BS en Iso 5577-2017

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 5577
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM February 2017
ICS 01.040.19; 19.100 Supersedes EN 1330-4:2010
English Version
Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Vocabulary

(ISO 5577:2017)
Essais non destructif - Contrôle par ultrasons - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Ultraschallprüfung -
Vocabulaire (ISO 5577:2017) Terminologie (ISO 5577:2017)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 December 2016.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

C O M I TÉ E URO P É E N D E N O RM ALI S ATI O N
E U RO P ÄI S C H E S KO M I T E E F Ü R N O RM U N G
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 5577:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
EN ISO 5577:2017 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 5577:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135 "Non-
destructive testing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”
the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2017, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
This document supersedes EN 1330-4:2010.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 5577:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 5577:2017 without any modification.
3
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Terms related to frequencies, waves and pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3 .1 Fre q u e n ci e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 .2 Wave s an d p u l s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.3 Types of waves ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
4 Terms related to sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4. 1 S o u n d ge n e rati o n an d re ce p ti o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. 2 S o u n d p ro p agati o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. 3 L o s s o f s o u n d p re s s u re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. 4 S o u n d wave s at i n te rface s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5 Terms related to test equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

5 .1 I n s tru m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
5 .2 P ro b e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
5 .3 C o m b i n e d e qu i p m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0
5 .4 C al i b rati o n , re fe re n ce an d te s t b l o cks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1
6 Terms related to ultrasonic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2

6.1 Te s ti n g te ch n i qu e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2
6.2 Te s t o b j e ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6
6.3 C o up li ng . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 2 8
6.4 Re flectors .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
6.5 S i gn al s an d i n d i cati o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9
6.6 P re s e n tati o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
6.7 L o cati o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5
6.8 E val u ati o n o f i n d i cati o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8
© I S O 2 0 1 7 – Al l ri gh ts re s e rve d iii
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Foreword
I S O (the I n te r n ati o n a l O r ga n i z atio n fo r S t a nd a rd i z atio n) i s a wo rl d w ide fe de ratio n o f n ati o n a l s ta n d a rd s
b o d ie s (I SO memb er b o d i e s) . T he wo rk o f p re p a r i n g I n te r n atio n a l S t a nd a rd s is no r m a l l y c a r r ie d o ut
th ro u gh ISO te c h n ic a l c o m m i t te e s . E ac h memb er b o dy i n te re s te d in a s ub j e c t fo r wh ic h a te c h n i c a l
c o m m i t te e has b e en e s t ab l i s he d has the r i gh t to be re p re s e n te d on th at c o m m i t te e . I nte r n atio n a l
o r ga n i z ati o n s , go ve r n me n t a l a nd no n- go ve r n me n ta l , in liaison w i th I SO, also ta ke part in the wo rk.
ISO c o l l ab o r ate s clo s el y w i th the I n te r n ati o n a l E l e c tro te c h n ic a l C o m m i s s io n (I EC ) on all m at te r s of
e l e c tro te c h n i c a l s ta nd a rd i z ati o n .
T he p ro c e du re s used to de ve l o p th i s do c u me n t a nd tho s e i nte n de d fo r its fu r the r m a i n te n a nc e a re
de s c r i b e d i n the I S O/ I E C D i re c ti ve s , Part 1 . I n p a r tic u l a r the d i ffe re nt ap p ro va l c r i te r i a ne e de d fo r the
d i ffe re n t t y p e s of I SO do c u m e nt s s ho u l d b e no te d . This do c u me n t wa s d ra fte d in ac c o rd a nc e w i th the
e d i to r i a l r u l e s o f the I S O/ I E C D i re c ti ve s , P a r t 2 (s e e w w w. i s o . o r g/d i re c ti ve s) .
At te n ti o n i s d raw n to the p o s s i b i l i t y th at s o me o f the e l e me n ts o f th i s do c u me n t m ay b e the s ub j e c t o f
p ate n t r i gh ts . ISO shal l no t b e he l d re s p o n s i b l e fo r ide n ti fy i n g a ny o r a l l s uc h p ate nt r i gh ts . D e ta i l s of
a ny p ate nt r i gh ts ide nti fi e d du r i n g the de ve l o p me n t o f the do c u m e nt w i l l b e i n the I n tro duc tio n a n d/o r
o n the I S O l i s t o f p ate n t de c l a ratio n s re c e i ve d (s e e w w w. i s o . o r g/ p ate n ts) .
A ny trade n a me used in th i s do c u me n t i s i n fo r m atio n g i ve n fo r the c o nve n i e nc e o f u s ers a nd do e s no t
c o n s ti tu te a n e ndo r s e me n t.
Fo r a n e x p l a n atio n o n the me a n i n g o f I S O s p e c i fic ter m s a nd e x p re s s io n s rel ate d to co n fo r m it y a s s e s s ment,

as wel l as i n fo r m atio n ab o ut I S O ’s ad herence to the Wo rld Trade O rga n i z atio n ( W T O) p r i nc ip le s in the
Te ch n ic a l B a r r iers to Trade ( T B T ) s e e the fo l lo wi n g U RL: w w w. i s o . o rg/ i s o/fo re wo rd . htm l .
ISO 5577 wa s p re p a re d by the E u ro p e a n C o m m i t te e fo r S ta nd a rd i z atio n (C E N ) Te c h n ic a l C o m m i t te e
C E N/ T C Non-destructive testing
138, , in c o l l ab o ratio n w i th ISO Te c h n i c a l C o m m i t te e TC 135, Non-
destructive testing , S ub c o m m i t te e SC 3, Ultrasonic testing , in ac c o rd a nc e w i th the A g re e m e nt on
te c h n i c a l c o o p e ratio n b e t we e n I S O a n d C E N ( Vie n n a Ag re e m e nt) .
This s e c o nd e d i ti o n c a nc e l s a n d re p l ac e s the fi r s t e d i ti o n ( I S O 5 5 7 7: 2 0 0 0 ) , wh ic h h a s b e e n te c h n i c a l l y
re v i s e d w i th c h a n ge s to te r m s a nd de fi n i tio n s a nd s tr uc tu re .
iv © I S O 2 0 1 7 – Al l ri gh ts re s e rve d
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Vocabulary
1 Scope
T h i s do c u m e nt de fi ne s the te r m s u s e d i n u l tra s o n i c no n- de s tr uc ti ve te s ti n g a n d fo r m s a c o m mo n b a s i s
fo r s t a n d a rd s a nd ge ne ra l use. This do c u me n t do e s no t c o ve r te r m s used in u l tra s o n i c te s ti n g w i th
p h a s e d a r rays .
NO TE Te r m s fo r p h a s e d a r r ay u l tr a s o n i c te s ti n g a r e d e fi n e d in E N 16 018 .
2 Normative references
T he re a re no no r m ati ve re fe re nc e s i n th i s do c u m e n t.
3 Terms related to frequencies, waves and pulses
Fo r the purposes o f th i s do c u me n t, the te r m s a nd de fi n i tio n s g i ve n in th i s c l au s e a nd tho s e g i ve n in
C l au s e s 4 , 5 a n d 6 fo r s o u n d , te s t e qu i p me n t a n d u l tra s o n ic te s ti n g ap p l y.
I S O a n d I E C m a i n ta i n te r m i no l o g ic a l d at ab a s e s fo r u s e i n s t a nd a rd i z atio n at the fo l l o w i n g add re s s e s :
— I E C E l e c tro p e d i a: ava i l ab l e at h t tp : // w w w. e l e c tro p e d i a . o r g/
— I S O O n l i ne b ro ws i n g p l atfo r m : ava i l ab l e at ht tp : // w w w. i s o . o r g/o b p
3 .1 Frequencies
3 .1 .1
frequency
nu m b e r o f c yc l e s p e r s e c o nd
N o te 1 to e n tr y: E x p r e s s e d i n H e r tz ( H z) .
3 .1 . 2
nominal frequency
p ro b e fre que nc y
frequency (3 .1 . 1) o f the probe (5 . 2 . 1) a s s tate d b y the m a nu fac tu re r
3 .1 . 3
test frequency
e ffe c ti ve u l tra s o n i c fre que nc y o f a s ys te m u s e d to te s t a m ate r i a l o r o b j e c t
3 .1 .4
frequency spectrum
d i s tr i b u tio n o f amplitude (3 . 2 . 2 ) i n re l atio n to frequency (3 . 1 .1)
N o te 1 to e n tr y: S e e Fi g u re 1 .
3 .1 . 5
centre frequency
a r i th me tic me a n o f the c u t- o ff fre que nc i e s
© I S O 2 0 1 7 – Al l ri gh ts re s e rve d 1
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
3 .1 .6
peak frequency
frequency (3 .1 . 1) at wh ic h the m a x i mu m a mp l i tude i s o b s e r ve d
Note 1 to entry: See Fi g u re 1 .
3 .1 .7
cut- off frequency
frequency (3 .1 .1) at wh i c h the amplitude (3 . 2 . 2 ) of transmitted signal has dropped by a speci fied amount
fro m the a mp l i tude at peak frequency (3 . 1 . 6 ), for example, by 3 dB
3 .1 . 8
bandwidth
w i dth o f the frequency spectrum (3 . 1 . 4 ) between the upper and lower cut-off frequency
3 .1 .9
relative bandwidth
ratio o f the bandwidth (3 .1 . 8 ) to the centre frequency (3 . 1 . 5 ) , i n p e r c e n t
Key
X frequency 4 centre frequency

Y am p l i tu d e 5 bandwidth at speci fied amplitude drop
1 peak frequency 6 p e ak am p l i tu d e
2 upper cut-off frequency 7 speci fied amplitude drop

3 lower cut-off frequency
Figure 1 — Terms related to frequency and bandwidth
3 .2 Waves and pulses
3 . 2 .1
ultrasonic wave
any acoustic wave having a frequency (3 . 1 .1 ) higher than the audible range of the human ear, generally
ta ke n a s h i ghe r th a n 2 0 kH z
2 © I S O 2 0 1 7 – Al l ri gh ts re s e rve d
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
3.2.2
amplitude
ab s o l u te o r re l ati ve me a s u re o f a s o u n d wave ’s m a g n i tude
3.2 .3
phase
mo me n ta r y c o n d i tio n o f a v i b rati o n e x p re s s e d a s a n a rc me a s u re me n t o r a n a n gl e
3 . 2 .4
wavelength
d i s ta nc e b e t we e n c o n s e c u ti ve c o r re s p o nd i n g p o i n ts o f the s a me phase (3 . 2 . 3 )
3.2 .5
wavefront
c o n ti nuo u s s u r fac e j o i n i n g a l l the mo s t fo r wa rd p o i n ts o f a wave th at h ave the s a me phase (3 . 2 . 3 )
3 . 2 .6
time-of- flight
TOF
ti me it ta ke s an u l tra s o n ic pu l se to trave l fro m the tra n s m i t te r p ro b e th ro u gh the te s t obj ec t to the
re c e i ve r p ro b e
3 . 2 .7
pulse
e l e c tr ic a l o r u l tra s o n ic s i g n a l o f s ho r t du rati o n
3.2 .8
pulse amplitude
m a x i mu m a mp l i tude o f a pulse (3 . 2 . 7 ) ( p e a k- to - p e a k)
N o te 1 to e n tr y: Fo r r e c ti fi e d p u l s e s (A- s c a n) , b a s e l i n e - to - p e a k .
3 . 2 .9
pulse rise time
ti me ta ke n fo r a pulse amplitude (3 . 2 . 8 ) to c h a n ge b e t we e n t wo de fi ne d l e ve l s
3 . 2 .10
pulse duration
ti me i n te r va l b e t we e n the l e ad i n g a n d tra i l i n g e d ge s o f a pulse (3 . 2 .7 ) me a s u re d at a de fi ne d l e ve l b e l o w
the p e a k a mp l i t ude
3 . 2 .11
pulse shape
d i a g r a m atic re p re s e n tatio n o f the amplitude (3 . 2 . 2 ) of a pulse (3 . 2 .7 ) a s a fu nc tio n o f ti me
3 . 2 .1 2
pulse envelope
c o n to u r o f a pulse shape (3 . 2 .1 1) i nc l ud i n g a l l the p e a ks i n te r m s o f amplitude (3 . 2 . 2 ) a n d ti me
3 . 2 .13
pulse energy
to t a l e ne r g y w i th i n a pulse (3 . 2 .7 )
3 . 2 .14
pulse reverberation
u nde s i r ab l e v i b ratio n at the b e g i n n i n g a nd e nd o f a pulse (3 . 2 .7 ) ab o ve a de fi ne d l e ve l
3 . 2 .15
broad-band pulse
pulse (3 . 2 .7 ) i n wh ic h the relative bandwidth (3 .1 .9 ) is ≥65 %
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
3 . 2 .16
medium-band pulse
pulse (3 . 2 . 7 ) i n wh ic h the relative bandwidth (3 .1 .9 ) is >35 % and <65 %
3 . 2 .17
narrow-band pulse
pulse (3 . 2 . 7 ) i n wh ic h the relative bandwidth (3 .1 .9 ) is ≤35 %
3 . 2 .18
pulse repetition frequency
PRF
nu mb e r o f pulses (3 . 2 .7 ) ge ne rate d p e r s e c o nd , e x p re s s e d i n H e r tz ( H z)
3 .3 Types of waves
3 . 3 .1
longitudinal wave
c o mp re s s io n a l wave
wave i n wh ic h the d i re c tio n o f d i s p l ac e me n t o f p a r ti c l e s is i n the s a m e d i re c ti o n a s the p ro p a gatio n o f
the wave
Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e 2 a) .
3.3.2
transverse wave
s he a r wave
wave in wh ic h the d i re c ti o n of d i s p l ac e me n t of p a r tic l e s is p e r p e n d ic u l a r to the d i re c tio n of the
p ro p a gati o n o f the wave
Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e 2 b) .
3.3.3
surface wave
Rayleigh wave
wave wh ic h p ro p a gate s o n the s u r fac e o f a m ate r i a l w i th a n e ffe c ti ve p e ne tratio n de p th o f l e s s th a n o ne
wavelength (3 . 2 . 4)
3 . 3 .4
creeping wave
wave generated at the first critical angle (4 . 4 . 1 1) o f i nc ide nc e a nd p ro p a gate d a lo n g the s u r fac e as a
longitudinal wave (3 . 3 . 1)
Note 1 to entry: It is not in f luenced by the test object’s surface conditions, nor does the beam follow undulations
o n th e s u r fac e .
3.3.5
plate wave
L a m b wave
wave which propagates within the whole thickness of a plate and which can only be generated at
frequency
p a r tic u l a r va lue s o f a n gl e o f i nc ide nc e , (3 .1 . 1) a nd p l ate th ic kne s s
3 . 3 .6
plane wave
wave w i th a p l a n a r wave fro nt
3 . 3 .7
cylindrical wave
wave with a cylindrical wave front
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
3.3.8
spherical wave
wave w i th a s p he r ic a l wave fro n t
a) Longitudinal wave; compressional wave
b) Trans verse wave; shear wave
Key
1 d i re cti o n o f o s ci l l ati o n
2 d i re cti o n o f p ro p agati o n
λ wave l e n gth
Figure 2 — Types of waves
4 Terms related to sound
4.1 Sound generation and reception
4.1 .1
transducer
ac ti ve e l e me n t o f a probe (5 . 2 .1 ) which converts electrical energy into sound energy and vice versa
4.1 . 2
piezo - electric transducer
transducer (4 . 1 .1) m ade fro m p ie z o - e l e c tr ic m ate r i a l
4.1 . 3
composite transducer
plate consisting of piezo-electric ceramic rods embedded in a polymer matrix
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
4.1 .4
electro -magnetic acoustic transducer
EM AT
transducer (4 .1 .1) wh i c h u s e s m a g ne to s tr i c tio n o r L o re ntz fo rc e to ge ne r ate u l tra s o u nd i n p a ra m a g ne tic
m ate r i a l s
4.1 . 5
focusing transducer
piezo-electric transducer (4 . 1 . 2 ) h avi n g at le as t one c u r ve d s u r fa c e , used fo r fo c u s i n g the s ou nd
b e a m (4 . 2 . 2 )
4.2 Sound propagation
4. 2 .1
sound field
three-dimensional pressure distribution produced by transmitted sound energy
4. 2 . 2
sound beam
u l tr a s o n ic b e a m
p a r t o f the sound field (4 . 2 .1 ) within which the major part of the ultrasonic energy is transmitted
4. 2 . 3
beam axis
l i ne th ro u gh the p o i n ts o f m a x i mu m s o u nd p re s s u re at d i ffe re n t d i s ta nc e s
Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e s 3 b) , 8 , 9 , 1 0 a n d 1 1 .
4. 2 .4
beam pro file
c u r ve wh ic h s ho ws the s i g n a l a mp l i tude a l o n g the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) o r p e r p e n d ic u l a r to the b e a m a x i s
at a de fined distance from the probe (5 . 2 . 1)
a) Pro file along the beam axis
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
b) Pro files perpendicular to the beam axis
Key
1 tran s d u ce r γ0
an gl e o f d ive rge n ce (d ro p to z e ro )
2 beam boundary a d i s tan ce
3 b e am axi s N near- field length

4 b e am wi d th at a give n d i s tan ce P s o u n d p re s s u re
Figure 3 — Beam pro files
4. 2 . 5
beam boundary
boundary of the ultrasonic beam where the sound pressure has fallen to a given fraction of the value on
the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) , m e a s u re d at the s a me d i s ta nc e fro m the probe (5 . 2 . 1)
Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e s 3 b) , 8 , 9 a n d 1 1 .
4. 2 .6
beam width
d i me n s i o n o f the b e a m p e r p e nd i c u l a r to the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) m e a s u re d b e t we e n the b e a m b o u n d a r i e s
at a de fined distance from the probe (5 . 2 .1)
Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e 3 b) .
4. 2 .7
angle of divergence
a n gl e w i th i n the far-field (4 . 2 .1 1) b e t we e n the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) a nd the beam boundary (4 . 2 . 5 )
Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e s 3 b) , 8 a n d 1 1 .
4. 2 . 8
near- field
F re s ne l z o ne
z o ne o f the sound beam (4 . 2 . 2 ) where sound pressure does not change monotonically with distance
b e c au s e o f i n te r fe re nc e
4. 2 .9
near- field point
p o s i tio n o n the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) where the sound pressure reaches a final maximum
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
4. 2 .10
near- field length
d i s t a nc e b e t we e n the transducer (4 . 1 .1) a nd the near-field point (4 . 2 .9 )
4. 2 .11
far- field
z o ne o f the sound beam (4 . 2 . 2 ) th at e x te nd s b e yo n d the near-field point (4 . 2 .9 )
N o te 1 to e n tr y: S e e Fi g u re s 8 a nd 1 1 .
4. 2 .1 2
focal point
fo c u s
p o i nt whe re the s o u nd p re s s u re o n the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) i s at i ts m a x i mu m
4. 2 .13
focal distance
fo c a l l e n g th
d i s t a nc e fro m the probe (5 . 2 .1) to the focal point (4 . 2 .1 2 )
N o te 1 to e n tr y: S e e Fi g u re s 8 a nd 1 1 .
4. 2 .14
focal zone
fo c a l ra n ge
z o ne i n sound beam (4 . 2 . 2 ) of a probe (5 . 2 . 1) i n wh ic h the s o u nd p re s s u re re m a i n s ab o ve a de fi ne d l e ve l
re l ate d to i t s m a x i mu m
4. 2 .15
length of the focal zone
d i s t a nc e a l o n g the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) fro m the s ta r t to the e n d o f the focal zone (4 . 2 .14)
4. 2 .16
width of the focal zone
d i me n s i o n o f the focal zone (4 . 2 . 14) at focal distance (4 . 2 . 1 3 ) p e r p e nd ic u l a r to the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 )
4. 2 .17
acoustical properties
c h a r ac te r i s tic p a ra me te r s o f a m ate r i a l wh i c h c o n tro l the p ro p a gatio n o f s o u nd i n the m ate r i a l
4. 2 .18
acoustically anisotropic material
m ate r i a l wh ic h h a s d i ffe r i n g s o u nd ve l o c i tie s i n d i ffe r i n g d i re c ti o n s o f p ro p a gatio n
4. 2 .19
sound velocity
velocity of propagation
phase velocity (4 . 2 . 2 0 ) or group velocity (4 . 2 . 2 1) of a s o u nd wave in a m ate r i a l in the d i re c tio n of
p ro p a gati o n
N o te 1 to e n tr y: I n a n o n - d i s p e r s i ve m ate r i a l , th e r e i s n o d i ffe r e n c e b e t we e n p h a s e a n d g r o up ve l o c i t y.
N o te 2 to e n tr y: I n a n a n i s o tr o p i c m ate r i a l , th e ve l o c i ti e s m ay d e p e n d o n th e d i r e c ti o n o f p r o p a g ati o n .
4. 2 . 2 0
phase velocity
velocity of propagation(4. 2.19) o f a wave fro n t
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ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
4. 2 . 21
group velocity
velocity of propagation (4 . 2 . 19 ) o f the ac o u s tic e ne r g y
4.3 Loss of sound pressure
4. 3 .1
attenuation
s o u nd at te nu ati o n
de c re a s e o f s o u nd p re s s u re whe n a wave trave l s th ro u gh a m ate r i a l , a r i s i n g fro m absorption (4 . 3 . 4) a nd
scattering (4 . 3 . 3 )
4. 3 . 2
attenuation coefficient
co ef fic ie n t used to e x p re s s attenuation (4 . 3 . 1) p er u nit of d i s ta nc e trave l l e d , de p e n de n t on m ate r i a l
p ro p e r ti e s , wavelength (3 . 2 . 4) a n d wave t y p e
N o te 1 to e n tr y: T h e a t te nu a ti o n c o e f fi c i e n t i s u s u a l l y e x p r e s s e d i n d B/m .
4. 3 . 3
scattering
ra n do m re f l e c tio n s c au s e d b y g ra i n s tr uc tu re a nd/o r b y s m a l l reflectors (6 . 4 .1) i n the b e a m p ath
4. 3 .4
absorption
part o f the attenuation (4 . 3 .1) re s u l ti n g fro m tra n s fo r m atio n o f u l tra s o n ic e ne rg y i nto o the r typ e s of
e ne r g y, fo r e x a mp l e , the r m a l e ne rg y
4.4 Sound waves at interfaces
4.4.1
interface
b o u nd a r y b e t we e n t wo m ate r i a l s , i n ac o u s tic c o n tac t, h av i n g d i ffe re nt ac o u s tic p ro p e r ti e s
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Key
1 i n te rface 6 an gl e o f i n ci d e n ce
2 d i re cti o n o f i n ci d e n t wave 7 angle of re flection

3 d i re cti o n o f re fracte d wave 8 me dium 1
4 direction of re flected wave 9 me dium 2
5 an gl e o f re fracti o n
Figure 4 — Refraction and re flection of waves
4.4. 2
angle of incidence
a n gl e b e t we e n the d i re c tio n o f the i nc i de n t wave a n d the no r m a l to the interface (4 . 4 . 1)
4.4. 3
re flection
c h a n ge of the d i re c tio n of s ou nd p ro p a gatio n w i th i n the s a me m a te r i a l wh e n i mp i n g i ng on an
interface (4 . 4 . 1 )
4.4.4
refraction
change of the direction of sound propagation when passing obliquely through the interface (4 . 4 .1)
b e t we e n t wo m ate r i a l s o f d i ffe r i n g s o u nd ve l o c i tie s
4.4. 5
angle of re flection
angle between the direction of the re flected wave and the normal to the interface (4 . 4 . 1)
4.4.6
angle of refraction
a n gl e b e t we e n the d i re c tio n o f the re frac te d wave a nd the no r m a l to the interface (4 . 4 .1)
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
4.4.7
acoustical impedance
ratio o f s o u n d p re s s u re to p a r tic l e d i s p l ac e m e nt ve l o c i t y
N o te 1 to e n tr y: In a m a te r i a l w i th p e r fe c t e l a s ti c p r o p e r ti e s fo r a p l a ne l o n g i tu d i n a l wave , it is e qu a l to th e
p r o d uc t o f sound velocity (4 . 2 . 1 9 ) a n d de n s i t y.
4.4. 8
re flection coefficient
ratio o f re f l e c te d s o u n d p re s s u re to i nc ide nt s o u nd p re s s u re at a re f l e c ti n g s u r fac e
N o te 1 to e n tr y: T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g tr a n s m i s s i o n c o e f fi c i e n t i s de fi n e d i n 4 . 4 .9 .
4.4.9
transmission coefficient
ratio o f s o u n d p re s s u re tra n s m i t te d th ro u gh a n interface (4 . 4 .1) to the i nc ide n t s o u nd p re s s u re
N o te 1 to e n tr y: T he co r re s p o nd i n g re f l e c ti o n co e ffi c i e n t i s de fi n e d in 4.4. 8 .
4.4.10
refractive index
ratio o f the s o u nd ve l o c i ti e s o f t wo m ate r i a l s i n c o n tac t
4.4.11
critical angle
angle of incidence (4 . 4 . 2 ) at wh ic h the angle of refraction (4 . 4 . 6 ) i s 9 0 ° fo r a de fi ne d wave t y p e
N o te 1 to e n tr y: Fo r longitudinal (3 . 3 . 1 ) a nd transverse waves (3 . 3 . 2 ) , th e r e a r e t wo d i ffe r e n t c r i ti c a l a n g l e s .
4.4.12
total re flection
reflection (4 . 4 . 3 ) wh ic h o cc u rs whe n the angle of incidence (4 . 4 . 2 ) is g re ate r th a n the critical angles
(4 . 4 . 1 1) o r i f the reflection coefficient (4 . 4 . 8 ) i s unity
4.4.13
corner re flection
reflection (4 . 4 . 3 ) of ultrasonic waves (3 . 2 .1) in a c o r ne r fo r me d by t wo or th re e c o i nc ide n t, mu tu a l l y
p e r p e n d ic u l a r s u r fac e s
Key
α an d β an gl e s o f i n ci d e n ce
Figure 5 — Corner re flection
4.4.14
wave mode conversion
c h a n ge o f wave mo de to a no the r b y refraction (4 . 4 . 4) or reflection (4 . 4 . 3 )
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
4.4.15
edge effect
p he no me no n re s u l ti n g fro m the d i ffrac tio n o f a n ultrasonic wave (3 . 2 . 1 ) by the edges of a reflector (6 . 4 .1)
4.4.16
beam displacement
d i s p l ac e me n t o f the b e a m due to reflection (4 . 4 . 3 ) fro m a s u r fac e o f a s o l i d
Note 1 to entry: It mainly depends on frequency (3 . 1 . 1 ) a nd a ngle .
Key
1 beam displacement due to re flection
Figure 6 — Beam displacement
4.4.17
acoustic shadow
region in an object which cannot be reached by ultrasonic waves (3 . 2 . 1) tr ave l l i n g i n a g i ve n d i re c ti o n
because of the geometry of the object or a discontinuity in it

Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e 7.
Key
1 aco u s ti c s h ad o w
Figure 7 — Acoustic shadow
5 Terms related to test equipment
5 .1 Instrument
5 .1 .1
ultrasonic instrument
i n s tr u me n t used to ge the r w i th the probe or probes (5 . 2 . 1) , wh i c h tr a n s m i ts , re c e i ve s , p ro c e s s e s a nd
displays ultrasonic signals for non-destructive testing purposes
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
5 .1 . 2
transmitter
e l e c tr ic a l de v ic e wh ic h ge ne rate s the transmitter pulses (5 .1 . 3 )
5 .1 . 3
transmitter pulse
e l e c tr ic a l p u l s e ge ne rate d b y the ultrasonic instrument (5 .1 . 1) fo r e xc i ti n g the transducer (4 .1 . 1)
5 .1 .4
receiver
ele c tr ic a l de v ic e wh ich a mp l i fie s o r c o nver ts s i g n a l s c o m i n g fro m the u l tra s o n ic p ro b e i nto u s ab le s i g n a l s
5 .1 . 5
ampli fier
e l e c tro n ic de v i c e wh i c h c o nve r ts a s m a l l s i g n a l to a l a rge r s i g n a l
N o te 1 to e n tr y: T h i s c a n b e a l i n e a r a mp l i fi e r u s i n g a l i ne a r l aw o r a l o ga r i th m i c a mp l i fi e r u s i n g a l o ga r i th m i c l aw.
5 .1 .6
attenuator
e l e c tro n ic de v i c e wh i c h re duc e s the amplitude (3 . 2 . 2 ) o r p o we r o f a s i g n a l w i tho u t d i s to r ti o n
5 .1 .7
gain
l e ve l o f a mp l i fi c ati o n of s ignal s
N o te 1 to e n tr y: U s u a l l y e x p r e s s e d i n de c i b e l s (d B ) .
5 .1 . 8
gain control
i n s tr u me n t c o n tro l w i th wh ic h a s i g n a l m ay b e adj u s te d to a g i ve n he i ght
5 .1 .9
dynamic range
ratio o f the amplitudes (3 . 2 . 2 ) o f the l a r ge s t a nd s m a l le s t s i gn a l wh i c h an ultrasonic instrument (5 .1 . 1)
c a n d i s p l ay w i tho u t d i s to r tio n
N o te 1 to e n tr y: D y n a m i c r a n ge i s u s u a l l y e x p r e s s e d i n de c i b e l s (d B ) .
5 .1 .10
linearity of amplitude
ve r tic a l l i ne a r i t y
p ro p o r tio n a l i t y o f the a mp l i tude o f s i g n a l s o n the ve r ti c a l s c a l e o f the u l tra s o n ic i n s tr u me n t’s d i s p l ay
5 .1 .11
suppression
re duc ti o n o f no i s e i nd ic atio n s b y e l i m i n ati n g a l l indications (6 . 5 .14) b e l o w a p re de te r m i ne d a mp l i tude
l e ve l (th re s ho l d va lue)
5 .1 .12
time- corrected gain
TCG
d i s ta nc e – a mp l i tude c o mp e n s ati o n
fu nc tio n of a de v ic e wh i c h c h a n ge s the a mp l i fic atio n of echoes (6 . 5 .1) fro m reflectors (6 . 4 . 1) o f e qu a l
s i z e , b u t d i ffe re nt d i s t a nc e s a nd re s u l t s i n e qu a l he i ght o f the e c ho e s o n the d i s p l ay
N o te 1 to e n tr y: T h i s te r m s h a l l n o t b e c o n fu s e d w i th distance–amplitude curve (DAC) (6 . 8 . 1 5 ) .
N o te 2 to e n tr y: T h i s de fi n i ti o n of time-corrected gain d i ffe r s fr o m the d e fi n i ti o n o f th e s a me te r m g i ve n b y 6 . 8 . 1 6 .
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
5 .1 .13
analogue-to - digital converter
de v i c e wh i c h c o nve r t s a n a l o g ue s i g n a l s i n to d i s c re te nu m b e r s re p re s e n ti n g the p at te r n o f the s i g n a l
5 .1 .14
digitization error
i n ac c u r ac y i n tro duc e d a s a re s u l t o f a n a l o g ue - to - d i g i ta l c o nve r s io n
5 .1 .15
time base
ab s c i s s a o f a n A- s c a n c a l i b r ate d i n ti me o r d i s t a nc e
N o te 1 to e n tr y: S e e Fi g u re 2 0 .
5 .1 .16
time base control
i n s tr u me n t c o n tro l wh i c h i s u s e d to adj u s t the time base (5 . 1 .1 5 ) to a re qu i re d ra n ge
5 .1 .17
time base range
m a x i mu m u l tra s o n ic p ath l e n g th th at i s d i s p l aye d o n a p a r ti c u l a r time base (5 . 1 .1 5 )
5 .1 .18
delayed time base sweep
ti me b ase s we e p tr i g ge re d w i th a g i ve n de l ay, fi xe d or adj u s tab l e , in re l atio n to the transmitter pulse
(5 .1 . 3 ) or a reference echo (5 . 4 . 4)
5 .1 .19
linearity of time base
ho r i z o n ta l l i ne a r i t y
p ro p o r tio n a l i t y o f the p o s i tio n s o f s i g n a l s o n the time base (5 . 1 .1 5 ) o f the u l tra s o n i c i n s tr u me n t’s d i s p l ay
5 .1 . 2 0
monitor
c o mp o ne n t o f a n ultrasonic instrument (5 .1 . 1) wh i c h p ro v i de s a gate (5 . 1 . 2 1) w i th i n wh i c h the p re s e nc e
of echoes (6 . 5 .1) ab o ve o r b e l o w a de fi ne d l e ve l c a n b e i nd i c ate d
5 .1 . 21
gate
ti me gate
w i ndo w
e l e c tro n ic m e a n s o f s e l e c ti n g a s e g me n t o f the time base (5 .1 . 1 5 ) fo r mo n i to r i n g o r fu r the r p ro c e s s i n g
of s ignal s
5 .1 . 2 2
gate threshold
mo n i to r l e ve l
de fi ne d a mp l i tude l e ve l (th re s ho l d ) ab o ve or b e l o w wh ic h e c ho e s (s e e 6 . 5 . 1) s ignal s in a gate (5 . 1 . 2 1)
a re s e l e c te d fo r fu r the r p ro c e s s i n g
5 .1 . 2 3
proportional gate
gate (5 . 1 . 2 1) wh ic h p ro v ide s a p ro p o r ti o n a l o u tp u t o f a ny s i g n a l th at i s re c e i ve d du r i n g the p e r io d of
the gate
N o te 1 to e n tr y: T he o u tp u t c a n b e vo l t a ge o r c u r r e n t .
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
5 .2 Probes
5 . 2 .1
probe
electro-acoustical device, usually incorporating one or more transducers (4 . 1 .1 ), and possibly a delay
line (5 . 2 .7 ) i n te n de d fo r tra n s m i s s i o n a n d/o r re c e p tio n o f ultrasonic waves (3 . 2 .1)
5.2.2
single-transducer probe
probe (5 . 2 .1) wi th a s i n gle transducer (4 .1 .1) fo r the tra n s m i s s io n a nd re cep tio n o f ultrasonic waves (3 . 2 .1)
5.2.3
multi-transducer probe
probe (5 . 2 . 1) w i th s e ve ra l s e p a rate d transducers (4 . 1 .1) , wh i c h th ro u gh s w i tc h i n g p e r m i t s the c re ati o n
o f c e r ta i n sound beam (4 . 2 . 2 ) con figurations

5 . 2 .4
transducer backing
m ate r i a l c o up l e d to the re a r s u r fac e o f a transducer (4 .1 . 1) to d a mp the tra n s duc e r o s c i l l atio n
Note 1 to entry: See Fi g u re s 8 , 9 a nd 1 1 .
5.2 .5
probe shoe
s h ap e d pie ce of m ate r i a l wh ic h is i n te r p o s e d b e t we e n the probe (5 . 2 . 1) a nd the te s t obj ec t fo r the
p u r p o s e o f i mp ro v i n g the c o up l i n g a n d/o r p ro te c ti n g the p ro b e
5 . 2 .6
protection layer
layer of protective material forming an integral part of the probe (5 . 2 . 1) a n d s e p a rati n g the transducer
(4 . 1 .1) fro m d i re c t c o nt ac t w i th the te s t o b j e c t
5 . 2 .7
delay line
delay block
c o mp o ne n t i n tro duc e d to c re ate the delay path (5 . 2 . 8 )
5.2 .8
delay path
p ath o n the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) b e t we e n transducer (4 . 1 .1 ) and point of entry into the test object
5 . 2 .9
nominal transducer size
physical size of the transducer (4 . 1 .1)
5 . 2 .10
effective transducer size
reduced area of the physical size of the transducer (4 .1 .1)
Note 1 to entry: The effective transducer size is determined from the measured focal distance (4 . 2 . 1 3 ) , frequency
(3 . 1 . 1 ) , sound velocity (4 . 2 . 1 9 ) a n d , fo r angle-beam probes (5 . 2 . 1 3 ) , the m e a s u r e d beam angle (5 . 2 . 1 5 ) .
5 . 2 .11
wedge
wedge-shaped component usually made of plastic material which causes an ultrasonic wave (3 . 2 . 1) to b e
refracted into the test object at a de fined angle

BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
5 . 2 .1 2
straight-beam probe
no r m a l - b e a m p ro b e
probe (5 . 2 . 1) who s e beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) i s p e r p e n d ic u l a r to the c o n tac t s u r fac e
Key
1 tran s d u ce r 7 beam boundary

2 tran s d u ce r b acki n g 8 far- field
3 protection layer 9 b e am axi s
4 near- field 10 co n n e cto r
5 fo cal d i s tan ce 11 te s t o b j e ct
6 an gl e o f d ive rge n ce
Figure 8 — Straight-beam probe
5 . 2 .13
angle-beam probe
probe (5 . 2 . 1) ge ne rati n g a b e a m at a n a n gl e o the r th a n no r m a l to the test surface (6 . 2 .1)
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Key
1 tran s d u ce r 6 p ro b e i n d ex p o i n t
2 tran s d u ce r b acki n g 7 beam boundary

3 we d ge 8 co n n e cto r
4 b e am axi s 9 te s t o b j e ct
5 b e am an gl e 10 d am p i n g m ate ri al
Figure 9 — Angle-beam probe
5 . 2 .14
variable-angle-beam probe
probe (5 . 2 .1) ge ne rati n g a b e a m at a n gl e s th at c a n b e c h a n ge d
5 . 2 .15
beam angle
a n gl e b e t we e n the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) a nd the no r m a l to the interface (4 . 4 . 1) fo r a p a r ti c u l a r probe (5 . 2 . 1)
5 . 2 .16
probe index point
i nte r s e c ti o n p o i n t o f the s o u n d b e a m a x i s w i th the p ro b e c o n tac t s u r fac e
Note 1 to entry: See Fi g u re s 9 a nd 1 5 .
Note 2 to entry: The projection of the probe index point may be marked on the housing of an angle-beam probe
(5 . 2 . 1 3 ) .
5 . 2 .17
nominal probe angle
quo te d va l ue o f the re frac tio n a n gl e o f a probe (5 . 2 . 1) fo r a g i ve n m ate r i a l a n d te mp e ratu re
5 . 2 .18
probe axis
ge o me tr ic a l re fe re nc e a x i s th ro u gh the probe (5 . 2 . 1) , s e r v i n g a s the o r i g i n fo r a n g u l a r c o o rd i n ate s u s e d
i n de s c r i b i n g the d i re c tio n a l c h a rac te r i s ti c s o f a p ro b e
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Note 2 to entry: For straight-beam probes (5 . 2 . 1 2 ) , th e p r o b e a xi s is p e r p e n d i c u l a r to th e test surface (6 . 2 . 1 ) . For

angle-beam probes (5 . 2 . 1 3 ) , th e p r o b e a x i s i s p r o j e c te d o n to th e te s t s u r fac e .
5 . 2 .19
squint angle
a n gl e b e t we e n the probe axis (5 . 2 .1 8 ) a nd the p ro j e c tio n o f the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) o n the test surface (6 . 2 .1)
Note 1 to entry: See Fi g u re 1 0 .
Key
1 p ro b e axi s
2 s q u i n t an gl e
3 b e am axi s
Figure 10 — Squint angle
5.2 .20
longitudinal wave probe
c o mp re s s io n wave p ro b e
probe (5 . 2 . 1) ge ne rati n g a nd/o r re c e i vi n g longitudinal waves (3 . 3 .1)
5 . 2 . 21
transverse wave probe
s he a r wave p ro b e
probe (5 . 2 . 1) ge ne r ati n g a nd/o r re c e i v i n g transverse waves (3 . 3 . 2 ) usually via wave mode conversion
(4 . 4 . 14 ) by refraction (4 . 4 . 4)
5.2 .22
surface wave probe
probe (5 . 2 . 1) ge ne rati n g a nd/o r re c e i v i n g surface waves (3 . 3 . 3 )
5.2 .23
contoured probe
probe (5 . 2 . 1 ) having a contact surface which is shaped to fit the curved surface of an object
5.2 .24
focusing probe
probe (5 . 2 . 1) wh i c h c o nc e n trate s the sound beam (4 . 2 . 2 ) by special devices, by curved transducer, lens
o r e l e c tro n ic me a n , to ge ne rate a fo c u s e d b e a m
5 . 2 . 25
cross talk
s i g n a l i n te r fe re nc e ac ro s s a n i n te nde d ac o u s ti c o r e l e c tr ic b a r r i e r
Note 1 to entry: An example of electrical cross talk is that between adjacent transmit and receive channels of an
ultrasonic instrument (5 . 1 . 1 ) .
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Note 2 to entry: An example of acoustical cross talk is that between probes (5 . 2 . 1 ) o r b e t we e n transducers (4 . 1 . 1 )
[dual-transducer probe (5 . 2 . 2 6 ) ] .
5.2 .26
dual-transducer probe
du a l- e l e me n t p ro b e
probe (5 . 2 .1) i n wh i c h the tra n s m i t a n d re c e i ve transducers (4 .1 . 1 ) are separate and are electrically and
acoustically isolated from each other
Key
1 tran s m i tti n g tran s d u ce r 8 far- field

2 tran s d u ce r b acki n g 9 b e am axi s
3 delay block 10 re ce ivi n g tran s d u ce r
4 aco u s ti c b arri e r 11 tran s m i tti n g co n n e cto r
5 fo cal d i s tan ce 12 re ce ivi n g co n n e cto r
6 an gl e o f d ive rge n ce 13 te s t o b j e ct
7 beam boundary
Figure 11 — Dual-transducer probe
5 . 2 . 27
roof angle
fo r dual-transducer probes (5 . 2 . 2 6 ) , th i s a n gle i nd ic ate s a d i fference i n o r ientatio n o f the tra n s ducer p l a ne s
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Key
1 tran s d u ce r
σ ro o f an gl e
Figure 1 2 — Dual-transducer probe with roof angles
5.2 .28
convergence zone
z o ne at the i n te r s e c ti o n o f the tra n s m i t ti n g a nd re c e i v i n g b e a m s o f a dual-transducer probe (5 . 2 . 2 6 )
5.2 .29
immersion probe
probe (5 . 2 . 1) ge ne rati n g a nd/o r re c e i v i n g longitudinal waves (3 . 3 .1) to b e u s e d i n a l iqu id
5.2 .30
wheel probe
probe (5 . 2 .1) ge ne rati n g a n d/o r re c e i v i n g ultrasonic waves (3 . 2 . 1) i nc o r p o rati n g o ne o r mo re transducers
(4 .1 .1) mo u nte d i n s i de a l i qu i d- fi l l e d f l e x i b l e t y re
5 .3 Combined equipment
5 . 3 .1
test equipment
e qu ip me n t c o n s i s ti n g o f a n ultrasonic instrument (5 . 1 .1) , probes (5 . 2 .1) , c ab l e s a nd a l l de v i c e s c o n ne c te d
to the i n s tr u me n t du r i n g te s ti n g
5.3.2
ultrasonic test s ystem
U T s ys te m
e l e c tro - m e c h a n ic a l s ys te m wh ic h a l l o ws u l tr a s o n ic te s ti n g o f a n o b j e c t
5.3.3
dead zone
z o ne d i re c tl y u nde r the c o up l i n g s u r fac e i n wh ic h d i s c o n ti nu i tie s a re u nde te c t ab l e
N o te 1 to e n tr y: T h e de p th o f th e z o n e i s d e p e n de n t o n va r i o u s fac to r s , e . g. probe (5 . 2 . 1 ) , i n s tr u me n t s e t ti n g , te s t
o b j e c t m a te r i a l .
5 . 3 .4
detection sensitivity
c h a r ac te r i s tic o f a n ultrasonic test system (5 . 3 . 2 ) de fi ne d b y the s m a l l e s t de te c tab l e reflector (6 . 4 . 1)
5.3.5
lateral resolution
c ap ab i l i t y o f a n ultrasonic test system (5 . 3 . 2 ) to re s o l ve t wo s e p a rate t a r ge ts at the s a me d i s ta nc e
5 . 3 .6
axial resolution
c ap ab i l i t y o f a n ultrasonic test system (5 . 3 . 2 ) to re s o l ve t wo s e p a rate t a r ge ts at d i ffe re n t d i s ta nc e s
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
5 .4 Calibration, reference and test blocks
5 .4.1
calibration block
piece of material of speci fied composition, surface finish, heat treatment and geometric form, by means
test equipment
o f wh i c h u l tra s o n i c (5 . 3 . 1) c a n b e a s s e s s e d a n d c a l ib rate d
Note 1 to entry: For example, see ISO 2400, ISO 7963 and ISO 16946.
5 .4. 2
reference block
b l o c k o f m ate r i a l re p re s e nt ati ve o f the m ate r i a l to b e te s te d w i th s i m i l a r ac o u s tic p ro p e r tie s c o n ta i n i n g
well-de fined reflectors ), used to adjust the sensitivity and/or time base
(6 . 4 . 1 ultrasonic (5 .1 . 1 5 ) o f the
instrument ) in order to compare detected discontinuity indications with those arising from the
(5 . 1 .1
known re flectors ( 6 . 4 .1)
5 .4. 3
test block
de fined piece of material which allows tests for the accuracy and/or performance of an ultrasonic test
system (5 . 3 . 2 )
5 .4.4
reference echo
echo (6 . 5 . 1) fro m a p re s c r i b e d reference reflector (6 . 4 . 2 )
Note 1 to entry: Example shown in Fi g u re 1 3 .
a) Generation of reference echoes b) D isplay of the reference echoes and the DAC
Key
1 re fe re n ce e ch o fro m p o s i ti o n A (d i re ct) 4 re fe re n ce b l o ck
2 re fe re n ce e ch o fro m p o s i ti o n B (i n d i re ct) 5 reference re flector

3 re fe re n ce e ch o fro m p o s i ti o n C (i n d i re ct) 6 d i s tan ce – am p l i tu d e cu rve (D AC )
Figure 13 — Generation of a DAC
5 .4. 5
transfer correction
c o r re c tio n o f the ga i n s e t ti n g ultrasonic instrument
o f the (5 . 1 .1) whe n tra n s fe r r i n g the probe (5 . 2 . 1)
fro m a calibration (5 . 4 .1) or reference block (5 . 4 . 2 ) to the te s t o b j e c t
Note 1 to entry: Transfer correction includes losses due to coupling, surface re f lection and attenuation (4 . 3 . 1 ) .
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
6 Terms related to ultrasonic testing
6.1 Testing techniques
6.1 .1
pulse– echo technique
technique in which an ultrasonic pulse is transmitted and any echo (6 . 5 .1 ) received by the same probe
(5 . 2 .1) b e fo re the ne x t (s uc c e s s i ve) pulse (3 . 2 .7 ) i s tra n s m i t te d
6.1 . 2
tandem technique
scanning te c h n i que i nvo l v i n g the use o f t wo or mo re angle-beam probes (5 . 2 . 1 3 ), usually having the
s a me a n gl e , fac i n g in the s a me d i re c tio n a nd h av i n g the i r u l tra s o n ic beam a xe s in the s a me p l a ne
p e r p e nd ic u l a r to the test surface (6 . 2 . 1) , whe re o ne probe (5 . 2 . 1) i s u s e d fo r tra n s m i s s i o n a n d the o the r
fo r re c e p tio n
Note 1 to entry: The purpose of the technique is mainly to detect discontinuities perpendicular to the test surface
(6 . 2 . 1 ) .
Note 2 to entry: See F i g u r e 14 .
Key
1 tran s m i tte r p ro b e 4 re ce ivi n g p o i n t
2 re ce ive r p ro b e 5 re flector
3 p o i n t o f i n ci d e n ce
NO TE T h e fu n c ti o n o f the tr a n s m i t te r p r o b e a n d r e c e i ve r p r o b e c a n b e r e ve r s e d .
Figure 14 — Tandem technique
6.1 . 3
through-transmission technique
technique in which the quality of a material is assessed by transmitting ultrasonic waves (3 . 2 .1) th ro u gh
the e n ti re m ate r i a l , us i ng a tra n s m i t te r p ro b e on o ne s ide o f the obj ec t a nd a re c e i ve r p ro b e on the
o p p o s i te s i de
6.1 .4
contact technique
technique to test an object by means of an ultrasonic probe (or probes) in direct contact with it usually
using a thin layer of couplant probe (6 . 3 . 3 ) b e t we e n the (5 . 2 . 1) a nd the o b j e c t
Note 1 to entry: For techniques without direct contact, see gap technique (6 . 1 . 5 ) or immersion technique (6 . 1 . 6 ) .
6.1 . 5
gap technique
te c h n i que in wh i c h the probe (5 . 2 . 1) is no t i n d i re c t c o n t ac t w i th the s u r fac e o f the te s t o b j e c t, b ut i s
coupled to it through a layer of liquid, not more than a few wavelengths (3 . 2 . 4) th i c k
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Key
1 an gl e - b e am p ro b e 4 co u p l an t
2 p ro b e i n d ex p o i n t 5 p o i n t o f i n ci d e n ce
3 co u p l an t p ath 6 gap
Figure 15 — Gap technique
6 .1 .6
immersion technique
te c h n ique in wh ic h the te s t obj ec t and the probe (5 . 2 . 1) a re i m me r s e d in a l i qu id used as coupling
medium (6 . 3 . 3 )
N o te 1 to e n tr y: I m m e r s i o n c a n b e to ta l o r p a r ti a l . Ap p l i c a ti o n s u s i n g a wa te r j e t a r e a l s o i nc l u de d .
N o te 2 to e n tr y: D e p e n d i n g o n the p r o b e s e tu p a n d o b j e c t ge o me tr y, b e a m r e fr ac ti o n w i l l o c c u r.
6 .1 .7
multiple- echo technique
te c h n ique in wh i c h re p e ate d e c ho e s fro m e i the r the b ac k s u r fac e or a d i s c o n ti nu i t y a re used fo r the
e va l u ati o n o f e c ho a mp l i tude a nd/o r s o u n d p ath
N o te 1 to e n tr y: In o r de r to e va l u a te the qu a l i t y of a m a te r i a l or b ond i ng , the amplitudes (3 . 2 . 2 ) o f s u c c e s s i ve
e cho e s a re u s e d .
N o te 2 to e n tr y: I n o r de r to i n c r e a s e th e ac c u r ac y o f a wa l l th i c k n e s s (s o u n d p a th) me a s u r e m e n t, a multiple echo

(6 . 5 . 8 ) o f h i gh e s t p o s s i b l e nu m b e r i s u s e d .
6 .1 . 8
loss of back-wall echo
s ign i fic a n t re duc ti o n o f the amplitude (3 . 2 . 2 ) o f the echo (6 . 5 .1) fro m the b ac k s u r fac e
6 .1 .9
time-of- flight diffraction technique
TOFD technique
te c h n ique u s i n g the time-o f-flight (3 . 2 . 6 ) o f d i ffr ac te d s i g n a l s fro m d i s c o n ti nu i ti e s i n the te s t o b j e c t
N o te 1 to e n tr y: Us ua l ly a pair of angle-beam probes (5 . 2 . 1 3 ) us ing longitudinal waves (3 . 3 . 1 ) , o ne tr a n s m i t ti n g
o n e r e c e i v i n g , i s a r r a n ge d s y m me tr i c a l l y to th e a r e a o f i n te r e s t .
N o te 2 to e n tr y: Fo r e x a m p l e , s e e I S O 1 6 8 2 8 .
6 .1 .10
synthetic aperture focusing technique
SAFT
te c h n ique to i mp ro ve the re s o l u tio n o f u l tra s o n i c i m a ge s b y s y n the ti c a l l y e x te nd i n g the ap e r tu re of a
no n- fo c u s i n g p ro b e ac h ie ve d b y d i g i ta l p ro c e s s i n g s e ve ra l s uc c e s s i ve me a s u re me n ts
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
6.1 .11
scanning
d i s p l ac e me n t o f the probe(s) (5 . 2 . 1) re l ati ve to the te s t o b j e c t
N o te 1 to e n tr y: S c a n n i n g c a n b e do n e m a nu a l l y b y th e o p e r ato r o r au to m ate d u s i n g m e c h a n i z e d de v i c e (s) .
6.1 .1 2
direct scanning technique
scanning (6 .1 .1 1) in wh ic h a sound beam (4 . 2 . 2 ) is d i re c te d i n to a re g i o n of a te s t obj ec t w i tho u t
i n te r me d i ate re f l e c tio n
Key
1 p ro j e cte d s o u n d p ath l e n gth 4 s o u n d p ath l e n gth
2 re d u ce d p ro j e cte d s o u n d p ath l e n gth 5 an gl e o f re fracti o n
3 re fl e cto r d e p th
Figure 16 — Direct scanning
6.1 .13
indirect scanning technique
scanning (6 .1 . 1 1) in wh ic h a sound beam (4 . 2 . 2 ) is d i re c te d i n to a re g i o n of a te s t obj ec t by us ing
reflection(s) (4 . 4 . 3 ) at s u r fac e (s) o f the te s t o b j e c t
6.1 .14
orbital scanning
scanning (6 . 1 .1 1) i n wh i c h a n angle-beam probe (5 . 2 . 1 3 ) i s u s e d to o b ta i n i n fo r m atio n ab o u t the fo r m o f
a d i s c o n ti nu i t y p re v i o u s l y l o c ate d , the s c a n n i n g b e i n g m ade rad i a l l y a ro u n d the d i s c o nti nu i t y
N o te 1 to e n tr y: S e e F i g u r e 1 7.
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Key
1 ce n tre o f ci rcu l ar m o ti o n
2 o rb i t
3 an gl e - b e am p ro b e
Figure 17 — Orbital scanning
6 .1 .15
swivel scanning
scanning (6 . 1 .1 1) us ing an angle-beam probe (5 . 2 . 1 3 ) i nvo l v i n g ro t atio n o f the probe (5 . 2 . 1) a ro u n d an
a x i s th ro u gh the i n de x p o i nt p e r p e nd i c u l a r to the s c a n n i n g s u r fac e
Key
1 re flector
2 s wive l an gl e
Figure 18 — Swivel scanning
6 .1 .16
spiral scanning
scanning (6 .1 .1 1 ) of a disc-shaped object by means of radial displacement and simultaneous rotation
(s p i ra l trac e)
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
6.1 .17
helical scanning
scanning (6 .1 . 1 1 ) of a cylindrical object by means of longitudinal displacement and simultaneous
ro tati o n ( he l i c a l trac e)
6.1 .18
automated ultrasonic testing
AUT
technique by which an object is tested by ultrasound using probes (5 . 2 . 1) o p e rati n g u nde r me c h a n i c a l
control and where ultrasonic data is collected automatically
Note 1 to entry: The data may also be analyzed automatically against predetermined criteria without human
i n te r ve n ti o n .
6.1 .19
acoustical imaging
generation of an image of an object by using ultrasound
6.1 . 2 0
acoustical holography
generation of 3D images of a test object by reconstructing information from the sound field (4 . 2 .1)
re flected from within the test object located in the sound field
6.1 . 21
acoustical tomography
ge ne r ati o n o f a 3 D i m a ge o f a te s t o b j e c t fro m 2 D ac o u s tic i m a ge s re p re s e n ti n g s e c tio n s th ro u gh i t
6.1 . 2 2
measurement modes
techniques by which the ultrasonic echo pulses are used for determination of time differences
6.1 . 2 3
flank-to- flank measurement mode
measurement of the time difference between similar edges (flanks) of two echoes (6 . 5 . 1 ), usually
de fined as rising (leading) or falling (trailing) edge, at a speci fied amplitude (3 . 2 . 2 )
6.1 . 2 4
peak-to -peak measurement mode
me a s u re m e nt o f the ti m e d i ffe re nc e b e t we e n the m a x i mu m a mp l i tude s o f t wo echoes (6 . 5 . 1)
6.1 . 25
zero crossing measurement mode
me a s u re m e nt o f the ti me d i ffe re nc e b e t we e n c o r re s p o nd i n g zero crossings (6 . 1 . 2 6 ) o f t wo echoes (6 . 5 .1)
6.1 . 2 6
zero crossing
time when the instantaneous amplitude of an unrecti fied signal reverses polarity
6.2 Test obj ect
6. 2 .1
test surface
s c a n n i n g s u r fac e
p a r t o f the s u r fac e o f a te s t o b j e c t o ve r wh ic h a probe or probes (5 . 2 .1) i s/a re m o ve d
6. 2 . 2
test area
de fined area on the test object over which the tests are to be conducted
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
6.2 .3
test volume
volume of the test object which is covered by a test
6 . 2 .4
probe orientation
a n gl e m a i n ta i ne d du r i n g scanning (6 .1 . 1 1) b e t we e n a re fe re nc e l i ne a nd the p ro j e c tio n o f the beam axis
(4 . 2 . 3 ) o n to the test surface (6 . 2 . 1)
Key
1 s can n i n g d i re cti o n p aral l e l to th e we l d
2 s can n i n g d i re cti o n p e rp e n d i cu l ar to th e we l d
3 p ro b e o ri e n tati o n
5 we l d
Figure 19 — Weld testing
6.2 .5
scanning direction
d i re c ti o n o f mo ve me n t o f a probe (5 . 2 . 1) o ve r the test surface (6 . 2 . 1)
6 . 2 .6
point of incidence
p o i n t o n the te s t o b j e c t whe re the sound beam (4 . 2 . 2 ) e n te r s the o b j e c t
Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e s 14 a n d 1 5 .
6 . 2 .7
receiving point
point on the test object where the re flected or transmitted sound beam (4 . 2 . 2 ) c a n b e re c e i ve d
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
6.3 Coupling
6. 3 .1
acoustical impedance matching
ad ap tatio n o f acoustical impedances (4 . 4 .7 ) o f t wo c o up l e d p i e c e s o f m ate r i a l , s o a s to p ro v ide o p ti mu m
tra n s fe r o f u l tra s o u n d b e t we e n the m
6. 3 . 2
coupling techniques
techniques by which ultrasound is transmitted (coupled) from the probe (5 . 2 .1) i n to the te s t o b j e c t a n d
v i c e ve r s a
6. 3 . 3
couplant
c o up l i n g m e d i u m
me d i u m i n te r p o s e d b e t we e n the probe (5 . 2 .1) a nd the te s t o b j e c t to e n ab l e the p a s s a ge o f u l tr a s o u nd
between them, such as water, glycerine or oil

6. 3 .4
couplant path
d i s ta nce in the coupling medium (6 . 3 . 3 ) b e t we e n the probe index point (5 . 2 . 1 6 ) a nd the point of
incidence (6 . 2 . 6 )
6. 3 . 5
coupling losses
re duc tio n o f s o u n d tr a n s m i s s io n ac ro s s the interface (4 . 4 . 1) b e t we e n a probe (5 . 2 . 1) a nd a te s t o b j e c t
6.4 Re flectors
6.4.1
re flector
interface (4 . 4 .1) at wh ic h a n u l tr a s o n ic b e a m e nc o u n te r s a c h a n ge i n ac o u s tic i mp e d a nc e a nd at wh ic h at
least part of the ultrasound is re flected

Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e s 14 a n d 1 8 .
6.4. 2
reference re flector
reflector (6 . 4 . 1 ) (natural or arti ficial) with known form, size and distance from the test surface (6 . 2 . 1)
in calibration block
the (5 . 4 .1) or reference block (5 . 4 . 2 ) , wh ic h is used fo r c a l i b r atio n o r a s s e s s me n t o f
detection sensitivity (5 . 3 . 4)
E X A M PL E Side-drilled holes (6 . 4 . 4) , flat-bottomed holes (6 . 4 . 3 ) , hemispherical-bottomed holes (6 . 4 . 5 ) , notches

(6 . 4 . 6 ) .
6.4. 3
flat-bottomed hole
FBH
disc-shaped re flector
borehole where the flat bottom acts as a disc-shaped re flector perpendicular to the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 )
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
6 .4.4
side- drilled hole
SDH
c yl i nd r i c a l re f l e c to r
b o re ho l e p e r p e nd ic u l a r to the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) whe re the c yl i nd r i c a l s u r fac e ac ts a s a reflector (6 . 4 . 1)
6 .4. 5
hemispherical-bottomed hole
s p he r ic a l- s h ap e d re f l e c to r
b o re ho l e ne a r p a ra l l e l to the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) whe re the he m i s p he r i c a l b o t to m ac ts a s a reflector (6 . 4 . 1)
6 .4.6
notch
p l a ne s u r fac e - b re a ki n g re f l e c to r us ual ly p e r p e nd i c u l a r to the s u r fac e whe re the s ide s a n d/o r the
b o t to m c a n ac t a s reflectors (6 . 4 . 1)
6.5 Signals and indications
6 . 5 .1
echo
s i g n a l o n the d i s p l ay o f the ultrasonic instrument (5 .1 . 1) re c e i ve d fro m the te s t o b j e c t
N o te 2 to e n tr y: D e p e n d i n g o n the te s t s e tu p , add i ti o n a l e c h o e s m ay b e r e c e i ve d .
6.5.2
back-wall echo
echo (6 . 5 .1) fro m the s u r fac e o f the te s t o b j e c t o p p o s i te to the probe (5 . 2 . 1) wh i c h is p e r p e nd i c u l a r to
the u l tra s o n ic b e a m a x i s
6.5.3
surface echo
echo (6 . 5 . 1) fro m the test surface (6 . 2 . 1) , u s u a l l y p re s e n t i n immersion technique (6 . 1 . 6 ) o r w i th contact
technique (6 .1 . 4) us ing a delay block (5 . 2 .7 )
N o te 1 to e n tr y: See also interface echo (6 . 5 .9 ) .
6 . 5 .4
side wall echo
echo (6 . 5 . 1) fro m a s u r fac e o f the te s t o b j e c t o the r th a n the b ac k a nd test surface (6 . 2 .1)
6.5.5
echo width
du ratio n o f a n echo (6 . 5 .1) me a s u re d at a s p e c i fie d l e ve l
6 . 5 .6
echo height
he i gh t o f a n e c ho i n d i c ati o n o n the d i s p l ay
6 . 5 .7
spurious echo
echo (6 . 5 . 1) wh ic h i s no t a s s o c i ate d w i th a d i s c o n ti nu i t y a n d i s o f no i n te re s t
6.5.8
multiple echo
echo (6 . 5 .1) fro m re p e ate d re f l e c tio n of an u l tra s o n i c pulse b e t we e n t wo or mo re interfaces (4 . 4 .1) or
d i s c o nti nu i ti e s
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
6. 5 .9
interface echo
echo (6 . 5 . 1) fro m the interface (4 . 4 .1) b e t we e n d i s s i m i l a r m ate r i a l s
Note 1 to entry: Usually used for bond testing.
6. 5 .10
ghost echo
p h a n to m e c ho
echo (6 . 5 . 1 ) originating from a transmitted pulse generated in a previous cycle
6. 5 .11
echo pattern
typical pattern of one or more echoes (6 . 5 .1 ) displayed on the instrument
Note 1 to entry: For example, see ISO 23279.
6. 5 .1 2
dynamic echo pattern
envelope pattern generated by individual echoes (6 . 5 .1 ) displayed on the instrument when moving the
probe (5 . 2 . 1)
6. 5 .13
static echo pattern
p at te r n o f i n d i v idu a l echoes (6 . 5 . 1 ) displayed on the instrument when the probe (5 . 2 .1) i s no t m o ve d
6. 5 .14
indication
any signal shown on the display of an ultrasonic instrument (5 .1 . 1) , wh i c h c a n b e s e p a rate d fro m noise
back-wall echoes
(6 . 5 . 1 5 ) , s u r fac e a nd (6 . 5 . 2 )
6. 5 .15
noise
u n de s i re d s igna ls (e l e c tr i c a l o r ac o u s ti c a l ) th at te nd to i n te r fe re w i th the re c e p ti o n , i n te r p re tati o n or
p ro c e s s i n g o f the de s i re d s i g n a l
6. 5 .16
noise level
amplitudes (3 . 2 . 2 ) o f b ac kg ro u nd noise (6 . 5 . 1 5 ) in an ultrasonic system
6. 5 .17
signal-to -noise ratio
ratio o f the a mp l i tude o f a n u l tra s o n i c s i g n a l to t he amplitude (3 . 2 . 2 ) o f the noise (6 . 5 .1 5 ) at approximately
the s a m e l o c atio n
6. 5 .18
transmitter pulse indication
indication (6 . 5 .14) o f the transmitter pulse (5 .1 . 3 ) on the display of the ultrasonic instrument (5 . 1 .1)
6. 5 .19
transmission point
z e ro p o i n t
p o i nt o n the time base (5 .1 .1 5 ) wh ich co r re s p o nd s to the i n s ta nt at wh ich u l tra s o u nd enters the te s t o b j e c t
Note 1 to entry: The transmission point does not necessarily coincide with the transmitter pulse indication
delay line
(6 . 5 . 1 8 ) , e . g. i n c a s e o f i m m e r s i o n te s ti n g o r wh e n u s i n g a (5 . 2 . 7 ) .
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
6.5.20
expanded time base
s c a le e x p a n s io n
zooming i n to a s e l e c te d s e c ti o n o f the set ra n ge wh ic h e n ab l e s echoes (6 . 5 .1) w i th i n the th ic kne s s or
l e n g th o f the te s t o b j e c t to b e d i s p l aye d i n g re ate r de t a i l o n the d i s p l ay
6 . 5 . 21
display response
ti me i t ta ke s the d i s p l ay de v i c e to c h a n ge fro m o ne d i s p l ay s tate to a no the r
N o te 1 to e n tr y: T h e d i s p l ay r e s p o n s e i s l i m i ti n g the s c a n n i n g s p e e d .
6.5.22
radio frequency signal
RF s igna l
u n re c ti fie d s ignal
N o te 1 to e ntr y: I n u l tra s o n ic te s ti n g , the ter m rad io fre quenc y i s m i s le ad i n g , b e c au s e no rad io fre quenc ie s a re u s e d .
6.6 Presentations
Fo r a n o ve r v ie w o f the d i ffe re n t p re s e n tatio n s , s e e Tab l e 1 .
Table 1 — O verview of the different presentations
Signal O ther
Spatial coordinates Time
Type of amplitude features Type of data
presentation Direction 1 D irection 2 acquisition
A t F
(d 1
) (d 2
)
A- s c a n (6 . 6 . 1 ) • • A = ft
( )
B -scan ( d
1
) (6 . 6 . 2) • • • A = fd t
( 1
, )
B - s c a n ( d 2
)
a
• • • A = fd t
( 2
, )
(6 . 6 . 2 )
C - s c a n (6 . 6 . 3 ) • • • A = fd d
( 1
, 2
)
F- s c a n (6 . 6 . 4) • • • F = fd d
( 1
, 2
)
T- s c a n (6 . 6 . 6 ) • • • t = fd d
( 1
, 2
)
V- s c a n (6 . 6 . 7 ) • • • • A = fd d t
( 1
, 2
, )
a
B -scan ( d
2
) wh i c h i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r to B - s c a n ( d 1
) i s al s o cal led D - s can .
6 .6 .1
A-scan presentation
d i s p l ay of th e u ltra s o n ic s ignal s in wh i c h the X- a x i s re p r e s e n t s ti m e a nd th e Y- a x i s r e p re s e n t s
amplitude (3 . 2 . 2 )
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Key
1 s trai gh t- b e am p ro b e 5 b ack- wal l e ch o
2 ti m e b as e 6 re flector echo
3 re flector 7 A- s can p re s e n tati o n
4 tran s m i tte r p u l s e i n d i cati o n
Figure 2 0 — A-scan presentation
6.6. 2
B-scan presentation
display of the ultrasonic signals in which one axis represents time and the other axis represents
amplitude ) of the signals is represented by colour
p o s i tio n s a l o n g the s c a n n i n g s u r fac e , whe re the (3 . 2 . 2
or grey shades
Note 1 to entry: The B-scan represents a collection of A-scans.
Note 2 to entry: Typical B-scans are generated in the scanning direction (6 . 2 . 5 ), but they can also be generated
p e r p e n d i c u l a r to th e s c a n n i n g d i r e c ti o n (i n d e x) . T h i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r s c a n p r e s e n t ati o n wa s a l s o c a l l e d D - s c a n .
Note 3 to entry: See F i g u r e 2 1 a) .
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
a) B -scan presentations b) O ther presentations
Key
1 d i re cti o n 1 ( d
1
) 4 B - s can p re s e n tati o n o f d 1
2 d i re cti o n 2 ( d
2
) 5 B - s can p re s e n tati o n o f d 2
3 d e p th - z o n e wi th i n gate 6 C - s can p re s e n tati o n , T- s can p re s e n tati o n , F- s can
p re s e n tati o n
Figure 21 — Area imaged in different presentations
6 .6 . 3
C-scan presentation
display of the ultrasonic signals in which both axes represent positions on the scanning surface, where
the amplitude ) of the signals within a de fined time window is represented by colour or grey shades
(3 . 2 . 2
Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e 2 1 b) .
6 .6 .4
F-scan presentation
display of the ultrasonic signals in which both axes represent positions on the scanning surface, where
a n o p tio n a l p a ra me te r o f the s i g n a l s , d i ffe re n t fro m amplitude (3 . 2 . 2 ) a nd time-o f-flight (3 . 2 . 6 ) , w i th i n a
de fined time window is represented by colour or grey shades

Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e 2 1 b) .
Note 2 to entry: For example, sound velocity (4 . 2 . 19 ) a nd centre frequency (3 . 1 . 5 ) .
6 .6 . 5
P-scan presentation
projection of scan presentations related to orthogonal directions typically called top view, side view
a n d e n d v ie w
Note 1 to entry: The evaluated parameter in the images is the amplitude (3 . 2 . 2 ) o f th e s i g n a l .
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
a) Tes t obj ect with weld b) P-scan presentations
Key
1 to p vi e w
2 s i d e vi e w
3 e n d vi e w
Figure 2 2 — P-scan presentations
6.6 .6
T-scan presentation
d i s p l ay o f the u l tra s on ic s i gn a l s i n wh ich b o th a xe s rep re s ent p o s ition s o n the s c a n n i n g s u r face , where the
time-of-flight (3 . 2 . 6 ) o f the s i gn a l s with i n a de fi ne d ti me wi ndo w i s rep re s ente d b y colo u r o r gre y s h ade s
N o te 1 to e n tr y: I n th e p a s t, th i s t y p e o f p r e s e n t ati o n wa s a l s o c a l l e d ti me - o f- fl i ght C - s c a n o r th i c k n e s s C - s c a n .
N o te 2 to e n tr y: S e e F i g u r e 2 1 b) .
6.6.7
V-scan presentation
vo l u me s c a n p re s e n tatio n
th re e - d i me n s i o n a l (s p ati a l ) re p re s e n t ati o n o f the re s u l ts o f the te s te d vo l u me
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Key
1 d i re cti o n 1
2 d i re cti o n 2
Figure 2 3 — V-scan presentation
6.7 Location
6 .7.1
sound path length
l e n g th o f the p ath u l tr a s o n ic p u l s e s tr ave l w i th i n a te s t o b j e c t (s i n gl e tr ip)
6 .7. 2
proj ected sound path length
p ro j e c tio n o f the sound path length (6 .7. 1) o n the test surface (6 . 2 . 1)
6 .7. 3
reduced proj ected sound path length
p ro j e c tio n sound path length
o f the (6 . 7. 1) on the test surface (6 . 2 .1 ) reduced by the distance between
the probe index point (5 . 2 . 1 6 ) a n d the fro n t o f the probe (5 . 2 . 1)
6 .7.4
sound path travel distance
to t a l (ro u n d tr i p) d i s t a nc e u l tra s o n ic p u l s e s trave l
6 .7. 5
sound path travel time
ti me i t ta ke s fo r u l tra s o n ic p u l s e s to trave l a l o n g the sound path travel distance (6 . 7. 4)
6 .7.6
skip distance
fu l l s kip
d i s ta nc e on the test surface (6 . 2 .1) b e t we e n the point of incidence (6 . 2 . 6 ) of an a n gl e d b eam a nd the
p o i n t at wh i c h the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) i mp i n ge s on the te s t s u r fac e a fte r a s i n gl e reflection (4 . 4 . 3 ) at the
o p p o s i te s u r fac e
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
6.7.7
re flector depth
s ho r te s t d i s ta nc e fro m a reflector (6 . 4 . 1) to the te s t s u r fac e
6.8 Evaluation of indications
6. 8 .1
characterization of an indication
de te r m i ne s the p o s i tio n , s i z e a nd s h ap e o f a n indication (6 . 5 .14)
6. 8 . 2
classi fication of an indication
de c ide s i n to wh i c h c l a s s a n indication (6 . 5 . 14) b e l o n gs
6. 8 . 3
combined length of indications
ac c u mu l ate d l e n g th whe re indications (6 . 5 .14) a re g ro up e d
6. 8 .4
discontinuity sizing
estimation of the size of a discontinuity from its ultrasonic indications
6. 8 . 5
re flectivity
ratio o f the e c ho a mp l i tude fro m the reflector (6 . 4 . 1) u n de r a s s e s s me nt to the e c ho a mp l i tude fro m a
reference reflector (6 . 4 . 2 )
6. 8 .6
directional re flectivity
va r i ati o n i n the e c ho a mp l i tude fro m a reflector (6 . 4 . 1) w i th c h a n ge o f i nc ide n t a n gl e
6. 8 .7
reference level
level de fined by the echo amplitude of a de fined reference reflector (6 . 4 . 2 )
6. 8 . 8
reporting level
level above (or below) which every echo (6 . 5 . 1) h a s to b e re p o r te d
6. 8 .9
registration level
re c o rd i n g l e ve l
level above (or below) which every echo (6 . 5 . 1) h a s to b e re g i s te re d o r re c o rde d
6. 8 .10
evaluation level
l e ve l ab o ve o r b e l o w wh i c h indications (6 . 5 . 14) h ave to b e e va l u ate d o r e x a m i ne d fu r the r
6. 8 .11
display level
o p tio n a l m i n i mu m a mp l i tude of indications (6 . 5 . 14 ) which are displayed graphically in section or
p ro j e c tio n v ie ws
6. 8 .1 2
acceptance level
level de fining limits for acceptance regarding echo height (6 . 5 . 6 ), position, classi fication (if applicable)
a nd nu m b e r o f indications (6 . 5 . 14) o r s i z e o f d i s c o n ti nu i ti e s
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
6 . 8 .13
testing sensitivity
sensitivity setting which has to be used during the test
6 . 8 .14
distance– gain-size diagram
DGS diagram
s e r ie s o f c u r ve s wh i c h s ho w the re l atio n s h ip b e t we e n d i s t a nc e a lo n g the beam axis (4 . 2 . 3 ) a nd gain
(5 . 1 .7 ) in decibels for an in finite re flector and for different sizes of disc-shaped reflectors (6 . 4 . 3 )
6 . 8 .15
distance–amplitude curve
DAC
reference curve constructed between the peak amplitude responses from identical re flectors located at
d i ffe re nt d i s ta nc e s fro m the probe (5 . 2 .1) i n the s a me m ate r i a l
Note 2 to entry: This term shall not be confused with distance–amplitude compensation (5 . 1 . 1 2 ) .
6 . 8 .16
time- corrected gain
TCG
me tho d o f c o mp e n s atio n fo r the re duc tio n o f s i g n a l a mp l i tude s w i th i nc re a s i n g s o u n d p ath , so th at a l l
re fe re nc e e c ho a mp l i tude s a fte r c o mp e n s atio n re ac h a c o n s ta nt l e ve l
Note 1 to entry: This de finition of time-corrected gain differs from the de finition of the same term given by 5 .1 .1 2 .
6 . 8 .17
half-amplitude technique
6 - d B - d ro p te c h n ique
technique of re flector size assessment (length, height and/or width) wherein the probe (5 . 2 .1) i s mo ve d
fro m a p o s i tio n s ho w i n g m a x i mu m e c ho a mp l i tude u n ti l the echo (6 . 5 . 1) has de c re a s e d to h a l f o f th i s
value (by 6 dB)

Note 1 to entry: This technique can only be used for reflectors (6 . 4 . 1 ) l a r ge r th a n th e beam width (4 . 2 . 6 ) in the
d i r e c ti o n o f scanning (6 . 1 . 1 1 ) .
6 . 8 .18
2 0 - dB- drop technique
technique of re flector size assessment (length, height and/or width) wherein the probe (5 . 2 .1) i s mo ve d
fro m a p o s i ti o n s ho w i n g m a x i mu m e c ho a mp l i tude u n ti l the echo (6 . 5 .1) h a s de c re a s e d to o ne - te n th o f
this value (by 20 dB)
BS EN ISO 5577:201 7
ISO 5 5 77: 2 01 7(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 2400, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Specification for calibration block No. 1
[2] ISO 7963, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Specification for calibration block No. 2
[3] ISO 16828, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Time-o f-flight diffraction technique as
a method for detection and sizing of discontinuities
[4] ISO 16946, Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Specification for step wedge
calibration block
[5] ISO 23279, Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Characterization of indications
in welds
[6] EN 16018, Non-destructive testing — Terminology — Terms used in ultrasonic testing with
phased arrays
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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 5577

ICS 01.040.19; 19.100 Supersedes EN 1330-4:2010

Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Vocabulary

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 December 2016.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

This document supersedes EN 1330-4:2010.

3 Terms related to frequencies, waves and pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3.3 Types of waves ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

6.4 Re flectors .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 28

I S O (the I n te r n ati o n a l O r ga n i z atio n fo r S t a nd a rd i z atio n) i s a wo rl d w ide fe de ratio n o f n ati o n a l s ta n d a rd s

c o m m i t te e has b e en e s t ab l i s he d has the r i gh t to be re p re s e n te d on th at c o m m i t te e . I nte r n atio n a l

o r ga n i z ati o n s , go ve r n me n t a l a nd no n- go ve r n me n ta l , in liaison w i th I SO, also ta ke part in the wo rk.

ISO c o l l ab o r ate s clo s el y w i th the I n te r n ati o n a l E l e c tro te c h n ic a l C o m m i s s io n (I EC ) on all m at te r s of

T he p ro c e du re s used to de ve l o p th i s do c u me n t a nd tho s e i nte n de d fo r its fu r the r m a i n te n a nc e a re

de s c r i b e d i n the I S O/ I E C D i re c ti ve s , Part 1 . I n p a r tic u l a r the d i ffe re nt ap p ro va l c r i te r i a ne e de d fo r the

d i ffe re n t t y p e s of I SO do c u m e nt s s ho u l d b e no te d . This do c u me n t wa s d ra fte d in ac c o rd a nc e w i th the

At te n ti o n i s d raw n to the p o s s i b i l i t y th at s o me o f the e l e me n ts o f th i s do c u me n t m ay b e the s ub j e c t o f

p ate n t r i gh ts . ISO shal l no t b e he l d re s p o n s i b l e fo r ide n ti fy i n g a ny o r a l l s uc h p ate nt r i gh ts . D e ta i l s of

o n the I S O l i s t o f p ate n t de c l a ratio n s re c e i ve d (s e e w w w. i s o . o r g/ p ate n ts) .

A ny trade n a me used in th i s do c u me n t i s i n fo r m atio n g i ve n fo r the c o nve n i e nc e o f u s ers a nd do e s no t

Fo r a n e x p l a n atio n o n the me a n i n g o f I S O s p e c i fic ter m s a nd e x p re s s io n s rel ate d to co n fo r m it y a s s e s s ment,

Te ch n ic a l B a r r iers to Trade ( T B T ) s e e the fo l lo wi n g U RL: w w w. i s o . o rg/ i s o/fo re wo rd . htm l .

ISO 5577 wa s p re p a re d by the E u ro p e a n C o m m i t te e fo r S ta nd a rd i z atio n (C E N ) Te c h n ic a l C o m m i t te e

te c h n i c a l c o o p e ratio n b e t we e n I S O a n d C E N ( Vie n n a Ag re e m e nt) .

Non-destructive testing — Ultrasonic testing — Vocabulary

fo r s t a n d a rd s a nd ge ne ra l use. This do c u me n t do e s no t c o ve r te r m s used in u l tra s o n i c te s ti n g w i th

3 Terms related to frequencies, waves and pulses

Fo r the purposes o f th i s do c u me n t, the te r m s a nd de fi n i tio n s g i ve n in th i s c l au s e a nd tho s e g i ve n in

I S O a n d I E C m a i n ta i n te r m i no l o g ic a l d at ab a s e s fo r u s e i n s t a nd a rd i z atio n at the fo l l o w i n g add re s s e s :

— I E C E l e c tro p e d i a: ava i l ab l e at h t tp : // w w w. e l e c tro p e d i a . o r g/

— I S O O n l i ne b ro ws i n g p l atfo r m : ava i l ab l e at ht tp : // w w w. i s o . o r g/o b p

frequency (3 .1 . 1) o f the probe (5 . 2 . 1) a s s tate d b y the m a nu fac tu re r

Note 1 to entry: See Fi g u re 1 .

Note 1 to entry: See Fi g u re 1 .

Note 1 to entry: See Fi g u re 1 .

X frequency 4 centre frequency

2 upper cut-off frequency 7 speci fied amplitude drop

Figure 1 — Terms related to frequency and bandwidth

3 .2 Waves and pulses

wave i n wh ic h the d i re c tio n o f d i s p l ac e me n t o f p a r ti c l e s is i n the s a m e d i re c ti o n a s the p ro p a gatio n o f

Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e 2 a) .

wave in wh ic h the d i re c ti o n of d i s p l ac e me n t of p a r tic l e s is p e r p e n d ic u l a r to the d i re c tio n of the

p ro p a gati o n o f the wave

Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e 2 b) .

a) Longitudinal wave; compressional wave

b) Trans verse wave; shear wave

Figure 2 — Types of waves

4 Terms related to sound

4.1 Sound generation and reception

4.2 Sound propagation

Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e s 3 b) , 8 , 9 , 1 0 a n d 1 1 .

at a de fined distance from the probe (5 . 2 . 1)

Note 1 to entry: See Fi g u re 3 .

a) Pro file along the beam axis

b) Pro files perpendicular to the beam axis

2 beam boundary a d i s tan ce

3 b e am axi s N near- field length

Figure 3 — Beam pro files

Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e s 3 b) , 8 , 9 a n d 1 1 .

at a de fined distance from the probe (5 . 2 .1)

Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e 3 b) .

Note 1 to entry: See F i g u r e s 3 b) , 8 a n d 1 1 .