Contents

About the Authors................................................................................................................................................................................................. iv

Overview of the seven volumes............................................................................................................................................................... v
From the Publishers.......................................................................................................................................................................................  vi
Also by Analoly T. Fomenko.................................................................................................................................................................  vii
Also by Gleb V. Nosovskiy.......................................................................................................................................................................  viii
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Part I: RUSSIA AS THE CENTRE OF THE “MONGOLIAN” EMPIRE AND ITS ROLE
IN MEDIAEVAL CIVILIZATION
Chapter 1 “Peculiar” geographical names on the maps of the XVIII century
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
2. The meaning of the word “Mongolia” as used by the authors ................................................................. 10
3. The Kuban Tartars as the Kuban Cossacks on the maps of Russia d ­ ating from
the epoch of Peter the Great ............................................................................................................................................................. 10
4. The identity of Persia ............................................................................................................................................................................... 12
5. Czar-Grad and the multiple Saray cities on the maps dating from the epoch
of Peter the Great ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
6. The dating of 750 as inscribed upon a Russian naval chart proves that Empress
Yelizaveta Petrovna reigned in the eighth century as counted from the Nativity
of Christ, and not the XVIII ........................................................................................................................................................... 14
7. On some maps of the XVIII century Russia and Moscovia are written as names
that refer to different region ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
8. The name of the Russian Empire in the maps of the XVIII century ............................................... 20
9. The former identity of Lithuania ............................................................................................................................................... 29

Chapter 2 Russian history as reflected in coins

1. A general characteristic of Russian coinage .................................................................................................................. 30
2. The mysterious period of “coinage a­ bsence” in Russian history ........................................................... 33
3. Strange absence of golden coinage from the Western European currency
of the VIII-XIII century ....................................................................................................................................................................... 36
4. The origins of the bicephalous eagle as seen on Russian coins .............................................................. 37
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5. The Tartar and Russian names of the coins circulating among the Russians
and the Tartars ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 37
6. Russian and Tartar lettering and the presumably “meaningless i­nscriptions”
on the ancient coins of the Muscovite principality .............................................................................................. 39
7. Bilingual lettering on the Russian coins of the XIV century (Russian and Tartar) ........ 41
8. The locations of the Tartar mints .............................................................................................................................................. 42
9. Why Great Prince Ivan III put the Hungarian coat of arms on some of his coins .......... 42
10. Some general considerations in re numismatic history ............................................................................... 43
10.1. The similarity or dissimilarity of portraits on various coins ................................................ 43
10.2. The bizarre hoardings of “long-term a­ ccumulation” .................................................................... 43
10.3. Strange destructions of “ancient” coin hoardings in the Middle Ages ..................... 44
10.4. Petrarch (a.k.a. the “ancient” Plutarch?) as the first numismatist .................................. 44
10.5. The “ancient” Golden Fleece and its d ­ ouble from the XV century ............................... 44
10.6. Mediaeval geographical names were in a state of constant flux ....................................... 45
10.7. Dates as indicated on antique coins ................................................................................................................. 46
10.8. Is it possible to date sepulchres by the coins found therein? ............................................... 46

Chapter 3 Vestiges of the Great = “Mongolian” Empire in documents and on the ­artefacts
found in Europe and Asia
1. The allegedly illegible inscriptions on mediaeval swords ............................................................................. 47
2. Italian and German swords with Arabic lettering ................................................................................................. 53
3. The reason why the coronation m ­ antle of the Holy Roman Empire is covered
in Arabic lettering e­ xclusively ....................................................................................................................................................... 54
4. Church Slavonic inscription in the glagolitsa script in the Catholic Cathedral
of St. Vitus in Prague ............................................................................................................................................................................... 56
5. The peculiar title of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, a Russian Czar
of the XVII century, as inscribed on his seal ............................................................................................................... 56
6. Stone effigies on ancient Russian grave-mounds. The “stone maids of the Polovtsy” ....... 57
7. N. A. Morozov’s input into historical science is great; however, his pro-Western
theory is erroneous .................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
8. The Western European countries and their fear of the “Mongols and Tartars” .................. 62
9. The Great = “Mongolian” conquest r­ esulted in a westward migration
of geographical names ............................................................................................................................................................................ 63
9.1. The Volga and the Bulgarians ..................................................................................................................................... 63
9.2. On the names of the rivers (such as the Don, the Danube, the Dnepr
and the Dniester) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 63
9.3. The hussars, the Khazars, the cuirassiers and the Czar-Assyrians
(or Sar-Russians) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 64
9.4. The actual identity of the Khazars ......................................................................................................................... 65
9.5. Slavic names on the map of the Western Europe ................................................................................. 66

Part II: CHINA. THE NEW CHRONOLOGY AND CONCEPTION OF CHINESE HISTORY.
OUR HYPOTHESIS
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 70

Chapter 4 Astronomical events in the “ancient” Chinese chronicles

1. The actual astronomical events d
­ escribed in Chinese chronicles ....................................................... 71
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2. Chinese eclipses ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 72

3. Chinese horoscopes ................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
4. The “ancient” Chinese 60-year cycle and its origins ........................................................................................... 74
5. When did the Chinese invent the telescope? ............................................................................................................... 74

Chapter 5 Chinese comets

1. Suspiciously high comet observation frequency in China ........................................................................... 76
2. Years of comet observations in China ................................................................................................................................. 79
3. European comets and their observation dates ........................................................................................................... 80
4. A comparison of the Chinese and European comet rosters ...................................................................... 81
5. Comet Halley .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83
5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 83
5.2. The analysis of Planet Halley’s recurrence cycles ................................................................................. 84
5.2.1. A list of the dates of Comet Halley’s alleged sightings ............................................... 84
5.2.2. What happened to Comet Halley in 1986? The reasons why it shifted
to the other hemisphere ............................................................................................................................... 85
5.2.3. What has been happening to Comet Halley after 1759?
The reason why its recurrence cycles have become irregular ..................86
5.2.4. The provenance of the “Chinese law of periodicity” for
Comet Halley ...................................................................................................89
5.2.5. Dating the introduction of fabricated data into the “observation
records” of Comet Halley ..............................................................................92
5.2.6. On the chaotic character of Comet Halley’s m ­ otion .................................93
5.2.7. Suspiciously high frequency of improbable o ­ ccurrences in
Scaigerian history ................................................................................................................................................ 94
5.3. In re the comet of Charles V ........................................................................................................................................ 95
5.4. Strange duplicates with the periodicity of 540 years inherent in the
Chinese and European comet rosters ................................................................................................................ 95

Chapter 6 Parallels between the history of Europe and the “ancient” China
1. A general characteristic of Chinese history .................................................................................................................. 96
1.1. The reason why Chinese history is so complex ...................................................................................... 96
1.2. Chinese names of persons and places ............................................................................................................... 98
1.2.1. What we come up with when we read Chinese texts and
translate Chinese names .............................................................................................................................. 98
1.2.2. European nations on the Chinese arena .................................................................................... 98
2. The landmarks of the parallelism b ­ etween the Chinese and the phantom
European history before the X century AD .................................................................................................................. 102
3. Parallelism key points between the Chinese and Roman-Byzantium history
of the X-XIV centuries .......................................................................................................................................................................... 105
3.1. Parallels between the Macedonian conquest in Europe and the Cidanian
conquest in China ......................................................................................................... 105
3.2. Baptism in China and Russia in the X century ........................................................ 106
3.3. Son of Heaven in China in the XI century AD. Guildebrand as reflection
of Jesus Christ? ............................................................................................................... 107
3.4. Reflection of the First Crusade In 1099 AD in the “Chinese History” ................ 107
3.5. Century shift in the “Chinese history” of the XI century ............................................................. 108
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3.6. Kaifeng as the capital of the Chinese Empire “R” ................................................................................ 108

3.7. Reflection of the Fourth Crusade in the “Chinese history” ...................................................... 108
4. Chinese history of Cidanes, the kingdom of the Prester John, and the
emergence of the “Mongolian” Empire .............................................................................................................................. 109
4.1. Copying on paper of the prehistory of “Mongolian” Empire to the
European and allegedly Eastern “Chinese” history ................................................ 109
4.2. History of the “Mongolian” Empire in the “Chinese” chronicles .......................................... 109
4.2.1. Roman and Nicean Empires in the “Chinese” chronicles ........................109
4.2.2. Ilya Dashi .........................................................................................................110
4.2.3. Gurkhan ...........................................................................................................110
4.2.4. “Chinese” Imil and ancient Russian River Ilmer .......................................111
4.2.5. “Chinese” city of Balasagun and old Russian city of Balakhna ...............111
4.2.6. “Chinese” Semirechie-Seven Rivers .............................................................111
4.2.7. Ilya Dashi becomes a chief of a huge army in the Semireche ..................111
4.2.8. About the name China. Why China is called China .................................112
4.2.9. Grandiose “ancient Chinese” battle in XIII century AD ..........................113
4.2.10. The Christianity of Kara-Kitai (China). The Czar Skifs? ........................113
4.2.11. “Chinese” chronicles, talking the same time, were elongated
by a century ...................................................................................................114
4.2.12. When were the European chronicles transplanted to China? ........................ 114
5. The history of China after the XV century .................................................................................................................... 114
5.1. When, why and who built the Great Chinese Wall ............................................................................ 114
5.2. How many months it takes to go from China to Kitai ................................................................... 125
5.2.1. Where Kitai was at the time of Afanasy Nikitin ............................................................... 125
5.2.2. Bilingual Russia of the XV century .................................................................................................. 126
5.3. Why Beijing is being called Beijing ...................................................................................................................... 128
5.4. Kitai or Bogdai? .......................................................................................................................................................................... 129
5.5. Who are the Buddhists? .................................................................................................................................................... 129
5.6. Three “Mongolian” dynasties in the history of China ..................................................................... 130
5.7. China is called in European chronicles “Country of Sers.”
But who are the Sers? ........................................................................................................................................................... 130
5.8. The epoch of Manjous – the beginning of the reliable history of China ................... 130
6. “Mongolian” Manjou Golden (Ch’ing) dynasty in China ............................................................................. 131
6.1. What is known about Manjous in Scaligerian history? ................................................................. 131
6.2. Manjou monumental military construction in China .................................................................... 131
6.3. The Golden Empire of Manjous and the Golden Horde ............................................................. 132
6.4. Religion of Manjous ............................................................................................................................................................... 132
6.5. The trust of Manjou in their right to rule the world ........................................................................ 132
6.6. Did the Chinese under the rule of Manjou copy the “ancient models”? ................... 133
6.7. How was the Chinese History created? ........................................................................................................... 133
6.8. What books from the Middle Ages the Chinese Emperor burnt in the
“III century BC”? ....................................................................................................................................................................... 134
6.9. Who are those Manjous? .................................................................................................................................................. 135
6.10. The unsuccessful attempts of Manjous to avoid assimilation ............................................. 135
7. Our reconstruction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 136
8. What happened in the territory of contemporary China before the
XVII century AD ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 137
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9. Were paper, gunpowder, and silk really invented in China? ..................................................................... 137
10. About the historical sources of modern Mongols .............................................................................................. 138
11. Where China is shown on old maps? ............................................................................................................................... 140
12. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 141

Chapter 7 The Great = “Mongolian” conquest of Japan

1. The military caste of the Japanese Samurai as the descendants of the
XIV-XV century conquerors of Japan originating from the Horde .................................................. 143
2. Mediaeval Japan could have been a Christian country. Traces of Russia,
or the Horde, in Japan ............................................................................................................................................................................ 145
3. The manufacture of the famous Samurai swords involved the “Tartar
Process” in the Middle Ages ........................................................................................................................................................... 151

Part III: SCYTHIA AND THE GREAT MIGRATION. THE COLONIZATION OF EUROPE,
AFRICA AND ASIA BY RUSSIA, OR THE HORDE, IN THE XIV CENTURY
Chapter 8 West Europeans writing about the Great = “Mongolian” Russia
1. Invasion into Europe, the Mediterranean region and Asia under Ivan Kalita
(Batu-Khan). The foundation of the Great = “Mongolian” Empire .................................................. 155
1.1. Scaligerian chronology of the “Mongolian” invasion ....................................................................... 155
1.2. The reaction of the Western Europe to the “Mongolian” invasion ................................... 156
1.3. Negotiations with the “Mongols”. The curt response sent by Guyuk-Khan
to the Pope .................................................................................................................... 157
1.4. Christianity of the “Mongols” .................................................................................... 157
1.5. The missive sent to the French king by the “Mongolian” Khan .......................... 158
1.6. The second armed invasion of the Russians as a real menace
in the late XVI – early XVII century ........................................................................ 159
1.7. German historians of the second half of the XIX century still remembered
much of the authentic mediaeval history ...................................................................................................... 159
1.7.1. Mediaeval authors were of the opinion that the famous
Byzantine Emperor Justinian was Slavic .....................................................160
1.7.2. The Slavic conquest of the Balkans and the “ancient” Greece .................160
1.7.3. Turkish princes minted coins with r­ epresentations of Christ
with a sceptre and a Christian orb, presumably “failing to
comprehend” the meaning of these symbols ....................................................................... 161
1.8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 161
2. The “Mongolian” Empire and the famous Christian kingdom of Presbyter
Johannes. Khans of the “Mongols” as Orthodox Christians ...................................................................... 162
3. Great Tartary and China ...................................................................................................................................................................... 165
4. Mediaeval Western reports about the Kingdom of Presbyter Johannes,
or the Russian Empire (the Horde) in the XIV-XVI century ................................................................... 166
4.1. The “antiquity” and the Middle Ages are fused together
on geographical maps.................................................................................................. 166
4.2. The “Mongol” (Russian) Horde of the XIV-XVI century described in
the Bible and the Koran as the famous nations of Gog and Magog..................... 166
4.3. The war between the Russian “Mongol and Tartar” Horde and the
“ancient” Alexander the Great ................................................................................................................................... 168
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4.3.1. The wars against Gog and Magog and the gigantic wall that held
them “in seclusion” .........................................................................................168
4.3.2. The wall of Gog and Magog: the time and place of its construction ......... 169
4.4. The “Mongolian” conquest as described by later Western European
chroniclers ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 171
5. The Kingdom of Presbyter Johannes, or the Russian and Ataman Horde
as the dominant power of the XIV-XVI century .................................................................................................... 173
5.1. Presbyter Johannes as the liege of the Western rulers ........................................... 173
5.2. The foundation of the “Mongolian” Empire and the divide of its Eurasian
part three h­ undred years later into Russia, Turkey and the Western Europe .... 176
5.3. A general view of the Eurasian map ......................................................................... 177
5.4. The opposition between the Atamans and Russia, or the Horde.
The part played by the Romanovs ......................................................................................................................... 181
6. A new look on the Kingdom of Presbyter Johannes ........................................................................................... 182
6.1. Presbyter Johannes .................................................................................................................................................................. 182
6.2. European names distorted beyond recognition in later Chinese transcription ........ 183
6.3. Europeans called China “Land of the Ceres” ............................................................................................ 183
6.4. The famous mediaeval “Epistle of Presbyter Johannes” as an authentic ­
document describing the life of the ancient Russia, or “Mongolia” ................................. 183
6.5. The river of Paradise flowing through the kingdom of Presbyter Johannes .......... 185
6.5.1. The two rivers: Don and Edon .............................................................................................................. 185
6.5.2. River Volga was also known as “Don” ......................................................................................... 185
6.5.3. River Physon and Russian River Teza ........................................................................................... 185
6.5.4. River Volga (or Ra) as a “river or paradise”. Rai as the Russian
for “paradise” ............................................................................................................................................................. 186
6.5.5. The birthplace of Presbyter Johannes ............................................................................................ 186
6.5.6. Khulna, the capital city of the Presbyter’s kingdom, identifiable as
Yaroslavl, or Novgorod the Great (also known as Kholmgrad) ....................... 186
6.5.7. The description of the flood on the great Indian river Volga
in the epistle of Presbyter Johannes ................................................................................................. 187
6.5.8. Which church is famous for the “parting of the waters” around it
on the Feast of St. Thomas? ....................................................................................................................... 188
6.6. The identity and location of the ancient India ......................................................................................... 189
6.7. What the West Europeans of the XII-XVI century knew about India ......................... 189

Chapter 9 The Slavic conquest of Europe and Asia. A rare book of Mauro Orbini
about the “Slavic Expansion”
1. Did the Western Europe remember the “Mongolian” conquest to have been
undertaken by the Slavs? ..................................................................................................................................................................... 192
2. Why did Peter the Great build St. Petersburg amidst the swamps?
The book of Mauro Orbini ............................................................................................................................................................... 194
3. The conquest of Europe and Asia by the Slavs according to Orbini’s book ............................. 196
4. Our conception explains the book of Orbini .............................................................................................................. 198
5. The parties that went to battle and won, and the ones that lost,
but wrote history .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 198
6. Where did Orbini conduct his r­ esearch? ......................................................................................................................... 200
7. Orbini was aware that historians would not like his work .......................................................................... 201
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8. The list of sources used by Orbini ............................................................................................................................................ 202

9. Orbini’s book uses Western European materials ..................................................................................................... 202
10. Our point of view on Orbini’s book ................................................................................................................................... 203
11. The use of the Cyrillic alphabet in the Western Europe as reported by Orbini .............. 203
12. Orbini on the Slavic Goths ............................................................................................................................................................ 203
13. Orbini on the Russian Slavs, or the Muscovites ................................................................................................... 204
14. Orbini on the Huns and Attila as a Russian warlord ...................................................................................... 205
15. Hungary in the title of the Russian Czars .................................................................................................................... 206
16. Orbini on the campaigns of the Russian Muscovites in the epoch
of the “Antiquity” ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 206
17. Orbini on the “Finns, or Fennes, a Slavic tribe” ................................................................................................... 206
18. Orbini on the “Slavic Dacians” ................................................................................................................................................. 206
19. Orbini on the “Norman Slavs” .................................................................................................................................................. 206
20. Orbini on the Amazons – “the famed Slavic warrior women” ............................................................ 207

Chapter 10 The Slavs in European history as per the book of Volanskiy and Klassen
1. Why the books of Orbini, Chertkov, Volanskiy, Klassen and many others
were neither refuted, nor accepted .......................................................................................................................................... 209
2. Evidence of Slavic presence in the Western Europe perceived as perfectly natural
from the viewpoint of our conception ................................................................................................................................ 210
3. F. Volanskiy, Y. I. Klassen and their h ­ istorical research .................................................................................. 210
4. Slavic presence in Europe was d ­ escribed in many books dating up until
the XVIII century ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 212

Chapter 11 Mediaeval Scandinavian maps and geographical œuvres report

the “Mongolian” conquest of Eurasia and Africa
1. A general characteristic of geographical tractates ................................................................................................. 213
1.1. The time most Scandinavian tractates on geography were written ................................. 213
1.2. The physical appearance of the first maps .................................................................................................. 216
1.3. The same name with slight variations can be found all across the world
on the map ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 216
1.4. The multiplication of names on the world map:
when and how did it happen? ................................................................................... 217
1.5. A useful alphabetic list of geographical names and their identifications
compiled by the authors from Scandinavian tractates and names ................................... 218
2. Japheth as the son of the Biblical Noah. The nation that bore this name
and its geographical localisation ................................................................................................................................................. 219
2.1. The offspring of the Biblical Japheth p ­ opulated all of Europe ............................................... 219
2.2. The first son, or the Biblical Magog ..................................................................................................................... 220
2.3. The second son, or the Biblical Madai .............................................................................................................. 220
2.4. The third son, or the Biblical Javan (Ivan) ................................................................................................... 221
2.5. The fourth son, or the Biblical Tiras (Turk) ............................................................................................... 221
2.6. The fifth son, or the Biblical Tubal (Tobol) ................................................................................................. 222
2.7. The sixth son, or the Biblical Gomer .................................................................................................................. 223
2.8. The seventh son, or the Biblical Meshech (Mosoch) ........................................................................ 223
2.9. Thus, who are the sons of the Biblical Japheth? ..................................................................................... 224
3. The Trojan conquest of Europe .................................................................................................................................................... 224
xvi | history: fiction or science? chron 5

3.1. The origins of the settlers who populated Russia, Norway, Iceland

and Greenland .............................................................................................................................................................................. 224
3.2. It turns out that Europe, Britain and Scandinavia were populated
by either the Turks or the Asian Trojans ........................................................................................................ 225
3.3. The exodus of the Trojans from Byzantium in the XIII-XIV century
virtually coincided with the beginning of the “Mongolian” conquest .......................... 225
3.4. True stories of medieval Scandinavians do not agree with Scaliger history .................. 226
3.5. Other European countries were also supposedly mistaken presuming
that their nations descended from the Trojans ....................................................................................... 227
3.6. The settlement of England by the Britons – the Trojans and their
descendants in the XIII-XIV century AD ..................................................................................................... 228
4. Slavic conquest of Europe allegedly of the VI-VII centuries AD as one of the
reflections of the Russian “Mongolian” conquest of the XIV-XV century ................................ 228
5. Comparison of the West and the East in the works of A. S. Khomyakov ................................. 229
5.1. About Alexey Stepanovich Khomyakov .......................................................................................................... 229
5.2. A. S. Khomiakov about the distortion of the Russian history by the
West European authors ...................................................................................................................................................... 231
5.3. Don and Rona – old Slavic names of the river ........................................................................................ 231
5.4. Who are Bulgarians ................................................................................................................................................................ 232
5.5. A. S. Khomyakov on the traces of the Slavic conquest in Western Europe ............ 232

Chapter 12 Western Europe of the XIV-XVI century as part of the Great = “Mongolian” Empire
1. The seemingly strange, yet perfectly understandable attitude of the Romanovs
to the Russian sources mentioning the Western Europe ............................................................................... 234
2. Were the inhabitants of the pre-Romanovian Russia really “afraid of the
foreigners,” as the Romanovian historians claim? ................................................................................................. 235
3. Europe invaded by the Ottoman = Ataman Turks. The reason why they were
referred to as “Tartars” .......................................................................................................................................................................... 235
3.1. The beginning of the invasion .................................................................................................................................... 235
3.2. Why the Russian “Legend” refers to the Turks as to Tartars.
The date of its creation ........................................................................................................................................................ 236
3.3. The Venetian Republic paying tribute to the Ottomans = Atamans .............................. 238
3.4. A strike at the centre of Europe. Why Europeans were eager to pay
their tribute to the Atamans in advance and not merely on time ..................................... 238
3.5. “Mongolian” vicegerent, or the rulers of the Western Europe, still paid
tribute to the Ottomans = Atamans at the end of the XVI century ................................ 239
3.6. France, Britain and the Atamans ............................................................................................................................. 239
4. The gilded domes of Russia. What was Russia’s source of silver, given that
it owned no silver mines in that epoch? ........................................................................................................................... 240
4.1. Were the Ottomans (Atamans) the only r­ ecipients of the tribute paid
in silver by the mediaeval Western Europe? .............................................................................................. 240
4.2. Mediaeval trade between the West and the East. The West grew poorer
and the East got richer ........................................................................................................................................................ 242
4.3. The Silk Road ................................................................................................................................................................................. 244
4.4. When was the custom of washing hands before meals introduced
in the Western Europe? ...................................................................................................................................................... 245
4.5. What the Russians used the Western silver and gold for ............................................................ 247
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5. Futile attempts of the Westerners to drive a wedge between the allied forces
of the ancient Russia and the Ottoman = Ataman Turks ............................................................................. 249
6. How the Western Europe finally s­ ucceeded in making Russia and Turkey
hostile towards each other ................................................................................................................................................................. 250
7. The joy of liberty ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 251
8. Mediaeval Russian accounts of the Western Europe .......................................................................................... 252
8.1. In re the XV century Rome in Italy ...................................................................................................................... 252
8.2. On the life of the Western countries in general ..................................................................................... 252
8.3. The attitude to the Bible in the Western Europe ................................................................................... 253
8.4. The global chronicle genre. The predecessors (or, rather, contemporaries)
of Scaliger and Petavius ..................................................................................................................................................... 254
9. Moscow as Third Rome ........................................................................................................................................................................ 256
9.1. The moniker “Third Rome” as used for r­ eferring to Moscow
finally explained .......................................................................................................................................................................... 256
9.2. Moscow as the “New Jerusalem” ............................................................................................................................. 258
9.3. “Russia and Jerusalem are wherever one finds the true faith” ............................................... 262
9.4. The source of the decree about the foundation of the New Inquisition
in the Western Europe ........................................................................................................................................................ 263
10. How veracious is our idea of the mediaeval Western inquisition? ................................................. 265
11. The identity of St. George ............................................................................................................................................................... 265
11.1 The Russian cult of St. George the Victorious ........................................................................................ 265
11.2. The cult of St. George the Victorious in Europe and Asia ...................................................... 269
11.3. George as the “ancient” warrior Perseus ..................................................................................................... 270
11.4. The famous “ancient Greek” myth of the terrifying gorgon Medusa
as a memory of the invasion of George’s Horde ................................................................................. 271
11.5. Gorgon = George = Genghis-Khan r­ epresented in the symbolism
of the “ancient” goddess Athena ........................................................................................................................... 274
11.6. Ares, God of War: Ross (Russ)? ............................................................................................................................ 275
11.7. The Franks, the Turks and the Tartars. Paris, the Persians and the
Russians ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 276
11.8. Orders of St. George in Russia and in the Western Europe .................................................. 276
11.9. Georgiy the Victorious seizes Jerusalem = Constantinople.
The Bosporus as the Sound of St. George ................................................................................................. 276
11.10. The sound of St. George in Britain ................................................................................................................. 279
12. The knightly name of Rosh = Russ in crusade history ................................................................................. 280
13. Gog, the Mongols and the Tartars as Frankish crusader knights ..................................................... 280
14. Direct participation of the Russian troops in the conquest of Constantinople ............... 281
15. History of firearms: is our perception correct? ...................................................................................................... 282
16. Did the Horde conquer Transcaucasia or the Western Europe? ....................................................... 282
17. The toponymy of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden ....................................................................................... 283
18. The reason why the famous icon of Our Lady of Kykkos from Cyprus
is still concealed from public sight ....................................................................................................................................... 283
19. “Mongolian” = the Great Empire was split in the XVII century ....................................................... 286
19.1. Why “Mongolian” Empire, the first and single really world empire,
through the three hundred years was splitted ...................................................................................... 286
19.2. Diplomatic success of Western Europe in its struggle with Empire
in the XVI-XVII century .............................................................................................................................................. 286
xviii | history: fiction or science? chron 5

19.3. Who, when and why distorted the history of Antiquity, that is the
history of the XI-XVI century ................................................................................................................................ 287
19.3.1. Involontary mistakes and intentional falsifications .................................................... 287
19.3.2. Today Scaliger chronological duplicates are useful for the
reconstruction of the correct history ......................................................................................... 288
19.4. Dispute on which religion is more ancient. Why it is better to use a
longer ancient history ....................................................................................................................................................... 289
19.5. Military and state support for the four religions of the XVII century and
Scaligerian ranking of religions by their age .......................................................................................... 289
19.6. Ferrara-Florentine Concil and failed attempt in the XV or XVI century
to prevent the Church split ........................................................................................................................................ 290
20. Pogrom of the Russian Horde history on the example of Kirillo-Belozersky
Monastery .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 292

Part IV: WESTERN EUROPEAN A

­ RCHAEOLOGY, MEDIAEVAL ­CARTOGRAPHY AND
GEOGRAPHY CONFIRM OUR RECONSTRUCTION
Chapter 13 Surviving mediaeval geographical world maps do not contradict our ­reconstruction
1. Our analysis of the maps collected in the fundamental atlas entitled “The Art
of Cartography” ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 297
2. Conclusions made on the basis of the mediaeval maps .................................................................................. 301
2.1. Why the Great Wall of China doesn’t figure on any maps predating 1617
in the “Art of Cartography” atlas ............................................................................................................................. 301
2.2. Most ancient maps do not indicate the year of their compilation .................................... 302
2.3. Jerusalem as the primordial centre of the world. Indications of three cities
(Jerusalem, Rome and Constantinople) appear on later maps .............................................. 303
3. The evolution of the geographical d ­ escriptions and maps of the XI-XVI century.
The condition they reached us in .............................................................................................................................................. 305
3.1. The reason for the multiplication of names on the maps of
the XIV-XVI century ............................................................................................................................................................ 305
3.2. How the Imperial geographic names were transplanted to new soil
in the XVII-XVIII c­ entury, accompanied by their historical d ­ escriptions ............. 308
3.3. Tedious descriptive diaries of actual v­ oyages and thrilling tales written
in comfortable studies ......................................................................................................................................................... 309

Chapter 14 The real contents of Marco Polo’s ­famous book

1. Introduction. The identity of Marco Polo ....................................................................................................................... 311
2. Who was the real author of Marco Polo’s book? ..................................................................................................... 313
3. In what language did Marco Polo write or dictate his book? ................................................................... 313
4. Did Marco Polo visit the territory of modern China at all? ...................................................................... 313
4.1. The location of the Great Wall of China ....................................................................................................... 313
4.2. How about the tea? ................................................................................................................................................................. 314
4.3. Has Marco Polo seen Chinese women? ........................................................................................................... 314
4.4. Where are the hieroglyphs? ........................................................................................................................................... 314
4.5. What else did Marco Polo “ignore” about China? .............................................................................. 314
4.6. What “indubitably Chinese phenomena” did Marco Polo notice
during his visit to “China”? ........................................................................................................................................... 315
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5. Geographical names used by Marco Polo were considered his own i­nventions
in Europe for two hundred years ............................................................................................................................................... 315
6. What are the “islands” mentioned by Marco Polo? ............................................................................................. 315
7. Why modern commentators have to “correct” certain names used by Marco Polo,
allegedly in error ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 315
8. What direction should one take in order to reach India and China from Italy? ............... 317
9. Why Marco Polo mentions spices, silks and oriental wares in general when he
tells us about India, or Russia ........................................................................................................................................................ 317
10. The toponymy of the name “India” ..................................................................................................................................... 318
11. When and how were certain g­ eographical names used by Marco Polo
“localised” .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 318
12. Miniatures in the book of Marco Polo ............................................................................................................................ 320
12.1. What did they depict? ...................................................................................................................................................... 320
12.2. Miniature entitled “The Death of Genghis-Khan” ........................................................................... 320
12.3. Miniature entitled “The Palace at Khan-Balyk” .................................................................................. 321
12.4. Miniature entitled “Borus” (Boris?) .................................................................................................................. 321
12.5. The identity of the people with canine heads ........................................................................................ 321
12.6. Turbans as native Russian headdress .............................................................................................................. 323
12.7. Miniature entitled “Cynocephali” ....................................................................................................................... 324
12.8. Other miniatures from Marco Polo’s book ............................................................................................... 324
13. The “Kuznetskiy Most” in mediaeval China ............................................................................................................. 333
14. The itinerary of Marco Polo ......................................................................................................................................................... 333
14.1. Futile attempts of the commentators to retrace the itinerary
of Marco Polo ............................................................................................................................................................................ 333
14.2. The location of Karakorum, or the Great Khan’s capital .......................................................... 334
14.3. Cossacks on the pages of Marco Polo’s book as the Great Khan’s guard ................ 335
14.4. The Black Sea ............................................................................................................................................................................. 335
14.5. The country of Mongolia .............................................................................................................................................. 335
14.6. Amazonia ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 335
14.7. The great market and the customs office in the Russian city of Azov ....................... 336
14.8. Polo’s further itinerary ..................................................................................................................................................... 336
15. After Marco Polo ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 338
16. Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 339
17. Addendum. Alaskan history ........................................................................................................................................................ 339

Chapter 15 The disappearing mystery of the Etruscans

1. The mighty, legendary and allegedly enigmatic Etruscans .......................................................................... 345
2. What we know about the Etruscans ....................................................................................................................................... 347
3. The “antiquity dispute” of Florence and Rome .......................................................................................................... 349
4. The two theories of the Etruscans’ o ­ rigins – the Northern and the Eastern .......................... 351
4.1. The Eastern Theory ................................................................................................................................................................ 351
4.2. The Northern Theory ........................................................................................................................................................... 352
5. How the Etruscans referred to themselves ..................................................................................................................... 352
6. Possible toponymy of the words “Etruscan” and “Tuscany” ...................................................................... 352
7. The Etruscan Tarquins = Tarkhuns = Turkish Khans ....................................................................................... 352
8. Our explanation of the dispute b ­ etween Florence and Rome ................................................................. 353
9. The famous Etruscan lupine statue of the Capitol and the date of its c­ reation ................... 355
xx | history: fiction or science? chron 5

10. Etruscans in the Bible .......................................................................................................................................................................... 356

11. What was the Holy Book of the Etruscans called? What was the Etruscan
religion? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 356
12. The appearance of the Etruscan l­ettering ..................................................................................................................... 357
12.1. Which inscriptions are considered Etruscan ......................................................................................... 357
12.2. The Etruscan alphabet ...................................................................................................................................................... 359
12.3. The interpretation of Etruscan lettering according to Volanskiy .................................... 360
12.4. Volanskiy’s examples .......................................................................................................................................................... 360
12.4.1. The headstone near Creccio .................................................................................................................. 360
12.4.2. Boy with a goose ................................................................................................................................................ 361
12.4.3. Boy with a bird ..................................................................................................................................................... 362
12.4.4. Double-sided cameo ...................................................................................................................................... 362
12.5. The unspoken taboo to interpret Etruscan inscriptions with the aid
of Slavonic l­anguages ........................................................................................................................................................ 363
12.6. A fresh view of the Russian history s­ temming from our new
understanding of the history of the Etruscans ..................................................................................... 364
13. Slavic archaeology in the Western Europe .................................................................................................................. 368

Part V: ANCIENT EGYPT AS PART OF THE GREAT “MONGOLIAN”

ATAMAN EMPIRE OF THE XIV-XVI CENTURY
Chapter 16 History and chronology of the “ancient” Egypt. A general overview
1. Our hypothesis ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 373
2. A brief account of the mediaeval Egyptian history .............................................................................................. 373
3. The erroneous Scaligerian foundation and the objective difficulties inherent
in the consensual chronology of Egypt ............................................................................................................................... 374
4. The “ancient” Egypt of the Pharaohs as a Christian country .................................................................... 380
5. The construction tools used by the “ancient” Egyptians ................................................................................ 383
6. The religious character of many “­ ancient” Egyptian monuments ....................................................... 384
7. What were the names of the Egyptian pharaohs? .................................................................................................. 393
8. Why it is presumed that before Champollion the Egyptian hieroglyphs
were interpreted erroneously ......................................................................................................................................................... 393
9. The question of origins: do the Chinese have Egyptian ancestry, or vice versa? ............... 396
10. The destruction of inscriptions found on the ancient artefacts
of Russia and Egypt ................................................................................................................................................................................ 396
11. Who destroyed the names of people, cities and countries written on the
“ancient” Egyptian monuments? When was it done, and for what purpose? .................... 397
12. The condition of the “ancient” Egyptian relics ....................................................................................................... 400
13. The advent of the mighty Mamelukes to Egypt .................................................................................................... 402
13.1. The Mamelukes as the Cherkassian Cossacks. Scaligerian history admits
that Egypt was conquered by the Cossacks ............................................................................................. 402
13.2. The Caucasus and the Cossacks ............................................................................................................................ 402
13.3. The Cherkassian Cossack Sultans in Egypt ............................................................................................. 403
14. Linguistic connexions between Russia and African Egypt in the Middle Ages .............. 404
14.1. The alphabet used by the Egyptian Copts ................................................................................................. 404
14.2. Egyptian names in Russia ............................................................................................................................................ 404
15. The confustion between the sounds R and L in Egyptian texts ......................................................... 406
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16. “Ancient” Egyptian texts were often transcribed in consonant letters e­ xclusively ............. 406
17. A scheme of our reconstruction of Egyptian history ..................................................................................... 407

Chapter 17 The Trojan War of the XIII century and Pharaoh Ramses II.
“Ancient” Egypt of the XIII-XVI century
1. The nation of Heta or the Cossack Goths. Russia, or the Horde, in Egyptian
texts found upon Egyptian monuments ............................................................................................................................ 408
1.1. The Hitians, or the Mongols ......................................................................................................................................... 408
1.2. King of the Goths ..................................................................................................................................................................... 409
1.3. The land of Tana, or Tini .................................................................................................................................................. 409
1.4. The Don Cossacks .................................................................................................................................................................... 410
1.5. Don as the “river of the Mongols” ......................................................................................................................... 410
1.6. Khaleb = Aleppo can be identified as Lipetsk, a city in Russia, or,
alternatively, as Apulia in Italy or the Russian word for “bread” (“khleb”) ............. 410
1.7. The Land of Canaan as the Land of the Khans ....................................................................................... 411
1.8. Russian names on Egyptian stones ....................................................................................................................... 411
1.9. Scaligerian history admits the existence of “armies hailing from
the Caucasus” in the “ancient” Egypt ................................................................................................................. 411
2. The Great City (citadel) of Kadesh in the “ancient” Egyptian texts .................................................. 412
2.1. The city of Kadesh in the Land of the Amorrheans .......................................................................... 412
2.2. Limanon = Rimanon = Roman ................................................................................................................................ 412
2.3. Kadesh as New Rome on the Bosporus ......................................................................................................... 412
2.4. The city of Kadesh blocks the way to the Land of the Goths .................................................. 413
3. The Canaan land of Ruthen ............................................................................................................................................................. 413
3.1. Russia, or the Horde of the Khans ........................................................................................................................ 413
3.2. Another reference to the city of Khaleb = Aleppo = Lipetsk in Russia
(or the Russian word “khleb” – “bread”) ........................................................................................................ 413
4. The land of Nakharain as the Nogai River (or, alternatively, Greece/ Byzantium) ............. 413
5. Kita = Kitai (China), or Scythia .................................................................................................................................................. 414
6. Syria and Assyria (or Ashur in the “ancient” Egyptian inscriptions) as Russia,
or the Horde ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 414
7. Great Pharaoh Ramessu II = Ramses II = Roman Jesus ................................................................................ 415
8. Ramses, or Roman Jesus as the deity of the Ottomans (Atamans) .................................................... 416
9. The Trojan War of the XIII century, or the war of 1453 that ended with the
conquest of Czar-Grad .......................................................................................................................................................................... 418
10. Three peace pacts famous in Scaligerian history as reflections of one and
the same pact signed between Russia and the Ottomans in 1253 or 1453 ........................... 419
10.1. The name “Turks” is rather ambiguous ........................................................................................................ 419
10.2. The peace pact signed between the Hittites and Pharaoh Ramses in
the alleged XIII century BC ...................................................................................................................................... 420
10.3. A peace pact signed between Syria and Egypt in 1253 AD .................................................. 421
10.4. Peace pact signed between the Russians and the Greeks in the alleged
IX-X century AD ................................................................................................................................................................... 421
10.5. The Greek Saint Mamas and the “ancient” Pharaoh Miamun as
mentioned in the pact ..................................................................................................................................................... 421
10.6. A list of cities mentioned in the pact between Ramessu and the
King of the Hittites .............................................................................................................................................................. 422
xxii | history: fiction or science? chron 5

10.7. The Baptism of Russia as described in the “ancient” Egyptian texts ........................... 422
10.8. The Cossack circle in the “ancient” Egyptian descriptions .................................................... 423
10.9. The Baptism of Russia and the marriage of the Great Prince and
the Romean princess ......................................................................................................................................................... 423

Chapter 18 The XIV century “Mongolian” ­invasion into Egypt as the Hiksos epoch
in the “ancient” Egypt
1. The identity of the “ancient” Hiksos dynasty .............................................................................................................. 424
1.1. Were the Hiksos simple shepherds? .................................................................................................................... 424
1.2. The Avars and Ruthenia (Russia, or the Horde) .................................................................................... 425
1.3. The Hiksos Cossacks bring horses to Egypt ............................................................................................... 425
1.4. The names of the Hiksos kings ................................................................................................................................. 426
1.5. Phoenicia vs. Venice. The Slavs and the Veneds .................................................................................... 426
1.6. The “ancient” Egyptian “sutekhs” as the Russian judges “sudia” ........................................ 426
2. Why the names of nearly all the Hiksos = Cossack kings happen to be
chiselled off the monuments of the “ancient” Egypt .......................................................................................... 426
3. The famous Great Sphinx on the Gizeh Plain was built by the Hiksos
(the Mamelukes) ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 427
4. Egyptologists are uncertain about the correctness of the “ancient” Egyptian
names in their translation ................................................................................................................................................................. 429
5. Egyptian kings of the Hiksos epoch ....................................................................................................................................... 431
6. The attitude to the Hiksos dynasty in Egypt. The epoch when the recollections
of their reign started to get wiped out and the instigators of this process ............................... 432

Chapter 19 “Ancient” African Egypt as part of the Christian “Mongolian” Empire

of the XIV-XVI century – its primary necropolis and chronicle repository
1. General overview of the 18th “­ ancient” Egyptian dynasty and its history ................................ 433
2. The “lunar”, or Ottoman dynasty of the Pharaohs, or “the dynasty of the
crescent” ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 434
3. Amenkhotep I and Amenkhotep IV ..................................................................................................................................... 435
3.1. Amenkhotep I ............................................................................................................................................................................... 435
3.2. The religious reform of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (Khunaten – Khan
of the Don?). Islam branches away from Christianity .................................................................... 435
3.3. The foundation of Rome in Italy around the end of the XIV century AD
as reflected in the “ancient” Egyptian chronicles ................................................................................. 436
4. Pyramids and sepulchres .................................................................................................................................................................... 437
4.1. Who built the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)? When was it done? .................... 437
4.2. The two other large pyramids ..................................................................................................................................... 440
4.3. The sarcophagi of the Pharaohs and the Russian matryoshka dolls ............................... 442
4.3.1. The structure of an Egyptian sarcophagus .............................................................................. 442
4.3.2. The anthropomorphic sarcophagi of Suzdal and Vladimir Russia .............. 442
4.3.3. Tutankhamen’s telescopic coffins ........................................................................................................ 444
4.3.4. The Muscovite coffin of gold ................................................................................................................... 445
4.3.5. The mining of gold in the Middle Ages ...................................................................................... 448
4.3.6. Wreaths from Tutankhamen’s sepulchre .................................................................................... 449
4.3.7. Pyramidal gravestones in Russia ......................................................................................................... 449
4.4. Arabic lettering on the pyramids ............................................................................................................................ 450
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4.5. The Egyptian pyramids, or burial mounds, and “Paskha,” the ritual

Christian pastry .......................................................................................................................................................................... 451
4.6. What was drawn on the destroyed pyramid jacketing? ................................................................ 452
4.7. Inscriptions on pyramids ................................................................................................................................................. 454
4.8. Pyramids (or burial mounds) of white stone ............................................................................................ 455
4.9. Why the Great Pyramids were built .................................................................................................................... 455
5. The gigantic funereal complexes of the “ancient” Egypt as the main i­mperial
“Mongolian” cemetery of the XIV-XVI century. The identity of Tutankhamen ................ 459
5.1. Imperial “Mongolian” cemetery of the XIV-XVI century .......................................................... 459
5.2. Russian Prince Dmitriy and Tutankhamen ................................................................................................ 467
6. A hypothesis: certain major c­ onstructions of the “antiquity” were made
of concrete ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 471
7. The great forgotten invention of mediaeval alchemy: geopolymeric concrete
of the Egyptian pyramids, temples and statues ........................................................................................................ 478
8. Concrete in the “ancient” Roman Empire ....................................................................................................................... 488
9. The Mamelukes and the monuments of the “ancient” Egypt ................................................................... 493
10. Egyptian pyramids as the Scythian burial mounds .......................................................................................... 496
11. The capital of Egypt was known as Babylonia in the XVI century.
Ottoman crescents with a star and the Ottoman “bunchuks” of the Cossacks
over the “ancient” Egypt ................................................................................................................................................................... 502
12. Napoleon’s artists appear to have been afraid of reproducing the enormous
Orthodox cross on the throne of the “ancient” Egyptian Colossus of Memnon
in their accurate drawings .............................................................................................................................................................. 503
13. Napoleon’s artists reproduced the Christian motif of the Exaltation of the
Holy Cross in their drawings of the “ancient” Egyptian Colossi of Memnon ................... 509
14. The “ancient” Egyptian Osiris as Jesus Christ ......................................................................................................... 511
15. The “ancient” Egyptian goddess Isis and her son Horus are most probably
Mary the Holy Mother of God and her son Jesus Christ ........................................................................... 512
16. The two famous boats of the “­ ancient” Egyptian Pharaoh Cheops (Khufu)
were made of wooden boards. Therefore, they are of a very late origin, and
their manufacture must have employed iron or steel saws ...................................................................... 513
17. Slavic ornaments on the “ancient” Egyptian clothing .................................................................................... 518

Chapter 20 Pharaoh Thutmos III the Conqueror as the Ottoman = Ataman Mehmet II,
a conqueror from the XV century
1. The astronomical dating of the reign of Thutmos III by the zodiacs of
Dendera concurs with the New Chronology of Egypt .................................................................................... 519
2. The great conqueror of the XV century Pharaoh, Sultan and Ataman
Thutmos III, also known as Mohammed (Mehmet) II ................................................................................... 520
3. The capture of Kadesh = Czar-Grad by Pharaoh (Ataman) Thutmos in 1453 .................... 521
4. Relations between Russia, or the Horde, and the Ottoman = Ataman Empire
in the XV century: two parts of the Great Empire ............................................................................................... 521
5. The Ataman conquest of the Mediterranean region, Asia Minor and Europe
in the XV century, according to the “ancient” Egyptian texts ................................................................. 524
5.1. The conquest of Kadesh by Thutmos III ........................................................................................................ 524
5.2. The location of the largest obelisk built to honour Thutmos III =
Mehmet II ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 525
xxiv | history: fiction or science? chron 5

5.3. Another obelisk of Thutmos III = Mehmet II in Italy .................................................................... 526

5.4. The union of the Ruthen tribes ................................................................................................................................. 527
5.5. The new Ataman conquest of Europe in the XV century by Pharaoh
Thutmos = Mohammed .................................................................................................................................................... 528
5.6. A list of the numerous conquests of Pharaoh Thutmos = Sultan
(Ataman) Mehmet ................................................................................................................................................................... 529
5.7. A list of cities conquered by Thutmos (Mehmet) ................................................................................ 530
5.8. The Muscovite Kara-Kitais mentioned in the “ancient” Egyptian lettering ........... 532
5.9. The land of the Russian Khan in Italy ............................................................................................................... 532
5.10. The land of Kitti = Phoenicia, a.k.a. Venice, a.k.a. Scythia .................................................... 532
5.11. The “ancient” Egyptian text of the Kara-Kitai king ........................................................................ 534
5.12. Lists of valuables given as tribute to Pharaoh Thutmos by the Europeans .......... 535
6. The Egyptian obelisk, the Serpent Column, the Gothic Column, and the
knightly statue of Emperor Justinian in Istanbul. The name of Moscow ................................... 538
7. Some parallels between the biographies of Alexander the Great and Sultan
Suleiman I the Magnificent .............................................................................................................................................................. 541
8. The location of Memphis and Thebes – the capitals of the “ancient” Egypt ........................... 542
9. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 544

Part VI: ANCIENT RUSSIA, WORLD ­HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY IN MEDIAEVAL

SCANDINAVIAN GEOGRAPHICAL TRACTATES
Chapter 21 The meanings of the familiar modern geographical names in the Middle Ages.
The opinion of the Scandinavians
1. How we compiled the list of geographical identifications ............................................................................ 547
2. Austria ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 548
3. Asia = Land of the Aesir. The Azov Sea ............................................................................................................................. 548
4. Armenia .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 549
5. Austrriki .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 549
6. Africa. What did the name stand for in the Middle Ages? Where can we
find it on the map, given that “Africa” was inhabited by many European and
Asian nations? ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 550
6.1. Armenians used to live in Africa ............................................................................................................................ 550
6.2. Scythia, including the Caspian North, was located in Africa ................................................. 550
6.3. Our hypothesis: Africa in the Middle Ages = Tartary = Thracia = Turkey ............ 550
6.4. African Germany ...................................................................................................................................................................... 551
6.5. Byzantium was believed to be part of Africa ............................................................................................. 551
6.6. African Albania ........................................................................................................................................................................... 551
6.7. The African Goths. Samaria (or Sarmatia) was located in Africa ..................................... 552
6.8. The true identity of the “African” Mauritania ........................................................................................... 553
6.9. How many African lands were located in Europe and Asia initially? ........................... 553
7. Blaland = “Black Land” or Babylon ........................................................................................................................................ 553
8. The Great Svitjod (Saint) = Russia = Scythia ............................................................................................................... 554
9. Vina. Byzantium. Volga. Eastern Baltic regions ....................................................................................................... 555
10. Gardariki = Russia. Geon = Nile. Germany .............................................................................................................. 555
11. The City (“Gorod” in Russian) = Grad = The Gods. Scandinavians and Europeans
in general called Russia “Land of the Great God” and “Land of the Giants” ........................... 556
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12. Greece = Grikland = Land of St. George ...................................................................................................................... 557

13. Dnepr. Don. The Danube. Europe. Egypt. The Western Dvina .......................................................... 558
14. India ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 559
14.1. The three Indias as the three Hordes .............................................................................................................. 559
14.2. The horrendous and dangerous India ............................................................................................................ 559
15. Cairo = Babylon. The Kama. The Caspian Sea. Kiev. Constantinople.
Kanugardr = Kiev. Kylfingaland. Lake Ladoga ....................................................................................................... 560
16. Miklagard in Thracia and Rome in Scythia (Russia) ...................................................................................... 560
17. The city of Murom. The Neva. Nepr. Novgorod = Holmgard. River Olkoga
and the city of Olonets ........................................................................................................................................................................ 561
18. Parthia .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 562
19. Perm and Bjarmaland .......................................................................................................................................................................... 562
20. Polotsk. Paradise. Rostov ................................................................................................................................................................. 563
21. Russia ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 564
22. Saxland. Lesser Svitjod. Northern Dvina ...................................................................................................................... 565
23. Serkland ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 566
23.1. Is it correct that the land of the Seres, or Serkland, can be identified
as the modern China? .................................................................................................................................................... 566
23.2. Silk and combed plants: anything in common? ................................................................................. 566
23.3. Serkland as the land of the Saracenes ........................................................................................................... 567
24. Syria .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 568
25. Scythia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 568
25.1. Scythia = Great Svitjod (Holy) ............................................................................................................................... 568
25.2. Scythia as Kitia, or China ............................................................................................................................................. 569
25.3. Scythia or China in Africa .......................................................................................................................................... 569
25.4. Scythia “named after Magog” and described as India ................................................................. 569
25.5. The gigantic size of Scythia and its individual parts – Alania, Dacia
and Gothia .................................................................................................................................................................................... 570
25.6. Scythia as the land of the Amazons .................................................................................................................. 570
25.7. Scythia was also known as Scotia, or Scotland .................................................................................... 571
26. Smolensk, Suzdal, Tanais, Tanakvisl, Tartarariki etc. Thracia = Turkey.
Finland. Chernigov ................................................................................................................................................................................. 571
27. Sweden = Lesser Svitjod ................................................................................................................................................................... 572
28. The ancient meaning of the word “Scandinavia” ................................................................................................. 573

Chapter 22 Corollaries. What the Scandinavian geographical tractates and maps ­

report about the ancient Russia
1. How different nations referred to Russia, or the Horde ................................................................................. 574
2. Rivers known as “Don” in the Middle Ages ................................................................................................................. 575
3. Sons of the Biblical Japheth .............................................................................................................................................................. 575
4. The “Norman Theory” as perceived after a study of the Scandinavian maps ........................ 576

Addenda
1. What happened to the treasury of the Great = “Mongolian” Empire after the
great divide of the XVII century ................................................................................................................................................ 579
2. The Biblical Book of Revelation refers to the Ottoman = Ataman Conquest
of the XV-XVI century .......................................................................................................................................................................... 586
xxvi | history: fiction or science? chron 5

1. A brief rendition of the Apocalypse ......................................................................................................................... 586

2. The warlord Joshua son of Nun as the “second coming” of Jesus Christ
in the XV-XVI century ............................................................................................................................................................ 587
3. The Great Apocalyptic Judgement as the invasion of the Ottomans =
Atamans to the Western Europe in the XV-XVI century ................................................................ 588
4. The Apocalyptic division of nations into “pure” and “impure,” the
righteous and the sinners and so on as a reflection of the “quarantine
massacre” of epidemic areas of Europe and the Mediterranean region by
the Ottomans = Atamans ..................................................................................................................................................... 595
5. Obvious traces of editing or even radical rewriting inherent in the Book
of Revelation ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 596
6. A possible reference to Noah = Columbus and his voyage towards the
New World in 1492 made by the author of the Revelation ........................................................... 598
7. Expectations of Doomsday in 1492 coincided with the departure of Noah’s
(Columbus’s) fleet and the epoch of the Biblical Apocalypse ..................................................... 601
8. The canonization of the Book of Revelation as a memento of the Ottoman =
Ataman conquest for future generations ............................................................................................................ 603
9. Moscow events of the XVI century on the pages of Apocalypse ............................................. 610
10. “Antique” Roman Empire is Great = “Mongolian” Empire of the
XIV-XV century .......................................................................................................................................................................... 610
3. Modern condition of the Egyptian zodiacs from Dendera and Esna ............................................. 613
1. The Zodiacs of Esna .................................................................................................................................................................... 613
2. The Zodiacs of Dendera ......................................................................................................................................................... 614

Annexes
1. A complete list of sources used by Mauro Orbini (according to the Italian
edition of 1606) .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 617
2. Fragment of Mauro Orbini’s book Origine de gli Slavi & Progresso
dell’Imperio Loro ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 620

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 637