Mathematics in the Modern World Learning Modules matics and Natural Sciences Department Brom ioeuclscrns | MireMathematics in the Modern World Learning Modules Prepared by: Prof. Josephine A. Camson Prof. Carolina D. Dayapan Agatha Kristel M. AbilaGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 DISCLAIMER ‘These unpolished learning modules were compiled and prepared for personal use of students in GEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World of Southern Luzon State University (SLSU) ONLY, and not as.a reference material, Unauthorized distribution of the modules is not allowed. ‘The topics included are given in summary form and does not claim to be complete. The instructors do not claim ownership of all the contents since it was taken from several resources including books, journals, and the internet. 2[Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 2. It has no equivalent words for joy or sadness. Your aesthetic experience like mathematicians about math is only a subjective experience. Good values are learned thru mathematics but cannot be found in a mathematical language. 3. Math language is precise. Statements are exact and accurate. As you can observe math language is clearly stated and lacks uncertainty. 4, Math language is concise. No need for unnecessary words and briefly stated. 5. Math language is powerful. Complex ideas are well expressed Parts of Speech in Mathematics Numbers or Constants Variables Relation Symbols Operation Symbols hom Grouping Symbols 0.0.0 II. Expressions vs Sentences Every language has its vocabulary (the words) and its rules for combining these words into complete thoughts (the sentences). Mathematics is no exception. In studying the mathematical Janguage, we will make a very broad classification between the ‘nouns’ of mathematics (used to name mathematical objects of interest) and the ‘sentences’ of mathematics (which state complete mathematical thoughts). ee | foe ea Pac’ Incomplete Complete ‘thought ‘thought Beample Bample 2x5, ‘Mathematical expression ‘An expression is the mathematical analogue of an English noun; itis a correct arrangement of ‘mathematical symbols used to represent a mathematical object of interest. An expression does not state a complete thought; it does not make sense to ask if an expression is true or false, The most common expression types are numbers, sets, and functions. Numbers have lots of different names: for example, the expressions 5,2 + 3,10 + 2,(6~ 2) +1, and 1+ 141+ 1 all look different, but are all just different names for the same number. This simple idea—that numbers have lots of different names—Is extremely important in mathematics Mathematical sentence ‘A mathematical sentence is the analogue of an English sentence; itis a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols that states a complete thought. Sentences have verbs. In the mathematical sentence '3+4=7, 3+427', the verb A sentence can be (always) true, (always) false, or sometimes true/sometimes false. 27|Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Examples: 1425 ‘True 142 False x Sometime true/sometimes false Itis true when x is 2, and false otherwise. x+3=3+x Always true, no matter what value is chosen forx 2B|Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 IIL. Conventions in Mathematical Language Mathematics has its own language, much of which we are already familiar with. For example, the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 are part of our everyday lives. There are many symbols in ‘mathemiatics and most are used as a precise form of shorthand. We need to be confident when using these symbols, and to gain that confidence we need to understand their meaning. To understand their meaning there are two things to help us: context - this is the context in which we are working, or the particular topics being studied, and convention - where mathematicians and scientists have decided that particular symbols will have particular meaning. ‘Mathematical Convention is a fact, name, notation, or usage which is generally agreed upon by mathematicians. PEMDAS (Parenthesis, Exponent, Multiplication, Division, Addition and Subtraction) is an example. All mathematical names and symbols are conventional, Examples of conventions: ‘+ The letters used for the sides of a triangle are usually a, b, and c, where ¢ is the hypotenuse. The capital letters 4, B, and C are used for the angles. Functions are denoted by f(x), g(x). or h(x), In writing an algebraic expression, the numerical coefficient is written before the variable in a term. ‘The Greek letter ‘pr, written x, is used to represent the number 3.14159... We often use a (‘alpha’), B (‘beta’), and 0 (‘theta’) to represent angles. ‘The Greek capital letter ‘sigma’ or 2 is frequently used to represent the addition of several numbers. ‘There are many other conventions that most mathematicians have been practicing over the years. It is not to say that other formats are incorrect, but since they are already conventions, then it will be easier to use them to avoid confusion. Common Mathematical Symbols ‘Symbols save time and space when writing. These are three groups of the most commonly used ‘math symbols that you need to learn in order to solve math questions. (‘Take time to research on other examples.) ‘© Basic Math Symbols XH SEZ ‘© Set Theory Symbols EU... SE ‘© Logie symbols Ne 29|Southern Luzon State UnivGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 IV. Sets, Functions, Relations, and Binary Operations Sets Any group or collection of objects is called a set. The objects that belong in a set are the elements, or members of the set. For example, the set consisting of the four seasons has spring, summer, fall, and winter as its elements. A set is a well-defined collection of objects if itis possible to determine whether any given item is an element of the set. For instance, the set of letters of the English alphabet is well defined, ‘The set of great songs is not a well-defined set. It is not possible to determine whether any given song is an element of the set or is not an element of the set because there is no standard method for making such a judgment. The statement “4 is an element of the set of natural numbers" can be written using mathematical notation as 4 € N. The symbol € is read "is an element of. To state that “—3 is not an element of the set of natural numbers,” we use @ as the symbol for “is not an element of", and write -3.€ N, Example Determine whether each statement is true or false. 1. 46 (2,347) ‘True, 4is inthe given set 2. -5 = (23,47) False, -5 is not in the given set 3 fer ‘True, fis notan integer 4. ‘The set of nice cars isawell-defined set. False, nice is not precise. Basic Number Sets Natural Numbers or Counting Numbers N= 1,2,3,4 Integers Z = (4,-3.2. 1,0,1,2,3,4,.4) Rational Numbers @ = numbers that ean be writen in the form where m,n € 2 Irrational Numbers Q° = numbers that are not rationals Real Numbers R= the set ofall atonal or irrational numbers 3 ‘There are two ways to describe a set. In Listing Method, all or partial members of the set are listed. In Set-Builder Method, the set is described by listing the properties that describe the elements of the set. Examples: set Listing Method Set - Builder Method Let A be the set of natural ‘numbers less than 10. Let B be the set of even integers between 4 and 12. 1,2,3:45,67,8.9) A (x]x €N,x < 10} (xe = Inne Za Risgiven by (a,b) + a +b +:N +N > Nisgivenby(a,b) + a +b Let us show that multiplication is a binary operation on real numbers (R) and natural numbers (N). So, if we multiply two operands which are natural numbers a and b, the result will also be a natural number. The same holds good for real numbers. Hence, xR x R > Risgivenby (a,b) > axb xN x N > Nisgiven by (a,b) > axb V. Logic Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning, Using the methods and techniques of logic—one can distinguish reliably between sound and faulty reasoning. Every language contains different types of sentences, such as statements, questions, and commands. For instance, “Is the test today?” is a question. "Go get the newspaper” is a command. "This is nice car” is an opinion. ‘Denver is the capital of Colorado” is a statement of fact. {Astatement is a declarative sentence that is either true or | false, but not both true and false. You may not know if the sentence is true, but you do know that the sentence is either true or it, is false, and that itis not both true and false. Thus, you know that the sentence is a statement. Example Determine whether each sentence isa statement a. Florida is a state in the United States. b. Howare you? ¢. 9° +2isa prime number. a@oxti 35|Southern Luzon State UnivGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Solution: a. Florida is one of the 50 states in the United States, so this sentence is true and it is a statement, b. The sentence "How are you?” is a questio astatement. You may not know whether 9° + 2 is a prime number; however, you do know that itis a whole number larger than 1, so it is either a prime number or itis not a prime number ‘The sentence Is either true or it is false, and it is not both true and false, so it is a statement, 4.x + 1 = Sisa statement. It is known as an open statement. Its true for x = 4, and itis false for any other values of x. For any given value of x, itis true or false but not both. it is nota declarative sentence. Thus, itis not ‘Simple Statements and Compound Statements A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea. A compound statement is a statement that conveys two or more ideas. Connecting simple statements with words and phrases such as and, or, if... then, and ifand only if creates a compound statement. We will use symbols such as p, g,r, and s to represent simple statements and the symbols A, V, ~, > and © to represent connectives as shown in the table below. Statement Connective Symbolic form || Type of statement not p not ~p negation pandq and pq conjunction porq or pva disjunction Ip, then q If... then pa conditional pif and only if q iffand only if peg biconditional Example 1: (Negation) Write the negation of each statement. ‘a. Bill Gates has a yacht. b. Avatar was not selected as best picture at the 82nd Academy Awards ceremony. Solution ‘a. Bill Gates does not have a yacht. b. Avatar was selected as best picture at the 82nd Academy Awards ceremony. Example 2: (Conjunction) Determine whether each statement is true or false. ‘a. Sisa whole number and 5 is an even number. b. 2isa prime number and 2 is an even number. Solution: a. This isa false statement because 5 is not an even number. b. This isa true statement because each simple statement is true. In any conditional statement represented by “Ifp, then q” or by “Ifp, q” the p statement is called the antecedent and the q statement is called the consequent. 36|Southern Luzon StaGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 ‘The conditional p + q is false if p is true and q is false. It is true in all other cases. The conditional statement, “If p, then g,” can be written using the arrow notation p > q, read as “if p, then q" or as “p implies 4.” Example 3: (Conditional) Identify the antecedent and consequent in the following statements, a. Ifour school was this nice, | would go there more than once a week. b._ Ifyou don't stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it. © Ifyou strike me down, I shall become more powerful than you can possibly imagine Solution ‘a, Antecedent: our school was this nice Consequent: | would go there more than once a week b. Antecedent: you don’t stop and look around once in a while Consequent: you could miss it & Antecedent: you strike me down Consequent:| shall become more powerful than you can possibly imagine. Example 4: (Conditional) Determine the truth value of each of the following. a. If2isan integer, then 2 is a rational number. b. If3 isa negative number, then 5 > 7. cS > 3,then2 +7 = 4. Solution: ‘a, Because the consequentiis true, this is a true statement. b. Because the antecedent is false, this is a true statement. Because the antecedent is true and the consequent is false, this is a false statement. Example 5: (Biconditional) State whether each biconditional is true or false. a x +4 = 7ifandonlyifx = b. x? = 36ifand only ifx = 6. Solution: a. Both equations are true when x = 3,and both are false when x # 3. Both equations have the same truth value for any value of x, so this isa true statement. b. Ifx = ~6, the first equation is true and the second equation is false. Thus, this is a false statement. Example 6: (Translating Compound Statements) Let p, q, and r represent the following simple statements: :You get promotion. 4: You complete the training, 1: You will receive a bonus. a. Write (p Aq) > ras an English sentence. b. Write “If you do not complete the training, then you will not get a promotion and you will not receive a bonus.” in symbolic form. Solution: ‘a, Because the p and the q statements both appear in parentheses in the symbolic form, they are placed to the left of the comma in the English sentence. Thus, the translation is: “If you get a promotion and complete the training, then you will receive a bonus.” b, Because the not p and the not r statements are both to the right of the comma in the English sentence, they are grouped together in parentheses in the symbolic form. Thus, the translation is: ~q— (~p A~r) Ina statement, the word some and the phrases there exists and at least one are called existential quantifiers. Existential quantifiers are used as prefixes to assert the existence of something, 37] Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Ina statement, the words none, no, all, and every are called universal quantifiers. The universal quantifiers none and no deny the existence of something, whereas the universal quantifiers all and every are used to assert that every element of a given set satisfies some condition. Examples: ‘There exists a real number whose multiplicative inverse is itself. All elements of the set of integers are elements of the set of rationals. Equivalent Forms of the Conditional Statement Every conditional statement can be stated in many equivalent forms. The table below lists some ofthe various forms that may be used to write a conditional statement denoted by p — q: Ifp.theng. —_ponlyifg. _Notporq. quite. isa necessary condition for p. ipa. pimpliesg. Everypisaq. q,providedthatp. pis sufficient condition for g. Example 1 Write each of the following in “If p, then q" form. ‘The number is an even number provided that itis divisible by b Today is Friday, only if yesterday was Thursday. Solution: a, The statement, "The number is an even number provided that itis divisible by 2," is in “q provided that p” form. The antecedent is “it is divisible by 2,” and the consequent is “the number is an even number.” Thus its “If p, then q” form is “IF itis, divisible by 2, then the number is an even number.” >. ‘The statement, “Today is Friday, only if yesterday was Thursday,” is in “p only if q” form. The antecedent is “today is Friday.” The consequent is “yesterday was Thursday.” Its “Ifp, then q” form is “If today is Friday, then yesterday was Thursday.” Statements Related to the Conditional Statement ‘The converse of p ~q is q— p. ‘The inverse of p = q is ~p > ~g ‘The contrapositive of, Example 2: Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the statement “If I get the job, then I will rent the apartment.” Solution; Converse: If rent the apartment, then I get the job. Inverse: If do not get the job, then I will not rent the apartment. Contrapositive: If | do not rent the apartment, then I did not get the job. 3B|Southern Luzon StaGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 Determine the original statement if the given statement is related to the original statement in the manner indicated. 25, Converse: Ifx > 2, then x is an odd prime number. 26. Inverse: If their manager will not contact me, then I will not purchase any of thetr products. 27. Contrapositive: If Ginny can't rollerblade, then I can’t rollerblade. 40 |Southern Luzon State UniversityGEC 05: Mathematics in the Modern World Academic Year 2020-21 AufmanRichard N,et al(2013), Mathematical Excursions. 3° ed,Brookes/Cole, Cengage Learning Medallon, Merlita C. etal (2018), Mathematics in the Modern World, Mindshapers Co., Inc. Reyes, Juan Apolinario C. (2019), Mathematics in the Modern World, Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc. ig, Winston, (2018), Mathematics in the Modern World, Mindshapers Co, lnc. Online References: http://swww.onemathematicalcat.org/pdf files/LANGLpdt https://www.dpmms.camacuik/~wtg10/grammarpdf https://mathlibretexts.or Mount Royal University/MATH 2150%3A Higher Arithm etic/1%3 Binary operations/1.1%3A Binary operations 41|Southern Luzon State University