PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
refers to all the various forms of the arts that
have developed and accumulated in the
Philippines from the beginning of civilization
in the country up to the present era. They
reflect the range of artistic influences on the
country's culture, including indigenous forms
of the arts, and how these influences have
honed the country's arts. These arts are
divided[by whom?] into two distinct branches,
namely, traditional arts and non-traditional
arts. Each branch is further divided into
various categories with subcategories.
THE NATIONAL COMMISSIONS FOR
CULTURE AND ARTS
the official cultural agency of the government
of the Philippines, has categorized Filipino arts
into traditional and non-traditional. Each
category is split into various arts, which in turn
have sub-categories of their own.
TRADITIONAL ARTS
● · Ethnomedicine – including, but not
limited to, the arts of the albularyo, the
[3]
babaylan, and the manghihilot
● · Folk architecture – including, but
not limited to, stilt houses, land
houses, and aerial houses
● · Maritime transport – boat houses,
boat-making, and maritime traditions
● · Weaving – including, but not limited
to, back-strap loom weaving, and
other forms of related weaving
● · Carving – including, but not limited
to, woodcarving and folk non-clay
sculpture
● · Folk performing arts – including,
but not limited to, dances, plays, and
dramas
● · Folk (oral) literature – including, but
not limited to, epics, songs, and myths
● · Folk graphic and plastic arts –
including, but not limited to,
calligraphy, tattooing, folk writing,
folk drawing, and folk painting
● · Ornament – including, but not
limited to, mask-making,
accessory-making, ornamental metal
crafts
● · Textile, or fiber art – including, but
not limited to, headgear weaving,
basketry, fish-gear arts, and other
forms of textile or fiber art
● · Pottery – including, but not limited
to, ceramic making, clay pot-making,
and folk clay sculpture
● · Other artistic expressions of
traditional culture – including, but
not limited to, non-ornamental metal
crafts, martial arts, supernatural
healing arts, medicinal arts, and
constellation traditions
NON- TRADITIONAL ARTS
● · Dance – including, but not limited to,
dance choreography, dance direction,
and dance performance
● · Music – including, but not limited to,
musical composition, musical direction,
and musical performance
● · Theater – including, but not limited
to, theatrical direction, theatrical
performance, theatrical production
design, theatrical light and sound
design, and theatrical playwriting
● · Visual arts – including, but not limited
to painting, non-folk sculpture,
printmaking, photography, installation
art, mixed media works, illustration,
graphic arts, performance art, and
imaging
● · Literature – including, but not limited
to, poetry, fiction, essay, and literary/art
criticism
● · Film and broadcast arts – including,
but not limited to, film and broadcast
direction, film and broadcast writing,
film and broadcast production design,
film and broadcast cinematography, film
and broadcast editing, film and
broadcast animation, film and broadcast
1
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
performance, and film and broadcast
new media
● · Architecture and allied arts –
including, but not limited to, non-folk
architecture, interior design, landscape
architecture, and urban design
● · Design – including, but not limited to,
industrial design, and fashion design
THE NATIONAL CULTURAL
TREASURES
declarations are authorized under the National
Heritage Act of 2009 and recognized within
the Cultural Properties of the Philippines by
the Philippine government.
The list includes all declared National
Cultural Treasures of the Philippines,
including tangible and intangible heritage.
Currently, out of the 106 National Cultural
Treasures, only three are intangible. The
declarations are made by the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts and other
cultural agencies such as the National Museum
of the Philippines, National Library of the
Philippines, and National Archives of the
Philippines. Any Filipino institution or person
can nominate a cultural property for a National
Cultural Treasure declaration, whether the
property is private or public. If the property is
private, the ownership of the property is
retained by the private owner and shall not be
transferred to the government.
As of May 2018, 75 national cultural treasures
are housed in Luzon, 6 national cultural
treasures are housed in Mimaropa, 19 national
cultural treasures are housed in the Visayas,
and 6 national cultural treasures are housed in
Mindanao. The Sulu archipelago currently
houses no national cultural treasures.
Additionally, various national cultural
treasures that are originally from Mimaropa,
the Visayas, and Mindanao are housed in the
National Museum in Manila (Luzon), such as
the Quran of Bayang.
THE NATIONAL CULTURAL
TREASURES CLASSIFICATION
The National Cultural Treasures of the
Philippines can be classified to three distinct
brackets, namely immovable heritage,
movable heritage, and intangible heritage.
Immovable heritage includes traditions and
living expressions that are passed down from
generation to generation within a particular
community. There are further classified
sub-categories. Those 7 sub-categories are, (1)
church complexes and colonial fortifications;
(2) mosque complexes and temple complexes;
(3) indigenous place of worship or dambana
complexes; (4) modern and historical
residences; (5) structures related to the
industry, transportation, and public works; (6)
archaeological sites; and (7) miscellaneous
structures and sites. As of May 2018, 85
national cultural treasures are under the
immovable heritage bracket.
Movable heritage are National cultural
treasures under the movable heritage bracket,
artifacts that are considered worthy of
preservation for the future. Further classified
sub-categories are: (1) ancient documents or
artifacts with pre-colonial writings; (2)
archaeological materials; (3) ethnic crafts; (4)
historical materials owned by historical
persons, families, or organizations; (5)
paintings; (6) sculptures; and (7) writings and
other literary works. As of May 2018, 18
national cultural treasures are under the
movable heritage bracket, although one
contains more than 20 heritage objects under
the title of 'artifacts and ecofacts in the
National Museum in Manila'.
Intangible heritage is cultural heritage
traditions and living expressions that are
passed down from generation to generation
within a particular community. Five
sub-categories of this heritage would be: (1)
oral traditions and expressions including
language; (2) performing arts; (3) social
practices, rituals, and festive events; (4)
knowledge and practices concerning nature
and the universe; and (5) traditional
2
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
craftsmanship or the tradition of making crafts,
not the craft itself. As of May 2018, 3 national
cultural treasures are under the intangible
heritage bracket.
OFFICIAL NCT NAME
Alcaiceria de San Fernando Marker of 1762
(from Bindondo)
● National Museum, Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, Manila
● 1762
● Deeply carved into this piedra china
(Chinese granite) marker, details
among other things the then-prevailing
exclusion policy for non-Christian
Chinese traders during the monsoon
season in the Philippines under the
Spanish colonial
period.
Artifacts and Ecofacts from Philippine
Archaeological Sites
● National Museum, Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, Manila
● Pleistocene (707,000 YA) – 15th
century
● National Cultural Treasures are as
follow: (1) Manunggul Burial Jar (2)
Calatagan Ritual Pot (3) Maitum
Anthropomorphic Burial Jar No. 13
(4) Maitum Quadrangular Burial Jar
(5) Leta-Leta Jarlet with Yawning
Mouth (6) Leta-Leta Footed Jarlet (7)
Leta-Leta Presentation Dish (8)
Pandanan 14th Century
Blue-and-White Porcelain (9) Lena
Shoal Blue-and-White Dish with
Flying Elephant (10) Puerto Galera
Blue-and-White Jar (11) Palawan
Zoomorphic Ear Pendant (12)
Cabalwan Earliest Flake Tools (13)
Batangas Likha Figurines (14) Mataas
Shell Scoop (15) Duyong Shell Adze
(16) Tabon Skull Cap (17) Tabon
Mandible (18) Tabon Tibia Fragment
(19) Bolinao Skull with Teeth
Ornamentation (20) Gold Seal of
Captain General Antonio Morga (21)
Oton Death Mask (22) Butuan
Paleograph (23) Laguna Copper Plate
(24) San Diego Astrolabe (25) Banton
Burial Cloth (26) Marinduque Celadon
Jar (27) Butuan Balangay Boat (28)
Butuan Crucible
Manunggul Burial Jar
● This Manunggul Jar was found in the
early 1960s in the Manunggul Cave,
Lipunn Point, Palawan. This may go
back to the late Neolithic Period,
which was about 890- 710 B.C. Both
the upper portion and the lower
portion of the jar is engraved with
scroll designs. The lid of the jar is a
boat with two human figures
representing two souls on a voyage to
the afterlife. The boatman is seated
behind a figure whose hands are
crossed on the chest. The position of
the hands is a traditional Filipino
practice observed when arranging the
corpse. It is considered as the work of
a master potter, signifies the belief of
early Filipinos in life after death.[3]
Assassination of Governor Bustamante and
His Son by: Félix Resurrección Hidalgo y
Padilla
● National Museum, Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, Manila
● 1884
● The oil-on-canvass painting depicts
the assassination of Governor
Bustamante, who wanted to clean
government's corrupt ways. The
governor clashed with Manila
archbishop and Spanish priest
Fernando dela Cuesta, a known
protector of corrupt officials during
the Spanish era in the Philippines.
This clash in ideals led to Bustamante
to detain the archbishop, which irked
various clergymen who rampaged in
the Palacio del Gobernador. Caught by
surprise, Bustamante was killed by the
clergymen and dela Cuesta was freed.
3
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
When the son of Bustamante heard the
news, he rushed to the palace, only to
be killed by the clergymen as well.
The vivid depictions of the sad event
won Hidalgo a silver medal in the
1884 Exposición Nacional de Bellas
Artes in Madrid, Spain
Balangays
● Museum of the Filipino People,
Ambangan, Libertad, Butuan City
● 320
● Balangays are huge plank boats
adjoined by a carved-out plank edged
through pins and dowels. It was first
mentioned in the 16th century in the
Chronicles of Pigafetta, and is known
as the oldest watercraft found in the
Philippines. The form of the boat was
perfected by the Rajahnate of Butuan.
The oldest known balangay has been
carbon-dated to 320AD. The boats are
housed and conserved in various
institutions in the country.
Baroque Churches of Philippines – Parish
Church of San Agustin and Liturgical
Objects Therein
● General Luna corner Real Streets,
Intramuros, Manila
● 1607
● The San Agustin Church, or Iglesia de
la Inmaculada Concepción de María
de San Agustín, is a Roman Catholic
church under the auspices of The
Order of St. Augustine, located inside
the historic walled city of Intramuros
in Manila. It was declared as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site in
1993.
Basi Revolt Paintings by: Esteban Pichay
Villanueva
● National Museum, Vigan City, Ilocos
Sur
● 1807
● The painting depicts the Basi Revolt,
also known as the Ambaristo Revolt,
which was a revolt undertaken from
September 16 to 28, 1807. It was led
by Pedro Mateo and Salarogo
Ambaristo (though some sources refer
to a single person named Pedro
Ambaristo), with its events occurrin in
the present-day town of Piddig in
Ilocos Norte. This revolt is unique as it
revolves around the Ilocanos' love for
basi, or sugarcane wine. In 1786, the
Spanish colonial government
expropriated the manufacture and sale
of basi, effectively banning private
manufacture of the wine, which was
done before expropriation. Ilocanos
were forced to buy from government
stores. However, wine-loving Ilocanos
Basi Revolt Paintings by: Esteban Pichay
Villanueva
● in Piddig rose in revolt on September
16, 1807, with the revolt spreading to
nearby towns and with fighting lasting
for weeks. Spanish led troops
eventually quelled the revolt on
September 28, 1807, albeit with much
force and loss of life on the losing
side. The series of 14 paintings on the
Basi Revolt by Esteban Pichay
Villanueva currently hangs at the
Ilocos Sur National Museum in Vigan
City.
Camarin de da Virgen
● Parish Church of Nuestra Senora de
los Desamparados, Santa Ana, Manila
● 1720
● The Camarín de la Virgen (Dressing
Room of the Virgin) is a chapel room
located behind the second level of the
retablo where the image of Our Lady
of the Abandoned is placed. It was
4
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
built around the same period as the
Santa Ana Church and has retained
much of its features. One can actually
view the nave of the church from the
octagonal vaulted niche (hornacina)
where the Marian image stands. Its
high arched opening is crested with a
large silver corona imperial (imperial
crown). Below the hornacina is a
semicircular gilded platform, which is
said to be a part of the galleon that
brought the image of Our Lady of the
Abandoned from Valencia, Spain all
the way to Manila—the Santo Cristo
de Burgos. Wooden steps flanked the
platform, where devotees used to
climb to kiss the image.
Feeding the Chicken Painting by Simon Flore
● National Museum, Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, Manila
● 1890
● The oil-on-canvass painting of master
painter Simon Flores depicts the
mother and daughter caught feeding
chickens in a commonplace setting.
The painting is regarded as a transition
from the miniaturist school of
homegrown portraitists of the
nineteenth century to the idyllic
tableaux of the American period
academic masters.
Nuestra Senora de la Soledad Porta Vaga
● Diocesan Shrine of Our Lady of
Solitude of Porta Vaga, Cavite City,
Cavite
● A framed image of the Virgin was
found on the beach along Cañacao
Bay by fishermen and local residents
working at the Cavite Royal Arsenal,
who regularly pass through the Vaga
Gate. They found it near the place of
her apparition in the previous night.
The painting was brought to the parish
priest, who temporarily installed it in
the parish church. Eventually, the
Ermita de Porta Vaga (Chapel of Vaga
Gate) was built along the port's walls,
which for three centuries served as the
Shrine of Our Lady of Solitude.
●
History of Manila Mural Painting by: Carlos
V. Francisco
● Manila City Hall, Ermita, Manila
● 1968
● The most prominent painting of
National Artist Botong Francisco.
Formally known as "Filipino Struggles
Through History", the series of
paintings documents the history of the
Philippines from pre-colonial Tondo to
the end of the American colonial
period in 1946.
International Rice Research Institute by:
Vicente Manansala
● National Museum, Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, Manila
● 1962
● The twin murals of National Artists
Vicente Manansala are a lighthearted
narration of Filipino rural life. One is a
joyful, pastel-colored medley of labor;
scenes of fishing and rice-planting
flank the two sides, while at the center,
as focal point, is a woman bathing a
child. The second painting is a
spectacle of small-town festivities: on
the left is a game of sipa, the national
sport; on the right are two men
competing in a carabao race. The
stretch of canvas is lined with a crowd
of people watching two roosters in
midair cockfight.
Jose Rizal National Monument
● Rizal Park, Ermita, Manila
● 1913
● Formerly known as Motto Stella
(guiding star), the monument is a
memorial in Rizal Park built to
commemorate the executed Filipino
nationalist, José Rizal. The monument
consists of a standing bronze sculpture
of Rizal, with an obelisk, set on a
stone base within which his remains
5
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
are interred. A plaque on the pedestal's
front reads: "To the memory of José
Rizal, patriot and martyr, executed on
Bagumbayan Field December
Thirtieth 1896. This monument is
dedicated by the people of the
Philippine Islands". It is widely
believed that Rizal's remains, or at
least parts of it, are under the
monument itself.
Las Piñas Bamboo Organ
● Las Piñas Church, Diego Cera
Avenue, Las Piñas City, Metro Manila
● 1824
● The bamboo organ is a 19th-century
church organ with unique organ pipes;
they are made almost entirely of
bamboo. It was completed in 1824 by
Father Diego Cera. The organ
continues to be the only successfully
built bamboo organ in the world.
Maradika Qur'an of Bayang (From Lanao
del Sur)
● National Museum, Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, Manila
● Undeclared
● The book is the oldest known Quran
(Koran) written in the Philippines. It
belonged to the Sultan of Bayang in
Lanao del Sur and was copied by
Saidna, one of the earliest hajji from
the Philippines. The Quran of Bayang
is believed to be one of the few copies
translated into a non-Arabic
language—that is, using a language in
the Malay family and handwritten in
Arabic calligraphy. The book was
taken away by the government during
the martial law era after the first lady
took a liking on its value. It was then
housed in the presidential palace.
When the dictatorship was ousted, the
book was afterwards housed in the
National Museum.
Metropolitan Theater Historical Landmark
● Liwasang Bonifacio, Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, M
● 1931
● Also known as Tanghalang
Pangkalakhan ng Maynila, or more
popularly as the MET, the theater is a
Philippine Art Deco building found
near the Mehan Garden near the
Manila Central Post Office. It was
designed by architect and National
Artist Juan M. Arellano. The building
was one of the main cultural structures
during the American era. It is
currently undergoing restoration word.
Mother's Revenge Sculpture
● National Museum, Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, Manila.
● 1894
● The Mother's Revenge sculpture in
terra cotta (clay) is an allegorical
representation of what was happening
in the Philippines during the Spanish
colonial period. Shown is a mother
dog trying to rescue her helpless pup
from the bite of the crocodile. The
mother dog represents "mother
Philippines" and the patriots who are
doing their best to save the defenseless
countrymen – the pup – from the
cruelty of the Spaniards as represented
by the crocodile. It was made by
revolutionary hero Jose Rizal during
his exile in Dapitan.
Paco Park (Cementerio Municipal De Manila
y Capilla de San Pancracio)
● San Marcelino Street, Paco, Manila
● 1822
● The cemetery-park is a recreational
garden and was once Manila's
municipal cemetery built by the
Dominicans during the Spanish
colonial period. The cemetery was
initially built due to a cholera
epidemic in the early 19th century.
6
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
San Sebastian Church Historical Landmark
● Plaza del Carmen, Quiapo, Manila
● 1891
● Also known as Basílica Menor de San
Sebastián, the structure is a Roman
Catholic minor basilica in Manila and
the seat of the Parish of San Sebastian.
It is a fine example of the revival of
Neogothic architecture in the
Philippines, as it is the only all-steel
church in the Philippines. The
materials used for its construction
were imported from Europe through
maritime trade routes in the later part
of the 19th century. Although the first
church was built in 1621 using wood
but was burned down during a Chinese
uprising. It was then rebuilt using
bricks in 1851, 1863, and 1880, but
were all destroyed by earthquakes and
fire. Due to these experiences, the
steel structure was deemed best.
Santa Ana Site Museum
● Santa Ana Church, Santa Ana, Manila
● 1725
● Adjoining the Santa Ana church is the
convent, which was also built on the
same period as the church under the
direction of Fr. Vicente Inglés. The
ground floor is a stone and clay tile
cloister surrounding the grassy patio.
Above the cloister is a wooden
corridor with capiz and glass windows
and high doors leading to the priest's
quarters, the choir loft and a room
previously used as a library. In 1966,
archaeological excavations have been
conducted by the National Museum of
the Philippines on the patio and the
churchyard, uncovering 71 human
burials dating around late 11th to 14th
centuries from the associated Chinese
ceramics recovered with the graves.
The bulk of data gathered regarding
the pre-Hispanic culture of Santa Ana
(known as the ancient settlement of
Namayan) led to the construction of a
site museum in the patio. The Camarín
de la Virgen of the church later
became part of the museum as well.
Santo Domingo Church
● 537 Quezon Ave, Santa Mesa Heights,
Quezon City, Metro Manila
● 1954
● Also known as the National Shrine of
Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La
Naval de Manila, it is the largest
church in Metro Manila and one of the
biggest churches in Asia. It is a
massive church complex that includes
the motherhouse of the Filipino
Dominicans, making it the center of
Dominican activities in the
archipelago and the Filipino
Dominicans who have been sent to
other parts of the world.
Spoliarium by: Juan Luna
● National Museum, Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, Manila
● 1884
● The oil-on-canvass painting by
Filipino master painter Juan Luna was
first submitted to the Exposición
Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884 in
Madrid, Spain, where it garnered a
gold medal. In 1886, it was sold to the
Diputación Provincial de Barcelona
for 20,000 pesetas. It currently hangs
in the main gallery at the ground floor
of the National Museum of Fine Arts
in Manila, and is considered by the
Filipino art community as the most
prized painting made by a Filipino
master painter.
Fortifications of Manila: Intramuros and
Fort San Antonio Abad
● Intramuros and Malate, Manila
● 16th century
● Intramuros is also called the Walled
City, and at the time of the Spanish
Colonial Period was synonymous to
the City of Manila. Other towns and
arrables (suburbs) located beyond the
walls are referred to as "extramuros",
7
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
the Spanish for "outside the walls". It
was the seat of government and
political power when the Philippines
was a component realm of the Spanish
Empire. It was also the center of
religion, education and economy. The
standard way of life in Intramuros
became the standard way of life
throughout the Philippines. The
Manila Galleons which sailed the
Pacific for 250 years, carried goods to
and from Intramuros (Manila) and
Acapulco, Mexico.
The Parisian Life by Juan Luna
● National Museum, Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, Manila
● 1892
● Also known as Interior d'un Cafi, it is
an oil-on-canvass impressionistic
painting by master painter Juan Luna.
The painting exemplifies the Luna's
Parisian period, a time when his style
moved away from having "dark colors
of the academic palette" and became
"increasingly lighter in color and
mood" due to his stay in Paris from
1882 to 1893.
The Progress of Medicine in the Philippines
by Carlos V. Francisco
● National Museum, Padre Burgos
Avenue, Ermita, Manila
● 1953
● The Progress of Medicine in the
Philippines comprises four oil
paintings on canvas executed by
National Artist Carlos V. Francisco in
1953, which were commissioned for
the main entrance hall of the
Philippine General Hospital in Manila.
The paintings depict the advancement
of medicine in the Philippines until the
middle of the 20th century.
Una Bulaqueña Painting by: Juan Luna
● National Museum, Manila
● 1895
● Also known as La Bulaqueña, literally
"the woman from Bulacan", the
oil-on-canvass painting is a "serene
portrait", of a Filipino woman wearing
a Maria Clara gown, a traditional
Filipino dress that is composed of four
pieces, namely the camisa, the saya
(long skirt), the panuelo (neck cover),
and the tapis (knee-length overskirt).
The name of the dress is an eponym to
Maria Clara, the mestiza heroine of
Filipino hero José Rizal's novel Noli
Me Tangere. The woman's clothing in
the painting is the reason why the
masterpiece is alternately referred to
as Maria Clara
University of Santo Tomas Baybayin
Documents
● University of Santo Tomas, Sampaloc,
Manila
● 1613
● The UST Baybayin Documents are
two 17th century land deeds written in
baybayin, an ancient Philippine
syllabary or suyat. The first document
was written in 1613, while the second
was written in 1625. It is the first
document to be declared a national
cultural treasure.
University of Santo Tomas Main Building,
Central Seminary, Arch of the Centuries and
Open Spaces
● University of Santo Tomas Main
Building, Central Seminary, Arch of
the Centuries and Open Spaces
● 1611
● The University of Santo Tomas (UST)
itself was established in 1611,
possessing the oldest extant university
charter in Asia. The university used to
be located within Intramuros, but
much of its buildings were destroyed
during World War II. In 1927, the UST
Main Building was re-established in
its current location. The Central
Seminary, established in 1933,
currently houses the Santisimo
Rosario Parish Church with the central
seminary and the Faculties of
8
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
Ecclesiastical Studies. The Arch of the
Centuries, first constructed in 1680,
was transferred in the new campus in
1954 using the surviving parts of the
arch. Finally, the open spaces are
known for the historic events that
happened within its domains such as
the four papal visits to the Philippines.
Ifugao Rice Terraces
● Banaue, Ifugao
● Undeclared
● The Ifugao Rice Terraces illustrate the
remarkable ability of human culture to
adapt to new social and climate
pressures as well as to implement and
develop new ideas and technologies.
Maintenance of the living rice terraces
reflects a primarily cooperative
approach of the whole community
which is based on detailed knowledge
of the rich diversity of biological
resources existing in the Ifugao
agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual
system respecting lunar cycles, zoning
and planning, extensive soil
conservation, and mastery of a
complex pest control regime based on
the processing of a variety of herbs,
accompanied by religious rituals. In
1995, five rice terrace clusters were
inscribed as the first cultural landscape
to be inscribed in the international list
Mummy Caves
● Kabayan, Benguet; Sagada and Alab,
Bontoc
● 100 BC
● Various areas in the Cordillera
mountain range have caves filled with
mummies. The most significant of the
caves are in Kabayan, Sagada, and
Bontoc.
Parish Church of Santa Catalina de
Alejandria
● Tayum, Abra
● 1803
● Commonly known as Tayum Church,
it is a 19th-century Baroque church
located at Brgy. Poblacion, Tayum,
Abra. The parish church, under the
patronage of Saint Catherine of
Alexandria, is under the jurisdiction of
the Roman Catholic Diocese of
Bangued
Petroglyphs of Alab
● Bontoc, Mountain Province
● Undeclared
● The Alab petroglyphs are ancient
figures carved on mountain walls by
the pre-colonial people of Bontoc. The
petroglyphs are the most important
ancient rock art carvings in the
Cordilleras and the most oldest in
Northern Luzon.
Stone Agricultural Calendar
● Dap-ay, Guiday, Besao, Bontoc
● Undeclared
● The stone calendar is one of the most
enigmatic artifacts in the Cordillera
mountains. It is a testimony to the
accurate scientific outlook of the
ancient Agawa people in the cycle of
weathers, agriculture, and heavenly
bodies
The Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao
● Kaingan, Ifugao
● Unknown
● The Hudhud consists of narrative
chants traditionally performed by the
Ifugao community. Within the rice
sowing season, at harvest time and at
funeral wakes and rituals these chants
are practiced. There is not a trace of
when these chants were originated.
The Hudhud comprises more than 200
chants. Each chant is divided up into
40 episodes. A complete recitation
may last several days. Since the
Ifugao's culture is matrimonial. Within
the community, the wife generally
takes the main part in the chants. If the
wife has a brother, then the brother
9
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
occupies a higher position than her
husband.[4] The language of the
stories abounds in figurative
expressions and repetitions and
employs antonym, metaphor and
onomatopoeia, rendering transcription
very difficult. Thus, there are very few
written expressions of this tradition.
The chant tells about ancestral heroes,
customary law, religious beliefs and
traditional practices, and reflects the
importance of rice cultivation. The
epic chant was declared a UNESCO
Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2008.
Burial Caves
● Sitio Alabok, Barangay Cambali,
Bagulin, La Union
Cape Bojeador Lighthouse Historical
Landmark
● Burgos, Ilocos Norte
● 1892
Church of Nuestra Señora de Manaoag
● Manaoag, Pangasinan
● 1701
● The devotion on the Church and its
celebrated icon of Our Lady of the
Holy Rosary of Manaoag goes through
history for more than 300 years. The
historical marker celebrates the
wonderful metamorphosis of the
church from its inception as a church
made of wood, to the beautiful brick
and stone church donated by Don
Gaspar de Gamboa and Dona Agata
Yangta, to the current church structure,
renovation of which started in 1882
and completed in 1932.
La Union Watchtowers
● Luna, La Union
Mestizo Section, House of Father Jose
Burgos and Leona Florentino
● Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Paoay Church
● Paoay, Ilocos Norte
● 1710
● The church is a UNESCO World
Heritage Site.
Parish Church of Saint Andrew
● Bacarra, Ilocos Norte
● 1782
● The church complex' most important
structure is the leaning tower, which is
the oldest section of the complex.
Parish Church of Saints Peter and Paul
● Calasiao, Pangasinan
● 1852
Parish Church of San Guillermo de
Aquitania
● Magsingal, Ilocos Sur
Parish Church of Santa Catalina de
Alejandria
● Luna, La Union
The Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion Church
Complex
● Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur
Watchtowers of Ilocos Norte
● Ilocos Province
● Includes watchtowers in Badoc in
Barangay Lingasay, Currimao in
Barangay Poblacion Uno, Currimao in
Barangay Torre, Belfry of San
Guillermo Cathedral in Laoag,
Bacarra in Barangay Natba, Pasuquin
in Barangay Puyupuyan
Watchtowers of Ilocos Norte (4)
● Ilocos Province
● Includes watchtowers in Santiago in
Barangay Sabangan, San Esteban in
Barangay Bateria, Narvacan in
10
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
Barangay Sulvec, Belfry of San
Agustin Church
Church of San Mattias, Tumauini
● Tumauini, Isabela
● 1783
Parish Church of San Carlos Borromeo
● Mahatao, Batanes
● 1873
● Also known as Mahatao Church, the
first church was constructed in 1787.
By 1789, the wooden church was
replaced by a stone church. When a
typhoon hit the Batanes islands in
1872, the church was damaged and
was replaced with a more
sophisticated rock church in 1873,
which continues to be the current
church of Mahatao. An espadaña
belfry is located on top of the facade's
pediment with one of its bells dated
1874. The church has uneven wall
thickness due to addition of step
buttresses and even buttress walls. Its
interiors, decorated in Baroque style,
showcase floral designs sunburst
ornaments painted in polychrome and
gilt which lends a golden glow among
the statuary.
Parish Church of San Raymundo de
Peñaforte
● Rizal (Malaueg), Cagayan
● 1617
● Also known as Malaueg Church and
Rizal Church, the 17th-century church
located at Brgy. Poblacion, Rizal,
Cagayan was made in the
Baroque-style. The church made
mostly of fired bricks, is unique
among other Spanish-era churches
established by the Dominicans in the
Cagayan valley region due to its
smaller size and novel design. The
church's brickwork has been described
as "of free use" and that it exudes an
earthy feel. Attention on the façade is
focused on the main arched portal
which is framed by a plastered white
wall capped with a small triangular
pediment.
San Vicente Ferrer Church Complex and
Dampol Bridge of Dupax Del Sur
● Dupax del Sur, Nueva Vizcaya
● 1776
● The San Vicente Ferrer Church
Complex, also known as the Dupax
Church and the Dupax del Sur Church,
is an 18th-century Baroque church
located at Brgy. Dopaj, Dupax del Sur,
Nueva Vizcaya. The parish church,
under the advocation of Saint Vincent
Ferrer, is under the jurisdiction of the
Roman Catholic Diocese of
Bayombong
Parish Church of San Andres de Masinloc
● Masinloc, Zambales
● 18th Century
● The 19th-century Baroque church is
located at Brgy. South Poblacion,
Masinloc, Zambales, Philippines. The
parish church, dedicated to Saint
Andrew the Apostle is under the
jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic
Diocese of Iba. The church structure, a
standout among Spanish-era churches
in the Central Luzon region for having
been built with coral stone instead of
adobe stone.
Parish Church of Santiago Apostol, Betis
● Betis, Pampanga
● 1770
● A baroque style church located in the
Betis, Guagua in Pampanga,
Philippines under the Roman Catholic
Archdiocese of San Fernando. The
church was established in 1607 and
dedicated to Saint James, the Apostle.
It was destroyed by fire and was
rebuilt in its present state in 1770.
Santa Monica Parish Church
● Minalin, Pampanga
● 1834
11
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
● The four-century old Minalin Parish in
Barangay San Nicolas is one of the
first 20 missions put up by the
Augustinians when they came to the
Philippines. The church's design
includes motifs reflective of
pre-Hispanic culture. The spires
decorating the bell towers depict a
Moorish architecture, hinting of the
old Islamic faith of early Minaleños.
None of the other 20 mission churches
have similar motifs. The incipient
baroque is of moderate decorative
traits. There are several examples of
this style in the churches built in the
18th century or before, such as those
of Betis, Lipa, San Vicente, Candon,
Magsingal and Sarrat. The building of
the church first began in 1764, and
ended in 1834.
Ang Simbahan ng Tayabas (Tayabas Church)
● Tayabas, Quezon
● 1894
● The influence of Chinese architecture
in Tayabas is present in the design of
Tayabas Basilica. Lion statues in front
of the building show a link to the
influence of Chinese traders before the
Spanish colonial era.[5] Cherubs in
stone reliefs playing the lute,
trombone, drum and trumpet can be
seen in the church patio.[6] Its facade
is almost eclectic, and was added
during renovations to the church.[7]
The unusual three-storey arrangement
of the facade includes has an entrance
flanked by two niches in Mudejar
style. The windows of the choir loft
and the central window on the second
floor have capiz shells.[7] The levels
are separated by horizontal bands and
images of angels, and several saints
including The influence of Chinese
architecture in Tayabas is present in
the design of Tayabas Basilica. Lion
statues in front of the building show a
link to the influence of Chinese traders
before the Spanish colonial era.[5]
Cherubs in stone reliefs playing the
lute, trombone, drum and trumpet can
be seen in the church patio.[6] Its
facade is almost eclectic, and was
added during renovations to the
church.[7] The unusual three-storey
arrangement of the facade includes has
an entrance flanked by two niches in
Mudejar style. The windows of the
choir loft and the central window on
the second floor have capiz shells.[7]
The levels are separated by horizontal
bands and images of angels, and
several saints including Saint Francis
of Assisi, Saint Dominic and Saint
Diego of Alcala.[7] On the topmost
tier are stone-carved statues of
archangels Michael, Gabriel and
Raphael.[6]
Angono Petroglyphs
● Binangonan, Rizal
● 2000 BC
● The Angono Petroglyphs is located in
a shallow rock shelter. It measures 63
meters wide, 8 meters deep and a
maximum height of 5 meters. It has
been created due to faulting and
formed in volcanic soil during the
Quaternary period. There are 127
drawings in the form of animate and
static figures of circular or dome-like
head on top of a 'V' shaped torso
distributed on a horizontal plane on
the rock wall area measuring 25
meters by 3 meters. Only 51 of the
total 127 drawings are distinct. Due to
the complexity and plurality of the
drawings, it is suggested that the
drawings on the rock were not only
created by a single individual. It is
widely believed that the figures drawn
on the walls are for healing purposes
as the site is a dambana. Researchers
have argued that the figures were
medicinal and religious in function as
they were made by ancestors to
transfer the sickness of a child onto
the limestone wall, thus, curing the
child from ailments.[8]
12
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
Parish Church of San Gregorio Magno
● Majayjay, Laguna
● 1649
● The Romanesque church of
Majayjay[9] is 60 metres (200 ft) long,
17 metres (56 ft) wide and 16.5 metres
(54 ft) high. Its façade has three levels,
each level scaled proportionally and
topped by a triangular pediment with a
circular window.[5] The central nave
consists of a huge wooden door of the
main portal, choir loft windows and
saint's niche. The interior contains a
retablo mayor and four other minor
retablos with intricate designs. The
floor is tiled with azulejo and the walls
have been preserved with some
alterations. The five-storey square
belltower with a conical roof[10] and
ballustrated windows on each
polygonal level is connected to the
langit-langitan, a cat-walk above the
ceiling which leads to the crossing
over the transept.[8] The belfry has
arched windows each with a bell
trimmed with finials and a large
antique bell on top.[5] It also has a
large side door on the right side of the
church.
Pila Archaeological Site
● Pila, Laguna
● 12th century
Parish Church of San Ildefonso
● Parish Church of San Ildefonso
● 1783
Image of Nuestra Señora dela Soledad de
Porta Vaga
● Cavite City, Cavite
● 1667
● The declaration includes "the
intangible properties intrinsic to the
cultural significance of the painting".
Parish Church of the Assumption of Our
Lady
● Maragondon, Cavite
● 1714
Parish Church of the Immaculate
Conception
● Balayan, Batangas
● 1795
Sacred Art of the Parish Church of Santiago
Apostol (4 Paintings in Situ
● Paete,
Tayabas Historic Bridges
● Tayabas, Quezon
● 1793-1854
● The historic bridges are unique as
underneath each of them, glyphs
etched by the Revolutionary Filipinos,
who were forced to build the bridges
under Spanish-authorized forced labor,
added their marks of revolution at the
stone structures. These bridges
include, but not limited to: Puente de
Alitao, Puente de Reina Isabel II,
Puente de Don Francisco de Asis,
Puente de la Princesa, Puente del
Lakawan, Puente del Mate, Puente de
la Ese, Puente de las Despedidas,
Malagonlong Bridge.
Cathedral of San Jose of Romblon
● Romblon, Romblon
● 17th century
● The cathedral is one of the oldest
churches in the country. It has been
well-preserved by the inhabitants of
the town.
Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Build,
Tagbanua and Pala'wan)
● Mindoro and Palawan
● The four scripts were inscribed in the
UNESCO Memory of the World
Programme, under the name
13
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo,
Buid, Tagbanua and Pala’wan)
Tabon Cave Complex at lahat ng Lipuun
● Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan
● The Tabon Caves is located in
Quezon, Palawan. The research done
within the Tabon caves was done by
Robert B. Fox in the years of 1962 to
1966. The team found over 1,500
burial jars. The greatest find in the
Tabon caves was the skull which was
the skull cap of the Tabon Man. The
archeologists findings indicate that
there were living habitants from
50,000 to 70,000 years ago.[12]
Tau't Batu Petroglyphs
● Quezon, Palawan
Twin Forts of Romblon ( Fuerza de San
Antonio and Fuerza de Santiago)
● Romblon, Romblon
● 17th century
● The two forts were built in the 17th
century to aid the expansion of the
Spanish empire in the Philippines.
Both are well-preserved.
Cagsawa Ruins – Church of Cagsaua
● Daraga, Albay
● 1724
● The present ruins are from the 1724
structure of the church, which was
engulfed by a volcanic eruption in
1814. The original structure was built
in 1587.
Church of Tabaco Historical Landmark
● Rizal Street, Tabaco City, Albay
● 1879
● Founded in 1664, the present church
was built by the seculars in 1864 and
completed in 1879.
Simbahan ng Daraga
● Daraga, Albay
● 1773
● The church is known for its
Churrigueresque architectural style in
its façade, a fine example of Baroque
architecture. The façade and its walls
are made out of volcanic rocks, which
are rich in the area.[13][14] The
current white façade is the result of a
coating of lime for protection from
deterioration.[15]
Baroque Churches of the Philippines –
Parish Church of the Santo Tomas de
Villanueva of Miagao
● Barangay Tacas, Miagao, Iloilo
● 1797
● The church is a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. The church's over-all
architectural style falls under the
Baroque Romanesque architectural
style. Its ochre color is due to the
materials used in constructing the
church: adobe, egg, coral and
limestone. The church's foundation is
6 meters deep and the massive stone
walls at 1.5 meters thick are
intensified through the use of 4 meter
thick flying buttresses as protection to
the Moro invaders as stipulated under
Royal Decree 111 of 1573 (Law of the
Indies)
Church of Santa Monica Historical
Landmark
● Pan-ay, Capiz
● 1884
● Commonly known as Panay Church, it
was initially built in 1774, and was
rebuilt in 1884 after the former
structure was damaged by a typhoon.
The church has an unusually large
bell, the largest in the country.
14
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
Parish Church of San Joaquin, Iloilo
(Extension) – Church complex of Patrocinio
● San Joaquin, Iloilo
● 1869
● The key features of the church are its
three retablos of carved limestone
which were formerly polychromed,
the carved pediment which featured
the folk portrayal of the Spanish
winning over the Moors at the Battle
near Tétouan, Morocco, as well as its
adjacent sprawling ruins where an
oven well and kilin for baking can be
found.
Roman Catholic Cemetery (Camposanto)
(Extension) – Church complex of San Isidro
● San Joaquin, Iloilo
● 1845
● Founded in 1760, the church was
completed in 1845. The overall style
of the church can be viewed as
neoclassical with the unembellished
front facade. Dividing the front facade
plane are four sets of Tuscan pilasters.
The central division contains the main
entrance while the end divisions
contain two niches accommodating the
Blessed Virgin and Sacred Heart of
Jesus icons.
Baclayon Church Historical Landmark
● Baclayon Church Historical Landmark
● 1727
● Initially founded in 1596, the present
church was completed in 1727. The
church, built out of coral stones, is a
cross shaped (cruciform) church with
its juncture or crossing surmounted by
a pyramidal wall. It is a UNESCO
tentative site.
Baroque Churches of the Philippines
de Maria – Boljoon Church Historical
Landmark
● Boljoon, Cebu
● 1783
● Commonly known as Boljoon Church,
it is a Roman Catholic church
dedicated to the Our Lady of
Patrocinio. Its early church was built
in 1599, but was ravaged by multiple
calamities. Its present structure was
built in 1783. It is listed as a UNESCO
tentative site.
Baroque Churches of the Philippines
Labrador, Lazi (Siquijor)
● Lazi, Siquijor
● 1884
● Commonly known as Lazi Church, it
is a Roman Catholic church in the
municipality of Lazi, Siquijor.
Founded in 1857, the present structure
was only finished in 1884. The church
is built of sea stones and wood and
belongs to the neoclassical style. It has
two pulpits and has retained its
original retablo and wood florings. It
is a UNESCO tentative site.
Bohol Watchtowers
● Maribojoc, Dauis, Panglao,
Pamilacan, Loay and Balilihan, Bohol
● 17th century – 18th century
● Six watchtowers in Bohol are
designated as national cultural
treasures. They include the Punta Cruz
Watchtower of Maribojoc, Dauis
Watchtower of Dauis, Panglao
Watchtower of Panglao, Pamilacan
Watchtower of Baclayon, Loay
Watchtower of Loay, and Balilihan
Watchtower of Bililihan
15
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
Church of the Most Holy Trinity Historical
Landmark
● Loay, Bohol
● The church is situated in Loay. Its
watchtower is also a national cultural
treasure, under "Bohol Watchtowers"
Parish Church of the Santo Niño of Cortes
Nuestra Señora de La Luz Parish Church
Complex, Loon
● Loon, Bohol
● 1864
● The current structure was completed
in 1864, although it was founded in
1753. The church forms a wide
rectangular plan with an internal
transept and a crossing surmounted by
a quadrangular pyramid. At each side
of the transept is a buttress. Unlike
other Bohol churches, it does not have
a portico facade.
Parish Church of San Agustin
● Bacong, Negros Oriental
● 1850
● The church has the tallest belfry in the
province. It has the oldest main altar
with gold-leafing and painted friezes
in the province as well. The altar and
pipe organ were transported from
Zaragoza, Spain, installed in 1898
shortly before the revolution against
Spain broke out in Oriental Negros.
Parish Church of San Pedro and San Pablo
of Loboc
● Loboc, Bohol
● 1734
● Founded in 1596, the current structure
was completed in 1734. The church is
a UNESCO tentative site.
Parish Church of the Holy Cross of
Maribojoc
● Maribojoc, Bohol
● Founded in 1767, the current structure
was completed in 1872. The church of
Maribojoc resembled a cross or
cruciform with a low, four-sided
pyramidical roof and octagonal
cupola. Walls were consistently
divided into thick and thin portions
designed with finely cut coral stones
on the sides.
● Cortes, Bohol
● 19th century
● The church is made up of cut coral
stone blocks. A portico is in front of
an older façade and floral carving
frames the doorway. It has frescoes on
its ceilings. The main retablo has
twisted Solomonic columns and
profusely carved flanges in the
baroque idiom.
San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish Church
Complex and Ermita Ruins
● Dimiao, Bohol
● 19th century
● In front of the church building is a
tower with the image of the Sacred
Heart of Jesus where the "hugos" is
done during dawn rites (salubong) of
Easter Sunday. It is identified by its
twin bell towers either side of the
church's front façade, and it is
dedicated to San Nicolas Tolentino.
Shrine Parish of the Assumption of the
Blessed Virgin Mary Complex and Its
Liturgical Objects Therein
● Dauis, Bohol
● 1697
● The church was built by Boholanos
under forced labor imposed by the
Spanish. It is constructed of solid
rocks or stones and has paintings on
the walls. There is a tower with a bell,
outside the church another tower and
also a small well. Declared as Shrine
in 2004, and National Cultural
Treasures of the Philippines by the
National Museum of the Philippines
on 2011. Collapsed in 2013 due to
16
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
2013 Bohol Earthquake, and turned -
over in 2017 during fiesta.
Baroque Churches of the Philippines
(Extension) – Church of La Inmaculada
Concepcion, Guiuan (Samar)
● Guiuan, Eastern Sama
● 1844
● Guiuan Church is nestled inside a fort.
It is well known for its extensive shell
ornamentation in its interiors.[16]
Studies revealed that at least eight
types of seashells were used. Before
its destruction, it still has two
elaborately carved doors out of the
original three doors. The main door on
the entrance has exquisite carvings of
the Twelve apostles while a side door
has carved representations of
angels.[17]
Saint Ignatius de Loyola Parish Church
(Simbahan ng Capul)
● Saint Ignatius de Loyola Parish
Church (Simbahan ng Capul)
● 1781
● The church is an example of a Spanish
fortress church. It is surrounded by
strong stone walls and bastions of
dissimilar designs. Father Valero
designed the church with a
cross-shaped wall made of stone,
similar to Intramuros.[20] When Moro
attacked the town, the people of Capul
would take refuge inside the church.
The bell tower is located on the left
side of the church. A stone
watchtower on a huge rock is located
near the church complex.
The Darangen Epic of the Maranao People of
Lake Lanao
● Lake Lanao, Lanao del Sur
● AD 100
● The Darangen is an ancient
pre-Islamic epic song that
encompasses a wealth of knowledge
of the Maranao people who live in the
Lake Lanao region of Mindanao.
Comprising 17 cycles and a total of
72,000 lines, the Darangen celebrates
episodes from Maranao history and
the tribulations of mythical heroes. In
addition to having a compelling
narrative content, the epic explores the
underlying themes of life and death,
courtship, love and politics through
symbol, metaphor, irony and satire.
The Darangen also encodes customary
law, standards of social and ethical
behaviour, notions of aesthetic beauty,
and social values specific to the
Maranao. The epic was designated as
a UNESCO Intangible Cultural
Heritage in 2008.
Torogan House
● Pompongan-a-marantao, Marawi City,
Lanao del Sur
● 1900
● Commonly known as Kawayan
Torogan, the specific structure
declared is a traditional Maranao
torogan (house) built by Sultan sa
Kawayan Makaantal in Bubung
Malanding, Marantao, Lanao del Sur.
Being the last standing example of the
house of the elite members of the
Maranao tribe, and the only remaining
habitable torogan. A torogan is he
royal home of Maranao leaders and
have been in existence since
pre-Islamic times in the Philippines.
The location of the structure is in
Marawi City according to a 2008
declaration, however, the location was
shifted into Marantao in 2015
according to another declaration. The
2018 PRECUP currently states that the
Kawayan Torogan is in Marawi.
Fort Pilar
● Zamboanga City
● 1635
● Formally known as Real Fuerza de
Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Zaragoza,
the 17th-century military defense
fortress built by the Spanish colonial
government in Zamboanga City was
used as the main line of defense in the
17
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
Zamboanga region against Muslim
pirates. Through time, it has been
transformed into an outdoor Roman
Catholic Marian shrine after
apparitions were seen in 1734 and
1897. It also hosts the National
Museum's Zamboanga museum
branch.
Relief Map of Mindanao
● Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte
● 1892
● It has an area of more or less 900
square meters in size and located in
front of the Saint James Church in
Dapitan. Rizal made this map from
August to September 1892 assisted by
Francisco Paula de Sanchez, his
favorite teacher in Ateneo de Manila.
The map was based on the scientific
map by Fr. Murilio Velarde a famous
French Jusuit in 1734. The names of
places indicated in the map are the
original names from Velarde's map. It
was intended as a motivating device
for teaching geography and history to
Rizal's pupils in Dapitan and part of
Rizal's beautification project to the
town plaza. The stone fence around
the map was built by the Americans
sometimes in the 1920s. American
soldiers and educators were here in
Dapitan from 1900 to the late 1920s.
Parish Church of San Juan Bautista
● Jimenez, Misamis Occidental
● 1880
● Also known as Jimenez Church, the
structure is a late-19th century,
Baroque church located at Brgy.
Poblacion, Jimenez, Misamis
Occidental. It was founded in 1829.
Construction of the current church
began in 1862 and was finished by the
1880s. The church is predominantly
made of coral stone. The parish
church, under the patronage of Saint
John the Baptist, is under the
jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic
Archdiocese of Ozamiz.
Parish Church of the Immaculate
Conception
● Jasaan, Misamis Oriental
● 19th century
● The Barn-style Baroque church
located in Poblacion, Upper Jasaan in
Misamis Oriental was a provincial
attempt to mimic the famous San
Ignacio Church of Intramuros in
Manila. Originally, the church was
built from 1723 to 1830, but fell into
ruins. It was rebuilt in a new site under
the supervision of Jesuits Francisco
Rivera and Juan Cuesta.
Parish of Nuestra Senora de Candelaria of
Silang
● Silang, Cavite
● 1595
● The first church in Silang was made of
nipa and bamboo in 1585. The second
one was made of wood, bigger than
the first. This was ravaged by fire on
August 30, 1603. The succeeding
stone church, which is still existing at
present, was built under the
administration of the Jesuit, Juan de
Salazar. The construction might have
been done between 1637 and 1639,
when Salazar was the provincial. The
materials used were stone, gravel and
sand from the river at the back of the
church, together with various kinds of
woods found in the nearby forests.
The rafters in the ceiling were made of
banaba; the roofs and ceilings, of
bancal; and the joists, of yakal or ipil.
Labor was provided through polo y
servicios, wherein males were forced
to work for a particular number of
days in a year. Women and children
also helped in hauling baskets of soil
as landfill.
● The church was probably completed
before 1643, since a story, reported by
Fray Murillo Velarde, tells the image
of the Virgin Mary was brought to the
church after an indio left on a journey
on Jan. 30, 1943, forgetting a vow to
keep Fridays sacred. The church was
depicted as “muy grande para un
18
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
pueblo mas grande” when it was
finished. A document done during the
visitation of parishes in 1695 states
that it was “all of stone, covered with
tile and is in good condition.” The
exquisite retablo mayor and two
retablo menores were dated by an
eminent Jesuit scholar at around 1663
and considered a fine example of
Philippine baroque and ecclesiastical
art.
● The inventory of 1781 showed that it
was made of cut stone and wood,
roofed with tiles, and adorned with
transept and octagonal belltower. In
1786, woodworks were infested by
termites; hence, parts of the roof were
covered with nipa, instead of tiles. In
1806, the pulpit was gilded, the main
retablo refurbished, the bases of side
altars replaced with stones, the altar to
the Holy Cross constructed, silver
vessels procured, and images of saint
and furniture restored. In 1880,
however, an earthquake caused
considerable damage, including the
destruction of the tower’s highest
story, which was restored only in
1989. In the 1950s, the faux vault was
replaced by a flat ceiling a meter or so
lower than the original ceiling line,
because early on a fire had ruined the
vault. It is the oldest extant church
structure in the province of Cavite as
its contemporaries went through the
ravages of war and disaster. Declared
as a National Cultural Treasure
through Museum Declaration No.
20-2016.
Basilica del Santo Niño and Convent
● Cebu City
● 18th century
● On February 29, 1735, Father
Provincial Bergaño, Governor-General
Fernando Valdes, Bishop Manuel
Antonio Decio y Ocampo of Cebu and
Fray Juan de Albarran, O.S.A. started
the foundations of the present church,
using stone. Since the friars did not
have the means to complete the
church, they enlisted the help of the
parishioners of Opon and San Nicolas
to contribute materials, while the
people of Talisay contributed labor.
The lack of chief craftsmen and
officers forced Fray Albarran to
acquire some knowledge of
architecture.[21]
● The church was finished around 1739.
● On January 16, 1740, the miraculous
image was enthroned in the new
Augustinian church.
● In 1789, the church underwent a
renovation. In 1889, Fray Mateo Diez,
O.S.A. did another renovation. The
original features of the church have
been retained except for the windows
which he added.
● In the 1960s, both church and convent
underwent a bigger restoration on the
occasion of the Fourth Centennial of
the Christianization of the country.
The face lifting was made with utmost
respect for the historical character of
the old structure.
● In 1965, Ildebrando Cardinal
Antoniutti, Papal Legate to the
Philippines, conferred the church the
honorific title Basílica Menor upon the
authority of Pope Paul VI. As a Minor
Basilica, it is given precedence over
other churches and other privileges.
Philippine President Ferdinand E.
Marcos also declared it a National
Landmark.
● The Basilica del Santo Niño remains
under the care of the Augustinian
Friars.
Magellan's Cross Pavilion
● Cebu City
● The pavilion that houses the
Magellan's Cross (Spanish: Cruz de
Magallanes, Tagalog: Krus ni
Magallanes), a Christian cross planted
by Portuguese and Spanish explorers
as ordered by Ferdinand Magellan
upon arriving in Cebu in the
Philippines on April 21, 1521.
19
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022

catalogues, names, and conserves sites

of outstanding cultural or natural
World Heritage Site
importance to the common culture and
heritage of humanity. The programme
● is a landmark or area with legal began with the "Convention
protection by an international Concerning the Protection of the
convention administered by the United World's Cultural and Natural
Nations Educational, Scientific and Heritage",[10] which was adopted by
Cultural Organization (UNESCO). the General Conference of UNESCO
World Heritage Sites are designated by on 16 November 1972. Since then,
UNESCO for having cultural, 194 states have ratified the
historical, scientific or other form of convention,[11] making it one of the
significance. The sites are judged to most widely recognised international
contain "cultural and natural heritage agreements and the world's most
around the world considered to be of popular cultural programme.[1
outstanding value to humanity".[2]
● To be selected, a World Heritage Site Santa Maria Church (Ilocos Sur)
must be a somehow unique landmark
which is geographically and
● Situated in the coastal province of
historically identifiable and has special
Ilocos Sur, the Santa Maria Church
cultural or physical significance. For
has gained recognition thanks to its
example, World Heritage Sites might
impressive architecture. Ilocos Sur is
be ancient ruins or historical
situated in the northwestern region of
structures, buildings, cities,[a] deserts,
Luzon Island and is bordered by Ilocos
forests, islands, lakes, monuments,
Norte to the north. Among its most
mountains, or wilderness areas.[5][6]
noteworthy attractions included in an
A World Heritage Site may signify a
Ilocos itinerary are Calle Crisologo in
remarkable accomplishment of
Vigan City and the Bantay Church
humanity, and serve as evidence of our
Bell Tower.
intellectual history on the planet, or it
● The Santa Maria Church was initially
might be a place of great natural
constructed as a more accessible
beauty.[7] As of August 2022, a total
chapel for its neighboring town to the
of 1,154 World Heritage Sites (897
north, Narvacan, in 1567. According
cultural, 218 natural, and 39 mixed
to the local legends, the town's statue
properties) exist across 167 countries.
of the Virgin Mary kept disappearing
With 58 selected areas, Italy is the
from the first chapel and was seen on a
country with the most sites on the
guava tree atop a hill. Due to this, the
list.[8]
locals decided to build another
● The sites are intended for practical
structure in 1765, which they later
conservation for posterity, which
officially recognized as the Santa
otherwise would be subject to risk
Maria Church.
from human or animal trespassing,
● It is this structure that stands today. A
unmonitored, uncontrolled or
year later, this same church was made
unrestricted access, or threat from
an independent ministry of the town
local administrative negligence. Sites
instead of serving as a chapel-of-ease
are demarcated by UNESCO as
for Narvacan in light of many settlers
protected zones.[2] The World
moving to Santa Maria.
Heritage Sites list is maintained by the
● Due to the locals' devotion to the
international World Heritage Program
Virgin Mary, the parish was also called
administered by the UNESCO World
the Church of Our Lady of the
Heritage Committee, composed of 21
Assumption. The whole structure is
"states parties" that are elected by their
surrounded by a defensive wall and
General Assembly.[9] The programme

20
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
features a Baroque style, which placed
it on the World UNESCO Heritage
Sites list.
● The Santa Maria Church was
designated as a World UNESCO
Heritage Site in 1993 as part of a
collection of four Spanish-era
churches in the country, officially
recognized as the Baroque Churches
of the Philippines. Like the three other
structures, the Santa Maria Church
boasts intricate Spanish motifs that
were ultimately finished using local
materials instead of those typically
used in Spain and neighboring
European countries.
Miagao Church (Iloilo)
● Standing majestically in the Miagao
municipality of Iloilo in the Visayas
region is another structure included in
the Baroque Churches of the
Philippines, the Miagao Church. Iloilo
is a coastal province that boasts
islands with powdery white sand, a
picturesque countryside dotted with
cultural attractions, and heritage towns
that honor the province's traditions.
● The current structure of Miagao
Church stands at the highest point of
the town. It was finished in 1797 after
ten years of forced labor under
Spanish colonizers and was initially
used as a fortress against potential
invaders. Like the Santa Maria
Church, it was designated as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993
for its Baroque design mixed with
notes of our local heritage. Its most
noteworthy aspect is a relief sculpture
of St. Christopher on the facade. In the
stonework, the saint carries Jesus
Christ on his back while holding onto
a palm tree.
● A trip here is never complete without
heading to popular Iloilo tourist spots
such as Islas de Gigantes, Garin Farm,
Jaro Cathedral, and more. As for the
local cuisine, tourists can feast on
buckets of freshly-caught scallops and
the province's famous La Paz Batchoy,
a noodle soup with beef, chicken
stock, and pork cracklings.
Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife
Sanctuary (Davao Oriental)
● The Mount Hamiguitan Range
Wildlife Sanctuary is a lush mountain
ridge that sits in the province of Davao
Oriental. Located along the
southeastern portion of Mindanao
Island, this province has an abundance
of coconut trees and is the country's
top producer of coconuts and dried
coconut meat. Aside from its rich
forests, it is also well known for the
Aliwagwag Falls, one of the most
scenic waterfalls in the Philippines
and features over 130 cascades and
multiple rock pools filled with
turquoise waters.
● With an elevation range of 75 to 1,637
meters above sea level, the Mount
Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary
has become a safe haven for various
animals and plants. Among the
wildlife that finds solace in the
mountain range are eight species that
are endemic to the area, such as the
Philippine eagle and the Philippine
cockatoo.
● Despite having an impressive
elevation level, the range also features
aquatic habitats, ultimately making it a
diverse ecosystem. In recognition of
the natural value of the sanctuary, it
was formally named a UNESCO
World Heritage Site in 2014.
Paoay Church (Ilocos Norte)
● In the province of Ilocos Norte, you
can find another of the four Baroque
Churches of the Philippines called the
Paoay Church. Also known as the San
Agustin Church, it is situated about 19
kilometers from Laoag City, the
province's capital. Along with the
church, Ilocos Norte's fascinating rock
formations and majestic sand dunes
along its stunning coastline have
drawn many tourists as well.
21
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
● Locals began building the Paoay
Church in 1694 and finally completed
construction in 1710. Its exterior walls
were made from bricks and large coral
stones. As with its fellow Baroque
churches, the Paoay Church is
characterized by the flying buttresses
flank its sides and its wide base. Next
to the church, a detached three-story
bell tower was erected.
● Throughout Philippine history, it had
also served as a watch post from
where local forces could keep an eye
on invading forces such as the
Spaniards in the 1800s and the
Japanese armies during World War II.
Due to its cultural significance, it was
officially inscribed as a UNESCO
World Heritage Site in 1993.
San Agustin Church (Intramuros, Manila)
● In the heart of Manila City, you can
find the classic San Agustin Church
towering in front of an open plaza in
the walled district of Intramuros. This
historical area was a political and
military base for Spaniards when they
colonized the country in the 1500s.
Here, several cultural landmarks are
maintained and offer physical spaces
where visitors can immerse in the rich
past of the Philippines.
● The San Agustin Church remains one
of the best testaments of Intramuros'
heritage as it is considered the oldest
stone church in the country. After its
completion in 1607, parts of this
Baroque structure were damaged by
earthquakes and fights during World
War II. The church's architecture is
characterized mainly by its beautiful
tromp l'oeil style ceiling and intricate
altars.
● After the death of Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi, the first Spanish
Governor-General that ruled the
Philippines, he was buried close to the
church's high altar. UNESCO named it
a World Heritage Site in 1993.
Historic City of Vigan (Ilocos Sur)
● A visit to Ilocos Sur is not complete
without spending some time in the
Historic City of Vigan. Known as the
province's capital, this district now
houses an array of attractions that
honor both its past and present. In
particular, the cobblestone street called
Calle Crisologo is considered among
the best tourist spots in Vigan City as
it is lined with ancestral houses that
date back to the Spanish era.
● During the day, it is a bustling hub
filled with stores selling native crafts.
When the sun sets, it transforms into a
stunning dining strip warmly lit by the
street posts. Most restaurants feature
alfresco dining areas where you can
enjoy a nightcap while admiring the
scene. Despite the heavy Spanish
influence in the city, Vigan also fuses
certain practices gained from Chinese
traders who eventually settled there.
This is best seen in the crafting of clay
jars, a practice that locals learned from
Chinese migrants. A number of jar
factories still operate in the city and
follow the traditional method of
molding them by hand.
● UNESCO later recognized Vigan as
the best-preserved example of Spanish
colonial towns in Asia and named it a
World Heritage Site in 1999. In 2015,
Vigan City was also recognized as one
of the New7Wonders Cities.
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (Sulu Sea)
● Off the stunning shores of Palawan
Island, you can find the Tubbataha
Reefs Natural Park, a protected area in
the middle of the Sulu Sea. Palawan
and its surrounding waters have
become a favored destination when
diving in the Philippines due to the
various aquatic ecosystems that thrive
there. The whole island is home to
lagoons and Palawan beaches
containing thriving marine life just
under the surface, such as sea turtles
and schools of colorful fish.
22
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
● The Tubbataha Reef sets itself apart,
however, because it is a great example
of an atoll or ring-shaped reef. The
whole protected area comprises a
100-meter perpendicular wall,
lagoons, and two coral islands.
● In addition, this natural sanctuary
houses large numbers of sea animals.
Its North Islet, in particular, has
become nesting grounds for marine
turtles and sea birds. Scientists have
found around 600 fish species, 360
coral species, 11 shark species, 13
dolphin and whale species, and 100
bird species in the area since they
began visiting the reef in the 1980s.
● Aside from being designated as a
UNESCO World Heritage site in 1999,
the reef was also nominated as part of
the New 7 Wonders of Nature in 2008.
Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
(Ifugao)
● Nestled in the highlands of the Ifugao
province in North Luzon are five rice
terraces that not only serve as sources
of food but as popular tourist
attractions. These landscapes are
located in the municipalities Banaue,
Mayoyao, Hungudan, and Kiangan,
with the Banaue Rice Terraces being
the most popular one.
● As a landlocked province, Ifugao is
characterized by its lush mountain
ranges containing river valleys and
vibrant forests. Thanks to its location
and high altitude, the locals here enjoy
a generally cooler atmosphere than the
rest of the country, making it a more
optimal place to grow crops.
Recognizing this, the tribe members
eventually created intricate
agricultural systems, which are now
known as rice terraces in the
Philippines.
● These landscapes are estimated to
have been around for 2,000 years and
have often been revered as testaments
to humankind's ability to adapt to the
environment around them. The Rice
Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
were named a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 1995 in honor of the
natives' beautiful work and their
efforts to maintain and cultivate sacred
traditions to this day.
Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
National Park (Palawan)
● Topping our list of UNESCO World
Heritage Sites in the Philippines is the
Puerto Princesa Underground River or
Subterranean River National Park.
This karst landscape that features an
underground river measures over 8.2
kilometers and goes through a
limestone cave with beautiful stalactite
and stalagmite formations that
resemble popular statues around the
globe.
● The cave's ceiling is also home to
populations of fruit bats. While the
cruise through the river already shows
the beauty of the area, one of the
river's most notable features is that it
opens up directly into the sea. It is also
one of the most beautiful caves in the
Philippines.
● Aside from Puerto Princesa
Underground River tours, travelers
will also enjoy exploring the
surrounding forests that are home to
an array of animals and fauna. Among
them are 15 endemic bird species such
as the Palawan hornbill, the hill myna,
and the white-breasted sea eagle.
Meanwhile, the nearby coastal waters
have become habitats for sea cows and
hawksbill sea turtles.
● UNESCO designated the Puerto
Princesa Underground River a World
Heritage Site in 1999, noting that the
site contains a full "mountain-to-sea"
ecosystem. Since then, the whole park
has become the top Puerto Princesa
tourist spot and has drawn many
visitors to the island.
● Palawan is also home to other
world-renowned beach and island
destinations like El Nido, Coron, San
Vicente, and Port Barton.
23
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
The Philippines consist of numerous upland
and lowland indigenous ethnolinguistic groups
living in the country, with Austronesians
making up the overwhelming majority, while
full or partial Negritos scattered throughout the
archipelago. The highland Austronesians and
Negrito have co-existed with their lowland
Austronesian kin and neighbor groups for
thousands of years in the Philippine
archipelago. The primary difference[citation
needed] is that they were not absorbed by
centuries of Spanish and United States
colonization of the Philippines, and in the
process have retained their customs and
traditions. This is mainly due[citation needed]
to the rugged inaccessibility of the mountains
and established headhunting and warrior
cultures, which discouraged Spanish and
American colonizers from coming into contact
with the highlanders.
In the interest of clarity, the term indigenous as
used in the Philippines refers to ethnolinguistic
groups or subgroups that maintain lt of partial
isolation, or independence, throughout the
colonial era. The term indigenous when
applied to the Philippine population can be a
deceptive misnomer, connoting alien migrant
populations who have over time become the
majority ethnolinguistic and cultural group in
the land and thereby pushing indigens to the
fringes of socio-cultural inclusion, such as in
the Americas, Middle East, Australia, or New
Zealand. Contrarily, the vast majority of
people in the Philippines descend from the
same Austronesian ancestral populations
indigenous to the archipelago, regardless of
cultural, religious, ethnolinguistic or tribal
affiliations. (Ethnic groups in the Philippines).
In the context of Philippine population, the
term is used to refer to a group of people who
have retained their culture away from the
Christianized lowland culture of Filipinos
whose population, though, overwhelmingly
Austronesian, had partial mestizos, Insulares
and Chinese population, and is characterized
by a hybrid of east and west culture.
Culturally-indigenous peoples of northern
Philippine highlands can be grouped into the
Igorot (comprising many different groups) and
singular Bugkalot groups, while the
non-Muslim culturally-indigenous groups of
mainland Mindanao are collectively called
Lumad. Australo-Melanesian groups
throughout the archipelago are termed Aeta,
Ita, Ati, Dumagat, among others. Numerous
culturally-indigenous groups also live outside
these two indigenous corridors.[1]
According to the Komisyon sa Wikang
Filipino, there are 135 recognized local
indigenous Austronesian languages in the
Philippines, of which one (Tagalog) is
vehicular and each of the remaining 134 is
vernacular. There are 134 ethnic groups in the
Philippines, the majority of which are
indigenous, though much of the overall
Philippine population is constituted by only
8-10 lowland ethnic groups.
Demographics
● In the 1990s, there were more than
100 highland tribal groups constituting
approximately 3% of the population.
The upland tribal groups were a blend
in ethnic origin, like those in lowland
areas of the country, although the
upland tribal groups do not interact
nor intermingle with the latter.
● Because they displayed a variety of
social organization, cultural
expression and artistic skills. They
showed a high degree of creativity,
usually employed to embellish
utilitarian objects, such as bowls,
baskets, clothing, weapons and
spoons. The tribal groups of the
Philippines are known for their carved
wooden figures, baskets, weaving,
pottery and weapons.
Northern Philippines
● The traditional Kalinga dancers.
● These groups ranged from various
Igorot tribes, a group that includes the
Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg, Kalinga,
Kankanaey and Tinguian, who built
the Rice Terraces. They also covered a
wide spectrum in terms of their
integration and acculturation with
lowland Christian Filipinos. Native
24
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022
groups such as the Bukidnon in
Mindanao, had intermarried with
lowlanders for almost a century. Other
groups such as the Kalinga in Luzon
have remained isolated from lowland
influence.
● There were several upland groups
living in the Cordillera Central of
Luzon in 1990. At one time it was
employed by lowland Filipinos in a
pejorative sense, but in recent years it
came to be used with pride by native
groups in the mountain region as a
positive expression of their ethnic
identity. The Ifugao of Ifugao
province, the Bontoc, Kalinga,
Tinguian, the Kankanaey and Ibaloi
were all farmers who constructed the
rice terraces for many centuries.
● Other mountain peoples of Luzon are
the Isnag of the province of Apayao,
the Gaddang of the border between
Kalinga and Isabela provinces and the
Ilongot of Nueva Vizcaya province
and Caraballo Mountains all
developed hunting and gathering,
farming cultivation and headhunting.
Other groups such as the Negritos
formerly dominated the highlands
throughout the islands for thousands
of years, but have been reduced to a
small population, living in widely
scattered locations, primarily along the
eastern ranges of the mountains.
Southern Philippines
● A Moro woman (c. 1904).
● In the southern Philippines, upland
and lowland tribal groups were
concentrated on Mindanao and
western Visayas, although there are
several upland groups such as the
Mangyan living in Mindoro. Among
the most important groups found on
Mindanao are collectively called the
Lumad, and includes the Manobo
which is a bigger ethnographic group
such as the Ata-Manobo and the
Matigsalug found in Davao City,
Davao del Norte and Bukidnon
Province; the Langilan-Manobo in
Davao del Norte; the Agusan-Manobo
in Agusan del Sur and southern parts
of Agusan del Norte; the
Pulanguiyon-Manobo of Bukidnon
Province; the Ubo-Manobo in
southwestern parts of Davao City, and
northern parts of North Cotabato
Province that is also to include the
Arumanen-Manobo of Carmen (N.
Cotabato); the Dulangan-Manobo in
the Province of Sultan Kudarat; the
Talaandig, Higaonon and Bukidnon of
Bukidnon province, Bagobo,
Mandaya, Mansaka, Tagakaulo in
Davao region who inhabited the
mountains bordering the Davao Gulf;
the Kalagan people lives particularly
in lowland areas and seashores of
Davao del Norte, Compostella Valley,
Davao Oriental and some seashores in
Davao Del Sur, the Subanon of upland
areas in Zamboanga; the Mamanua in
the Agusan-Surigao border region; the
B'laan, Teduray and Tboli in the
region of the Cotabato province, and
the Samal. Samal is synonymous with
Luwa'an. Yakan is the indigenous tribe
in the hinterlands of Basilan Province.
In the lowland lives the Sama
Banguingui tribe while in coastal areas
there leave the nomadic Luwa'an. Sulu
lowland areas are also home of the
Sama Banguingui. The Sama or the
Sinama and the Jama Mapun are the
indigenous tribes in the province of
Tawi-Tawi. [2]
Reservation
● The Philippine government succeeded
in establishing a number of protected
reservations for tribal groups.
Highland peoples were expected to
speak their native language, dress in
their traditional tribal clothing, live in
houses constructed of natural materials
using traditional architectural designs
and celebrate their traditional
ceremonies of propitiation of spirits
believed to be inhabiting their
25
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022

environment. They are also ● The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan

encouraged to re-establish their logo is a stylized representation of the
traditional authority structure in human form used in traditional cloth.
which, as in indigenous society were Below the motif is ‘Manlilikha ng
governed by chieftains known as Bayan’ written in ancient Filipino
Rajah, Datu and Loris. script extensively used throughout the
● Contact between primitive and modern Philippines at the time of Western
ethnic groups usually resulted in contact in the sixteenth century.
weakening or destroying tribal culture
without assimilating the indigenous
groups into modern society. It seemed
doubtful that the shift of the Philippine
government policy from assimilation
to cultural pluralism could reverse the
process. Several Filipino tribes tend to
lead to the abandonment of traditional
culture because land security makes it
easier for tribal members to adopt the
economic process of the larger society
and facilitates marriage with outsiders.
● In the past, the Philippine government
bureaus could not preserve tribes as
social museum exhibits, but with the
aid of various nationwide
organizations, they hoped to help the
people adapt to modern society
without completely losing their ethnic
identity.

Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan

● In April 1992, the Gawad sa

Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National
Living Treasures Award was
institutionalized through Republic Act
No. 7355. Tasked with the
administration and implementation of
the Award is the National Commission
for Culture and the Arts, the highest
policy-making and coordinating body
for culture and the arts of the State.
The NCCA, through the Gawad sa
Manlilikha ng Bayan Executive
Council, conducts the search for the
finest traditional artists of the land,
adopts a program that will ensure the
transfer of their skills to others, and
undertakes measures to promote a
genuine appreciation of and instill
pride among our people about the
genius of the Manlilikha ng Bayan.

26
PCTG MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Subject (PHILIPPINE CULTURAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY)
BSTM 1-B| PROF. ARIEL GAJO| SEM 1 2022

27