熱水層の 1っ と推定される ．また
， 変質帯 は
主として この熱水層から派生 したガス や蒸気によ って形成 されたと考えら れる ．
ナゲ地熱地帯では，ワエパナ 川沿 いの北東 ・南西方向の断層に沿って高温のマグマ起源ガスや蒸気が
上昇して いる．このガス ・蒸気が地下水に吹き込み，地下 2 0m 付近に強酸性 s
0 o，塑熱水（約 150
O
C）が分布して いると 推定され る
． この熱水が地下水によ る希釈を受けてワエパナ 川沿 いに湧 出 してい
る
．
マタ ロコ地熱l
也串では，マタ ロコ変質帯周辺の 火口丘群から地下へ浸透し た天水を起源 とす る深部熱
水がマグマか らの熱やガス，岩石 との相互反応によって形成されている この熱水はまだ確認されてい
ないが，マ タロコ変質帯の東西両側 に推定される南北方向の断裂帯に沿っ て地下 4
00m ないし 5
00m
付近の粘土化した難透水層の下端付近まで上昇している ．また，北西一 出東方向のワエルジャ断層沿
いの断裂需も熱水の流動を規制 していると考えられる ．この貯留層は 2
70∼ 3
06°
C の温度と推定され
る
． この貯留層から派生 した蒸気・ガス はワエルジャ 断層沿いの 断裂帯 に沿 って上昇 して いる．これ ら
の蒸気 ・ガスによ って難透水層上部に 1
92∼2
30°
C の蒸気卓越層が形成さ れている ．また，こ の蒸気 ・
ガスが浅層地下水に吹き込んで生成された酸性 S01 塑熱水がワエ ル ジャ）｜
｜沿い の地表付近に分布して
いる．
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