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Vídeo-tutoría 8: Infinitives Vs. Gerunds / Comparatives / Modal Verbs / Connectors
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Content

01. Infinitives Vs. Gerunds 05. Prepositions

02. Comparatives /
Superlatives / Equatives

03. Modal verbs

04. Connectors
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01. INFINITIVES vs. GERUNDS

❖ A gerund is a verb ending in “-ing” form.

❖ An infinitive is the base form of a verb preceded by “to” (to read, to walk, to talk…)
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01. INFINITIVES vs. GERUNDS

❖ When do we use gerunds?
- After certain verbs: enjoy, fancy, discuss, dislike, finish, mind, suggest, recommend,
keep, avoid, consider, etc.:
- I enjoy reading.
- She dislikes waiting for you.
- After prepositions:
- I’m good at speaking.
- I wrote my last letter before leaving.
- As the subject of a sentence (instead of a noun) : - Dancing is really funny.
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01. INFINITIVES vs. GERUNDS

❖ When do we use “to”+infinitive?
- After certain verbs: decide, agree, ask, help, plan, hope, learn, want, promise, pleased,
etc.:
- I decided to go to the party.
- We are learning to play the guitar.
- After adjectives:
- I’m happy to see you.
- When you answer the question “why?” =to show purpose:
- I went home to have a rest (because I was tired and I wanted to sleep).
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ATTENTION!!
❖Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with little or no difference in
meaning: allow, begin, continue, start…

❖Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund but the meaning changes
depending on which is used: forget, stop, like, remember, hate, prefer, love…

- I forgot writing the email → You forgot that you wrote the email, but you did it.
- I forgot to write the email. → You didn’t write the email.

- She stopped working. → The person stops doing the verb.

-She stopped to work. → She stopped doing something else (maybe watching TV) because
she wanted to work.
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Let’s practice!
- I hate (do) the shopping on Saturday.
- I wanted (go) and see London but no
one else was interested.
- Everybody really enjoyed (dance)
tango.
- I need (find) some information about
France.
- Marta like (go) for long walks at the
weekend.
- He deserves (be) severely punished.
- I always try to avoid (see) him
whenever I can.
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Let’s practice! Answers:

- I hate to do/doing the shopping on
Saturday.
- I wanted to go and see London but no one
else was interested.
- Everybody really enjoyed dancing tango.
- I need to find some information about
France.
- Marta like to go/going for long walks at the
weekend.
- He deserves to be severely punished.
- I always try to avoid seeing him whenever I
can.
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“Do you want to go the seaside? I’m not trying

to say that everybody wants to go.”

—Seaside, The Kooks

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02. COMPARATIVES, SUPERLATIVES, EQUATIVES

COMPARATIVES

❖ We change adjectives and adverbs to say that a person, a thing or an action has more or less of
a quality than another. We put more or less before long adjectives/adverbs and add -er to short
forms.
❖Sometimes, comparative is used without “than”. A contrasted item is often stated or implied
without the use of“than”.

- I am the older sister.

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02. COMPARATIVES, SUPERLATIVES, EQUATIVES

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02. COMPARATIVES, SUPERLATIVES, EQUATIVES

SUPERLATIVES

❖ We can use adjectives and adverbs to say that people or things and actions have the most or
least of a quality. We put the most or the least before long forms and add -est to short forms.
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ATTENTION!!
❖ There are some irregular comparative adjectives/adverbs:
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02. COMPARATIVES, SUPERLATIVES, EQUATIVES

EQUATIVES

❖ Equatives are marked by as…as or not as…as. We use adjectives and adverbs in equatives to
say that a person, thing, or action is similar (or not) to another in some way.

- Marta is as tall as Mary.

- James is not as smart as Sam.
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Let’s practice!
- Sandra is (tall) than Max.

- This box is (big) than that one.

- My table is nice yours.

- She is (+ intelligent) of the class.

- My brother is (talkative) than your

brother.

- The book is always (good) than the

movie.
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Let’s practice!
- Sandra is taller than Max.

- This box is bigger than that one.

- My table is as nice as yours.

- She is the most intelligent of the class.

- My brother is more talkative than your

brother.

- The book is always better than the movie.

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“You should be stronger than me.”

—Stronger than me, Amy

Winehouse
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02. MODAL VERBS

❖ Group of auxiliary verbs that we can use with other verbs to express ability, obligation,
possibility, deduction, necessity, permission, and so on.

❖As they are auxiliary verbs, we do not need any other auxiliary verb in negatives or
questions.

❖ Their form does not change.

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Let’s practice!

●It is not very probable that Ann will arrive from

Brazil before July. ➢ Ann … … … … … … a r r i v e from
Brazil before July.
●That’s top secret: it is not permitted to say
anything about it. ➢ That’s top secret: you
… … … … … … … … … s a y anything about it.
●Well, I advise you to buy that CD-set from the
greatest hits of the Queen. ➢ Well,
y o u … … … … … … … b u y that CD-set from the
greatest hits of the Queen.
●Look, there’s some light on the 1st floor. Patrick is
certainly at home. ➢Look, there’s some light on the
1st floor. Patrick … … … … … … … b e at home.
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Let’s practice! Answers:

●It is not very probable that Ann will arrive from

Brazil before July. ➢ Ann might arrive from Brazil
before July.
●That’s top secret: it is not permitted to say
anything about it. ➢ That’s top secret: you mustn’t
say anything about it.
●Well, I advise you to buy that CD-set from the
greatest hits of the Queen. ➢ Well, you should buy
that CD-set from the greatest hits of the Queen.
●Look, there’s some light on the 1st floor. Patrick is
certainly at home. ➢Look, there’s some light on the
1st floor. Patrick must be at home
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Let’s practice!

●I heard a car approaching our house. It is certainly

Barbara and Tim coming to our party. ➢ I heard a
car approaching our house. It … … … … … … … … … b e
Barbara and Tim coming to our party.
●I wouldn’t be surprised if we saw Adriana shopping
for her party here. ➢ We … … … … … … … … s e e
Adriana shopping for her party here.
●The team has walked several miles, they are all
very tired. Do something about it:let them rest. ➢
You … … … … … … … … … … … … l e t the team rest.
●Dogs are not allowed in the new restaurant by the
river. ➢ You … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … t a k e
dogs into the new restaurant by the river.
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Let’s practice! Answers:

●I heard a car approaching our house. It is certainly

Barbara and Tim coming to our party. ➢ I heard a
car approaching our house. It must be Barbra and
Tim coming to our party.
●I wouldn’t be surprised if we saw Adriana shopping
for her party here. ➢ We could see Adriana
shopping for her party here.
●The team has walked several miles, they are all
very tired. Do something about it:let them rest. ➢
You should let the team rest.
●Dogs are not allowed in the new restaurant by the
river. ➢ You mustn’t take dogs into the new
restaurant by the river.
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“Roxanne, you don’t have to put on the red

light.”

—Roxanne, The Police.

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04. CONNECTORS

❖ Connectors and linkers are words and phrases which are used to link
clauses and sentences. They give coherence and connect different ideas.
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05. PREPOSITIONS
❖Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship
between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.

❖ There are different types of prepositions. Here you have some of them:
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“I’m never gonna dance again, guilty feet have

got no rhythm, though it’s easy to pretend, I
know you’re not a fool.”

—Careless Whisper, George

Michael