Introduction to Gender

concepts
by Dr.Sylivia. Karen.Rutagumirwa

Introduction to gender by Dr.

Sylivia
 What is gender?

 Gender refers to the socially constructed roles,

behaviors, rights, responsibilities, activities, and
attributes that a given society assigned to women
and men. or considers suitable for men and
women.
 Gender is defined as “culturally and socially
determined characteristics, values, norms, roles,
attitudes and beliefs attributed to women, and men
through constructed identity in a given society”.
 (please refer to the examples I gave in my lectures)

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

In a nut shell gender is:
 Reflected in the different activities, attitudes, and
behaviour of men and women.
 Socially constructed –that means they are shaped by
society: influenced by religion, cultural norms and
values and political system.
 Learned ---socialization process
 Dynamic
 Multi-faceted
 Influenced by class, age, caste, ethnicity and region
(they vary within each society according to age,
class, caste, ethnicity, religion)

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Gender roles
 These are roles which are classified by sex, where
this classification is social, and not biological. For
example, if child-rearing is classified as a female role,
it is a female gender role, not a female sex role since
child-rearing can be done by men or women.
 gender roles may change from time to time and
can vary between and within cultures.
 Gender roles are affected by age, class, religion, ethnicity,
regional origin and history. They can also be profoundly
affected by changes brought on through development efforts.

 (please refer to the examples I gave in my lectures)

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

What is sex
 Sex on the other hand refers to the biological
differences between men and women.
 Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that
define men and women. In other words sex is a natural
attributes (features) that we use to identify men and women
A person is genetically male or female i.e. People are
said to be of the male sex or the female sex, as
determined by three sets of characteristics:
 external sex organs,
 internal sex organs, and
 secondary sexual development at puberty.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Sex roles
 Sex roles are derived from the physiological
or biological differences.
 They refers to a person’s biological function
as a male or as a female, for instance
females sex role is naturally linked to
pregnancy, giving birth and breastfeeding.
 (please refer to the examples I gave in my
lectures)


Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Summary gender Vs sex
Gender
 Gender refers to the social differences
between women and men.
 Difference that are learned not innate
(inborn)
 Differences that are changeable overtime
 Differences that have wide variations
within and between differences societies
and cultures.
 It is used to describe socially determined
characteristics; It refers not to women or
men but to the relationship between them,
their society or community and the way it
is socially constructed.
 Gender refers to social cultural and
psychological differences between men
and women.
Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
sex
 Sex refers to the biological
differences between men and
women
 Differences that are genetically
determined
 Largely universal and
 Genetically constant
 Sex describes those characteristics
which are biologically determined.
 There are two sexes: Male and
female. Each and every human
being belongs to only one of the
two categories and these two
categories together constitute the
entire human universe.
 GENDER DIVISION OF LABOUR / SEXUAL
DIVISION OF LABOUR

 Gender division of labour is the different social allocation of work

within a given context.

 Gender division of labour relates to different work that men and

women do a consequence of their socialization and accepted
pattern of work within a given context. This means a Division of
work constructed around gender in which particular tasks and
occupations are believed to be male or female activities.

 Gender division of labour --- not natural rather –socially constructed.

 (please refer to the examples I gave in my lectures)

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Gender Division of work can be summarized in
three roles;

1. REPPODUCTIVE WORKS.
 The reproductive role e.g. domestic tasks
2. PRODUCTIVE WORK
 The productive role comprises work done by both men
and women for payment in cash or kind.
3. COMMUNITY MANAGING TASKS---undertaken at the
community level around the allocation, provision and
Managing of items of collective consumption.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

The vicious circle of gender roles and division of work as
developed by Parker.A.R

GENDER ROLES are

socially determined from
birth

Differential valuing of
work and access support Gender roles
existing POWER influences the
relations which reinforce
DIVISION of
gender roles
LABOUR

Different roles, work and

Labour is VALUED
valuing of work create
differently based on
differential access to decision
who does it
making services and benefits

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Patriarchy
 Patriarchy is the male domination of ownership and control, at
all levels in society, which maintains and operates in the system
of gender discrimination. This system of control is justified in
terms of patriarchal ideology - a system of ideas based on a
belief in male superiority
Categorization of gender roles goes through socialization.
 Literally, socialization is the process by which individuals,
especially a child, learns to behave in a way that is acceptable
in their society.
 A child becomes a member of society trough socialization.
It is through socialization gender stereotyped roles are ascribed.

These stereotypes do not always reflect the truth about

women/men and their recommended social roles.
Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
Gender stereotyping

 Gender stereotyping refers to how men and women are

perceived or portrayed based on their sex, in families,
communities, workplaces, learning institutions and media such
as televisions, books, magazines or in conversations or division
of labour, for example (please refer to the examples I
gave in my lectures)

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

 GENDERING PROCESS

gender stereotyping

Women: Fragile, Men: rational, virile,

Irrational, Dependent, Independent, sexually
Sexually submissive Active, physically
Emotional strong, unemotional

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Gender equality
Gender equality means equal opportunities and access
to resources and services within families,
communities, workplace and society at large for
women and men at all ages.
 Equal benefits from laws and policies
 Resources include decision-making power,
education, social services, and e.t.c.
 i.e. Gender equality also means that there is no
discrimination on grounds of a person’s sex in the
allocation of resources or benefits, or in access to
services and the law.
The international community has made important commitments to women’s rights and equality
between women and men, including:
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),
the Beijing Platform for Action,
the Millennium Development Goals (3)
The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

How can gender equality be attained?

 Education and training

Education and training allows individuals to acquire knowledge,
skills, attitudes and values and it also enhances an individual’s
ability to participate effectively in socio-economic development
and in making informed choices.
Education helps to build confidence in women, their self esteem 
and assertiveness/ boldness.
 Empowerment
 Affirmative actions/positive discrimination
Affirmative are measures targeted at a particular group and intended to
eliminate discrimination or to off set disadvantages arising from existing
attitudes, behaviors and structures. Under represented in politics,
government and private structures.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Gender Equity
 Gender Equity means fair opportunity in: access,
distribution of resources, power and benefits.
*Equity: fairness and justice in the distribution of
benefits and responsibilities, while recognizing the
specific conditions and characteristics of each
individual or group.
It involves the recognition of diversity without
discrimination. Equity also means "having a stake in"
or "having a share of". It is, therefore, an important
component of equality. Technically, equality before
the law often does exist without those deemed to be
"equal" really "having a stake in".
Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
Gender equity
 In other words gender equity means fairness
and justice in the distribution of benefits,
power, recourses and responsibilities
between men and women according to their
needs.
 Recognizes that women and men have
different needs, access to, and control over
resources.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Gender Discrimination
 Occurs when one sex is treated better or
worse than the other on the basis of sex.
(double standards), unfair treatment.
 - CEDAW (1979) – the convention was finally
approved in 1999. (CEDAW provide strongest legal
protection against Gender Discrimination).

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

 Two main categories of discrimination.
1) Direct discrimination
 Means that Women or Men are directly treated
differently on the basis of sex/gender.
Example of discrimination during employment
 (please refer to the examples I gave in my lectures)
2) Indirect discrimination
This tend to occur when a woman or man is treated differently and
unfairly on the basis of a provision, polices, justification or
practice that appears to be gender neutral. In other words this
means as a result of gender blind policies, laws and regulations
some gender needs are overlooked the result of this is gender
discrimination. Examples of indirect discrimination
 (please refer to the examples I gave in my lectures)

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Indirect discrimination

 This tend to occur when a woman or man is

treated differently and unfairly on the basis of
a provision, polices, justification or
practice that appears to be gender neutral. In
other words this means as a result of gender
blind policies, laws and regulations some
gender needs are overlooked the result of
this is gender discrimination
 (please refer to the examples I gave in my
lectures)

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Gender Violence
 Any act of or threat that inflicts physical, sexual or
psychological harm on a woman or man because of
their gender.
 refers to any act, omission or conduct by means of
which physical, sexual or mental suffering is inflicted
directly, through threat, cohesion or any other means
on any person or with the purpose of intimidating,
punishing or, humiliating maintaining sex
stereotyped roles, undermining the security of a
person, self respect or diminishing physical or mental
capacities.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

FORMS OF GENDER VIOLENCE
1. Female genital mutilation (FGM)

 Is a bloody and dangerous operation carried out on the genitalia of girls

and young women. Parents and communities perpetuate this ritual believing that
it safeguards virginity and assures that daughters will be marriageable.
 FGM has been interpreted as a way of diminishing or lessening the women’s
SEXUAL LUST

 (please refer to the examples I gave in my

lectures)
2. Sexual harassment is another form of
gender violence. Sexual harassment (for
definition, refer to sexual offences special
provision Act of 1998 SOSPA).
(Please refer to the examples I gave in my lectures)
Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
 Sexual harassment includes many
things such as
 Actual or attempted rape or sexual assault; Unwanted pressure for sexual favors;
Unwanted deliberate touching; leaning over, cornering, or pinching; Unwanted
sexual looks or gestures; Unwanted letters, telephone calls, or materials of a
sexual nature; Unwanted pressure for dates; Unwanted sexual teasing, jokes,
remarks, or questions; Whistling at someone. · Cat calls (to whistle or yell
something sexually suggestive to a stranger); Sexual comments; Turning normal
discussions to sexual topics; Sexual innuendos or stories; Asking about sexual
fantasies, preferences, or history; Personal questions about sexual life; Sexual
comments about a person's clothing, anatomy, or looks; Kissing sounds, howling,
and smacking lips; Telling lies or spreading rumors about a person's personal sex
life; Neck massage. · Touching one's clothing, hair, or body; Giving personal gifts;
Hanging around a person; Hugging, kissing, patting, or stroking without consent .;
Touching or rubbing oneself sexually around another person; Standing close or
brushing up against a person; Looking a person up and down (elevator eyes);
Staring at someone. · Sexually suggestive signals; Facial expressions, winking,
throwing kisses, or licking lips. · Making sexual gestures with hands or through
body movements.
Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
3.Rape

 Rape includes both coerced rape and marital

rape. This is an extreme and a common form
of gender based violence

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

4. Domestic violence

 This is one of the most common forms of violence

against women performed by husbands or male
partners.

 Domestic violence includes:

 Wife battering e.t.c. ( for more examples, refer
to my lectures)

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Forms of gender violence cont….
5. Child marriages/Early marriage and forced marriages
 refer to Tanzania's Law of Marriage Act of 1971
6. Abuse of aged women/men
7. Infanticide
8. Inheritance of widow
9. Sexual exploitation such as enforced prostitution,
trafficking of women and girls.

(Please refer to the examples I gave in my

lectures)

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

EFFECTS/CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER VIOLENCE

1.Gender violence threatens family

structures
2.Children suffer emotional damage when they
watch their mothers being battered, as the result
they may come in the future to accept violence as
an alternative means of conflict resolution and
communication
3.Gender violence may lead into street
children, child labour and prostitution.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Cont…………….
 Gender violence infringes human rights.
 Psychological scars often impede the
establishment of healthy and rewarding
relationship; since the victim of gender violence
may vent their frustrations on their children and
others there by transmitting and intensifying the
negative experiences of those around them.
 cost of development: gender violence through its
effects on woman’s ability to act in the world can
serve as a brake on socio-economic development
(women can not lend their labour or creative ideas fully when they
are burdened with the physical and psychological scars of abuse)
Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
HEALTH EFFECTS OF GENDER VIOLENCE

 Teenage pregnancy and early pregnancy which in

many cases a result of RAPE or forced marriages lead into
health problem. Conceiving and giving birth at such tender age
lead into health risks, one of the more damaging result of early
child-bearing is VESICO-VAGINA (VIGINAL FISTULAE
 Rape also increases their risk of infection from STDs and AIDS.
 Unwanted pregnancy
 Maternal mortality
 Gynecological problem e.g. Pelvic inflammatory disease,
chronic pelvic pain
 Suicide
 Injury

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

 PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
GENDER VIOLENCE
 Depression and stress
 Fear
 Anxiety
 Low self –esteem
 Sexual dysfunction
 Eating problems

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Gender empowerment/women
empowerment and male participation
 N. Kabeer (2001) defined empowerment as-people’s ability to
have access to things and to make choices.
 Sen (2000) defines individuals’ ability to “choose their life paths”
as a determining factor for wellbeing.
 The Beijing Declaration (section 13), presents women’s
empowerment as a key strategy for development: “Women’s
empowerment and their full participation on the basis of
equality in all spheres of society, including participation in the
decision-making process and access to power, are
fundamental for the achievement of equality, development and
peace”.
 Empowerment is a process of change, enabling people to make
choices and convert these into desired actions and results.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

 Women empowerment call upon women to come up with

strategies to overcome gender discrimination .

i.e. giving women the opportunity to: 
 make choices
 control their lives
 develop and realise their full potentials
 enjoy their rights and benefits
 be assertive (express their opinion with confidence)
 own and control resources including land
 have access to credit facilities
 Have equal access to education and employment
opportunities.
Achieve equality and equity between men and women and enable women to
realise their full potentials. Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
Women empowerment and
Development
 Promote human rights
 Encourage women self confidence
 Increase the range of ideas
 Development= both women and men
contributes
There are several factors that hinder women
empowerment e.g. Culture

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

 The 4 aspects of empowerment
ASSETS (power to) 
This concept refers to greater economic power in terms of material assets such as 
income, land, tools or technology.
KNOWLEDGE AND KNOW-HOW (power to) 
 This means having more practical and intellectual knowledge or skills, enabling
a person or a community to make the most of the opportunities that arise.
WILL (internal power)
 This refers to power within, psychological strength or spiritual power: one’s
values and fears, self-confidence and self-perception.

CAPACITY (internal power and power with)

 This means having the opportunity to make decisions, take on responsibility,
be free to act as one pleases and use one’s resources (assets, knowledge, will).

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Levels of empowerment
Physical empowerment:
 To decide about the number of children and
spacing between them, the right to family planning
methods and information to choose contraceptives
are all aspects of physical empowerment. Also the
right to proper healthcare, to clean water, sanitation facilities and
dignity, access to proper menstrual management contribute to this
element of empowerment.
 Furthermore, the ability to resist violence, the right to safety and
security, and the power to get one’s rights are very important
aspects.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Levels of empowerment
 2. Economic empowerment: This is the right to
access to and control over relevant resources of
production, the right to safe and sufficient water, same
income for same work for men and women, the right to
decide about the use of one’s own income, the right to
choose one’s education, and the right to get decent
work out of it. Often women have access to income
but have no control over it, they have to hand over their
salaries to husband, son, brother or mother in law. It is also
commonly known that millions of women and girls lose out on
income and education due to the time they spend in provisioning of
drinking water for their families.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Levels of empowerment
 3. Political empowerment: This is the right to organize one self
and others, the right to take part in democratic processes: to
be allowed to vote and to be voted for. It means to participate
at the decision making levels not only at national level, but also
to take active part,
 4. Socio-cultural empowerment: This is the right to one’s own
independent identity and is about your perception of yourself
and how society perceives you. It means to have a positive self-
image, and is about your social status as an individual and as a
group. For example as a woman, and as a member of a
particular ethnic group or caste. Furthermore, it is about the
right and ability to speak out, getting your voice heard, and
making your opinion matter.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sy

 Approaches for women/gender
empowerment
 Top down approach---Institutions create decisions that
trickle down to women and men
 the state is incorporating principles into legislation
because of a domestic push from civil society, NGOs,
TANS, etc.
 Bottom-up approach engaging women/men and local
organizations in decision-making processes
(please refer to the examples I gave in my lectures)

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Gender Relations
 Gender relation is a socially constructed relation of POWER
between men and women that are manifest in a range of
practices, ideas, sexual division of labour, attitudes and roles
that differentiate material outcomes for women and men. The
power may be which facilitates cooperation or coercing others
to act in a certain ways, with in the context of race, class and
other social issues.
 These are the socially constituted relations between men and
women which are shaped by norms and values held by
members of a given society. Central to these relations and
around these notions are acceptable socially determined
behaviours for each of the genders.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Gender relations
 In order to understand fully the origins of gender
inequality and discrimination within a given society,
an in depth look at the institutions and structures
that make up the society is essential (gender
relations).
 Gender relations in Tanzania (as in other African
countries) are patriarchal i.e they reflect and
perpetuate a hierarchy where women are
subordinate to men. These hierarchical relations
influence allocation of power, resources, and
responsibilities which in most cases discriminate/
disadvantage women and benefit men.
Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
Gender relations
 These gender hierarchies are often accepted as
“natural” but in reality they are not natural, like gender
roles and gender division of labour, gender relations
are SOCIALLY constructed. This means societies
through socialization, cultural practices e.t.c over time
DEFINE system that regulates male/female
interactions.
 Gender hierarchical power relations persists
from family level, legal systems,
community and National level.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

 Importance of analyzing gender
relations

 Analysis which focus on gender relations give more prominence to the

connectedness of men’s and women’s lives and to the imbalances of
power embedded/rooted in male-female relations.
 Hierarchical gender relations constrain development. For example,
rigidities in the gender division of labour limit the effectiveness
mobilization of women’s labour in other production.
 Poverty reduction efforts are hampered where men use their authority
to take over control over resources targeted at women.
 Therefore development strategies need to be informed by analysis of
gender relations and to support women’s own attempts to change the
rules and practices which reinforce these gender hierarchies.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Gender Analysis
Gender analysis is the systematic gathering and
examination of information on gender differences
and social relations in order to identify understand
and redress inequities based on gender.

Gender Analysis is a tool to better understand the

realities of the women and men whose lives are
affected by planned development.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

 The ten basic questions in gender
analysis are
 Who does what? (activities)
 How? With what? (access to resources ) Who
owns what? (ownership of assets)
 Who is responsible for what? (obligations)
 Who is entitled to what? (claims, rights)
 Who controls what? (income, spending)
 Who decides what? (power)
 Who gets what? (distribution)
 Who gains and who loses? (redistribution)
 Why –what is the basis for the situation? (rules,
norms, customs)

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Levels of gender analysis
1) The macro level
This is the NATIONAL level ---deep gender analysis at
this level should include analysis on policies, laws,
regulation, and procedures
2) The meso level--- COMMUNITY/ MARKET.
 Within the firms, inequalities are attributed to
“operational of neutral market forces or merit-based
rules of recruitment and promotion”.
3) The micro level---family
 This is also referred to as the level of
household/family level.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Gender issues
 Gender issues are issues / or point of contention that
arise from critical thinking and analysis of gender
relations. (For example gender hierarchical /unequal
of power between men and women that tend to
disadvantage women; Rigid Division of Lb which
victimize women triple roles / Multiple roles).
 Often there is gender disparity or an inequality
between men and women in terms of access, support
and opportunities due to cultural bias, prejudice and
due to legal constraints.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

 EXAMPLES OF KEY GENDER ISSUES IN TANZANIA
 There are laws and customs that hinder women’s access to property/ ownerships, credit, education and
employment.
For instance under the LAW OF MARRIAGE ACT number 5 of 1971 

Sexual offences special Provision Act 1998 (SOSPA) under this there are specific provision which 
criminalize rape, trafficking, female genital mutilation
 The issue is SOSPA enforcement is prohibited by cultural practices
Customs
Some customs and customary laws hinder women access to major resources e.g. land. 
 For instance although the land law of 1999; Land Act No.4 of 1999 and the village, Land Act No.
5 of 1999 were reformed & stipulate that:
 Enforcement of this provision: harmful practices under a strong patriarchal system rooted in
most African culture impede or hinder it’s implementation
 There are other harmful altitudes and practices which confine women mostly to the domestic sphere

Women are under represented at all level of government (in Decision making and policy
making boards and Managerial positions ---Their voices are not aired.
self esteem (cunesity & courage) 
 Imbalances in the Division of Lb between men & women which imposes severe time
burdens on women have an implication for economic, Political & Social welfare.
(Please refer to the examples I gave in my lectures)
Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
 Is the process of assessing the implication for women and men
of any planned action including legislation, policies and
programmes, in all areas and at all levels.
 Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for making women’s as well
as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the
design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
policies and programme in all political, economic and societal
sphere so that women and men benefits equally and inequality
is not perpetuated. That means the ultimate GOAL of gender
main streaming is to achieve gender equality.
 The 1970s strategies of integrating women into development by
establishing separate women’s units or programmes slow
progress by the mid 1980s.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Women in Development (WID)
 WID is an approach that promotes women’s integration in
development efforts. It calls for greater attention to women in
development policy and practice. WID appeared in the early
1970s.
 is a concept based on a recognition of the importance of the
roles and status of women in development process. It is
meant to give special attention to the women's role, while
extending development assistance. For the effective and
efficient implementation of assistance, it is essential to ensure
that the women should have the opportunities to participate
positively as important players in development process. Such
enlargement of opportunities will also pave the way for the
enhancement of women's status.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia

Weaknesses of WID

 WID approach integrated women more effectively into

development process and gave them more access to resources
for development however, the WID approach failed to give
women real control over the resources.
 It increased women involvement in production, but it did not
address the constraints which prevent women from controlling
the product of their labour. (women’s finances= men; multiple roles
 The WID approach failed to look at relations between women
and men and how those relations of dependency and
subordination limits women’s opportunities to get full value out of
the development process.
 It tries to improve women’s conditions without changing
women’s relative position in relation to men, that means it did
not address or challenge power relations.
Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
Gender and Development (GAD)
 Since the mid 1980s there has been a growing
consensus that sustainable development requires an
understanding of both women’s and men’s roles and
responsibilities within the community and their
relation to each other. This has come to be known as
the Gender and development.
 is an approach that looks at women as an
integral part of the family, community, and larger
society. Through various gender analysis
techniques, the roles and rights of both women
and men are studied in order to determine how
development interventions may be made most
effectively.
Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
GAD
 GAD moves away from a narrow focus on women
and instead focuses on the roles of women and men,
their relationship, and how those relations affect
women and men and the development process.
 The GAD approach focuses on intervening to
address unequal gender relations which prevent
inequitable development and which often lock women
out of full participation.
 GAD seeks to have both women and men
participate, make decisions and share benefits.
This approach often aims at meeting practical needs
as well as promoting strategic interests.
Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia
This table shows the summary of WID and GAD

WID (Women In Development) GAD (Gender and Development)

Period 1970s to 1990s 1990s-

The Approach Views women as the problem Views development

The Focus On women On gender relations between

women and men
Exclusion of women from the Unequal relations of power
development process that prevents equitable
The Problem development and women’s
full participation in the
development process
The Goal More efficient and effective Empowering women and
development other disadvantaged groups
into transforming the unequal
gender relations.
The solution Integrating women into the Empowering women and
existing development process other disadvantaged groups
into transforming the unequal
gender relations.
The strategies  Women only projects  Identify and address
 Women only Practical gender needs
components determined by women
 Integrated projects and men.
 Increase Women’s  Address Women’s and
Productivity; income men’s strategic
and ability to look gender needs.
after the household.  Address strategic
gender needs of the
poor.

Introduction to gender by Dr. Sylivia