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ABRASION WEAR CHARACTERIZATION OF

NATURAL STONES SUBJECTED TO FOOT TRAFFIC
AND...

Article in i-manager's Journal on Material Science · March 2017

DOI: 10.26634/jms.4.4.10364

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 RESEARCH PAPERS

ABRASION WEAR CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL STONES

SUBJECTED TO FOOT TRAFFIC AND CORRELATION BETWEEN
ABRASION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
By

B. P. PATHRI * R. CHAUDHARY ** H.S. MALI *** R. NAGAR ****

* Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MNIT Jaipur, India.
** Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern India Engineering College, Delhi, India.
*** Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India.
**** Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India.

Date Received: 25/10/2016 Date Revised: 07/02/2017 Date Accepted: 17/02/2017

ABSTRACT
Abrasion resistance is a property of a marble which gives an indication of the marble wearing quality when it is exposed
to foot traffic. This property is tested according to ASTM C241 standards. Abrasion further helps in determining whether a
marble is economically desirable and practical for floors, stairs etc. For this, 48 samples were selected from different
processing units of Rajasthan and were tested. Regression analysis was carried out to investigate the relation between
the abrasion resistance and the mechanical properties of marbles determined according to ASTM standards. Although,
it is believed that abrasion resistance of many materials are greatly affected by its hardness and it increases with the
increase in the hardness. The correlations of abrasion resistance was found to be highly related with mechanical
properties like modulus of rupture (R2 = 0.96), compressive strength (R2 = 0.94), flexural strength (R2 = 0.96) along with
hardness (R2 = 0.84) while the water absorption (R2 = 0.08) and density (R2 = 0.44) were found to be less correlated.
Keywords: Abrasion, Resistance, Regression, Analysis, Correlation, Properties, Tribology, Ceramics, Hardness.

INTRODUCTION used in deciding and selecting the natural stones for

Most tribologists agree that abrasion is a complex
phenomenon and most of its cost are associated in the
form of wear. Mining and quarrying industries have an
estimate that huge volume of material is lost in the process
of extraction due to wear and tear. Tribology is a useful term
because it includes all aspects of friction, lubrication and
wear. It comes from Greek word “tribos” meaning “to rub”
which inturn means the science and art of friction wear and
lubrication [1]. The prefix ‘tribo’ is used in many aspects like
Tribotest, Tribosystem, Tribometer, sometimes it can also be
used in suffix like Nanotribology, Microtribology and
Biotribology. So, tribology describes many aspects of
science and art of friction, wear as well as lubrication.
Abrasion resistance testing has become a mandatory
technological requirement for selecting natural stones as
building and construction purposes. This property is widely
applications like internal flooring, pavements and foot path
applications. There are different types of wear tests
available such as solid-particle erosion, sliding wear, two-
body and three-body abrasion wear [2]. Wear is said to be
a system response not the material property; the wear
resistance of a material can vary over a wide range of
different wear mechanisms [3]. Wear is defined as a
damage to a solid surface or generally loss of material
occurring due to the relative motion between the surface
and the contacting substance [4]. Abrasion rate of any
natural stone can be expressed as the volume loss to the
specimen surface area. The material loss is directly
proportional to the sliding distance (number of wheel
revolutions) and normal applied load while is inversely
proportional to the hardness of the testing stone. It can be
expressed by the well-known Archard's abrasive wear

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formula (1) [5].
(1)
where,
V is the abrasive wear loss in (m3),
K is the wear coefficient,
S is the sliding distance (m),
F is the applied load (N),
H is the Hardness (Pa) of the wearing material.
Abrasive wear of a material is related to cutting or
ploughing of surface. Both cutting and ploughing are
deformation induced due to material removal
mechanism. Due to which deformation parameters like
strength, hardness and ductility significantly affect the wear
rate. Higher the strength and hardness lower the cutting
efficiency of the abrasives. While higher ductility reduces
the tendency of fracture and fragmentation of flakes
generated due to ploughing. On the other hand, as load
increases the efficiency of abrasives also increases linearly
with load. This causes the higher material removal from the
surfaces of the material and hence accordingly wear rate
increases with the increase in the applied load. Wear rate
of a material decreases almost linearly with hardness. Thus,
wear rate mainly depends upon applied load,
microstructure, ductility, hardness and toughness of
material. At higher loads the effect of hardness is more
predominant as compared to the lower load. Because at
lower loads, only cutting wear takes place whereas at
higher loads both ploughing and cutting wear occurs [6].
For some specific applications of natural stones, they
should meet some specific requirements. These specific
requirements/product requirements are characterized into
three categories 1. Resistance of stone subjected to foot
traffic 2. Resistance to external applied loads which in turn
depends on compressive strength, flexural strength and
modulus of rupture of the stone 3. Ability of stone to resist
different atmospheric conditions i.e., water absorption,
foot resistance and acid or salt attacks. For a construction
industry focus, these specifications are made for selection
of any natural stone to specific application. However, the
acceptable values for these specifications as well as
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standard testing methods are different for different stones.
To decide the suitability of any stone under various loads,
determination of its mechanical properties becomes an
important aspect [7]. The usefulness of any natural rock
depends not only on its aesthetical properties but also on its
technological properties. A stone must meet certain
qualitative requirements to be considered as a
dimensional stone. Dimensional stones are those natural
rocks that can be quarried to large blocks and then they
can be given any size, shape or dimension for a specific
application. Marbles, limestone and travertine are the
dimensional stones. Now-a-days the construction industry
mainly focuses on how long a rock will be able to maintain
its aesthetical and technological properties. Generally
friction, impact or both are the main cause of abrasion.
Load and motion are the main driving force for abrasion
resistance. Some marbles are not very hard and wear
easily on pavement applications. So, it becomes
necessary to determine the abrasion resistance of
marbles. Third body abrasion is mainly studied for stones
and is believed to be the main process parameter for
material removal. A correlation is also to establish between
the abrasion resistance, physical and mechanical
properties of rocks like density, porosity, compressive
strength, hardness, p-wave velocity and tensile strength
through regression analysis and found that abrasion
resistance is directly proportional to the density and
porosity. This mean that, if any stone has density and
porosity then its abrasion resistance will be more. But the P-
wave velocity is inversely proportional to the abrasion
resistance which in turn depends on the mineral
composition, density as well as porosity of the rocks.
Abrasion resistance always increases with the hardness but
the increase is not always linear as suggested by the
Archard. Compressive and tensile strengths are also
directly proportional to the abrasion resistance which
means higher the compressive strength lower will be the
abrasion rate [8]. It is imported to control the loss of material
through abrasive wear. Otherwise, the component may fail
resulting in increased production cost. Abrasion wear is
affected by normal load, sliding distance as well as
abrasive particles angularity. There exists a strong
correlation between the abrasion wear and abrasive
11
 RESEARCH PAPERS

particles’ abrasiveness. In this process, wear mode The rock samples and their location from which the stones
undergoes change from cutting wedge formation and were selected is given in Table 1.
then to shear tongue formation mode followed by A titration test was carried out on the five samples to
ploughing. It is not always necessary that the hardest determine their chemical composition. The test marbles
material resist the abrasive wear. There are no well- were crushed in the form of fine powder and 500 g was
established correlation between the hardness and wear of taken for analysis. Titration is a laboratory method of
the material. This is due to the fact that wear depends upon qualitative analysis which is used to determine the unknown
the operating conditions, type of test, and configuration concentration of known substances such as quartz (SiO2),
parameters [9]. Lime (CaO), Priclase (MgO), Hematite (Fe2O3), Corundum
1. Objective (Al2O3). In titration method, a known volume of titrant reacts
The objective of this work is to find out the abrasion with a solution of analyse to determine concentration. The
resistance of five different marble samples namely different compositions of the marble are listed in Table 2.
Makarana (M1), Bhainslana (M2), Andhi (M3), Sea green
(M4) and Agaria (M5), present in and around the regions of
Rajasthan according to ASTM C241 Standards. By knowing
the abrasion resistance value, the architects, designers
and industrialists take the advantage in deciding which
marble could be used in specific applications and can
suggest them to the customers according to their specific
requirements.
2. Experimental Details
To determine the abrasion resistance of marbles subjected
to foot traffic, five samples of size 50x50x25 mm were
prepared that are found in Rajasthan region as shown in
Figure 2. Stone Abrasion Test Rig TIR – 50M
Figure 1 by sawing. Each sample surface has been made
S.No Marble Name Class Colour Location
smooth and their edges were rounded so that wear surface
remain in complete contact with the rotating disc surface 1 Makarana Metamorphic White Doongari,
Rajasthan
contact. The experiment procedure for the abrasion test 2 Bhainslana Metamorphic Black Kotputli,
Black Rajasthan
was done according to ASTM C241 standards as shown in
3 AandhiJhiri Metamorphic White Jaipur,
Figure 2. Rajasthan
4 Sea Green Metamorphic Green Udaipur,
Udaipur Rajasthan
5 Agaria Metamorphic Milky white Kishangargh,
Rajasthan

Table 1. Different Types of Marble Stones under Investigation

S.No Composition M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

1 SiO2, Quartz 1.36 9.12 3.17 traces 0.01

2 CaO, Lime 51.58 47.74 43.89 47 43

3 MgO, Periclase 0.20 0.7 8.91 16 1

4 Fe2O3, Haematite Traces 1.99 0.3 Traces Traces

5 Al2O3, Corundum Traces Traces Traces Traces Traces

6 Loss due to ignition 46.76 40.20 43.71 37 44

Figure 1. Marble Samples used for Experimentation Table 2. Chemical Composition of the Selected Rocks

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2.1 Steps
The steps for the abrasion test are described below:
·Before the test, the weight of the samples were
0
measured and then they are dried in the oven at 65 C
for 48 hours until the constant mass was reached.
·The samples were removed from the oven and
cooled to the room temperature before testing. The
weight of the samples was measured before testing.
·The three samples of each marble were then placed
into the holding device of the abrasion testing
machine. The rotating disk was then set for 45
revolutions per minute and a normal load of 20N was
applied.
·The face of the sample which was in touch with the
rotating disc was abraded by an abrasive material
under the standard conditions.
·The abrasive material used for testing was white fused
alumina having grit size 80. The abrasive material was
stored in a hopper, fixed over a top plate to feed
abrasives through the delivery pipe.
·The abrasive material was fed continuously into the
abrasion path so that it can remain uniformly
distributed.
·The sample was subjected to 225 revolutions, after
which the machine is stopped automatically. The
abrasion resistance was measured from the weight
difference of each three sample of the same marble
before and after the 225 revolutions.
To determine the abrasion resistance of each marble, their
bulk specific gravity was also determined according to
ASTM C97 Standards.
Calculation:
(a) Bulk specific gravity G = A/(B-C)
Where,
G = Bulk specific gravity,
A = Weight of dried specimen,
B = Weight of soaked and surface dried specimen in
air,
C = Weight of the soaked specimen in water.
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(b) Abrasion resistance Ha = 10G (2000 + Ws) / 2000Wa
Where,
Ha = Abrasion resistance of each specimen,
G = bulk specific gravity,
Ws=Average weight of each specimen (original
weight + final weight divided by 2) i.e W1 + W2/2,
Wa = Loss of weight during grinding operation i.e W1 –
W2
3. Results and Discussions
The main factors that are required to know in predicting the
abrasion behaviour of rocks are its characteristics.
Therefore, tests are performed to determine the physical,
mechanical and mineral properties to investigate the
dependence on their properties. The results were also
statistically analysed to determine the means, coefficient
of variations as well as standard deviations of each marble
types. Many standard test methods have been laid down in
order to determine the suitability of different marble stones
for some specific applications like in construction industry
etc [5]. Marble stones’ technical properties are related to its
abrasion resistance, capability to resist external loads and
low porosity which make it durable under various
atmospheric conditions. The testings of various properties
of marble stones can be done according to three test
standards; one of which is ASTM standards and other two
being EN and IS standards.
3.1 Water Absorption, Bulk Density and Bulk Specific
Gravity Testing
Water absorption, Bulk density and bulk specific gravity
testing of a marble is determined in according to ASTM C97
test standards. In this method, specimens are first heated to
make them dry and then weights are measured. These
marble samples are submerged in water for almost two
days so that they become saturated, after that their weights
are measured while immersed in water and also in the air
while saturated. Water absorption can be determined by
comparing the dry weight and saturated weight obtained
while samples are submerged in water. Specific gravity and
density can be determined by comparing the dry buoyant
and saturated weight obtained in air.
Number of samples = 08 in Nos,
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 RESEARCH PAPERS

Size of the sample = 50x50x50 mm. to the rift planes),

3.2 Compressive Strength Testing (ASTM C170)
Compressive strength testing of marble samples are
determined according to ASTM C170 test standard. The
shape of the samples can be cored as drilled cylinder or as
saw cut cubes. The samples are then loaded in a
calibrated test machine until they get fractured. The
compressive strength of the tested sample can be
calculated by dividing the maximum applied load to the
loaded area of the sample. Usually five samples, in both
wet and dry conditions are used. The values of the
compressive strength are expected to lie in the range of
170-140 N/mm2.
Number of samples = 5 to 10 in number in both dry and
wet conditions,
Size of the sample = 50x50x50 mm.
3.3 Modulus of Rupture (ASTM C99)
Modulus of rupture of marble samples are determined
according to ASTM C99 test standards. A single point load is
applied in the middle of the span of length 180 mm. Almost
5 to 10 samples are tested in wet and dry conditions and
load is applied in both parallel and perpendicular to the rift
plane. This test provides bending strength of the marble
similar to the ASTM C880 test standard but it does not
consider actual thickness as well as external surface finish
of the samples. It also has a shear component and hence
gives higher evident strength of the marble rather than only
the bending strength. Due to point load application, the
failure occurs only under the applied load and hence this
test should not be used for design purposes.
Number of samples = 20 in No (10 each in wet and dry
conditions as well as 10 each in parallel and perpendicular
Size of the sample = 200x100x60 mm.
3.4 Flexural Strength (ASTM C880)
Flexural strength of the marble samples can be
determined according to ASTM C880 test standard. In this
testing method, marble samples are first cut in large panels
or slabs. The load is applied at the quarter point of these
specimens. This load is increased continuously until these
samples get fractured. The maximum load at which the
fracture occurred is recorded and also the flexural stress
that occurred at this load is also recorded. Five samples are
to be tested both in dry and wet conditions as well as both
parallel and perpendicular to the rift plane. During the
testing note, the length of the samples must be 10 times the
thickness. The samples should also have fine abrasive finish
in the tension face. The samples can have different
thickness and surface finish levels as required. To
completely understand the microstructure of marble
samples testing in three orientation is necessary.
Number of samples = 20 Nos (10 each in wet and dry
conditions as well as 1o each in parallel and perpendicular
to the rift plane),
Size of the sample = 350x100x30 mm.
So, according to the testing's done the different physical
and mechanical properties are listed in Table 3.
Regression analysis is a statistical technique for determining
the relationship among the variables. The main focus is on
the relationship between a dependent variable and one or
more independent variables. Regression has many
techniques for modelling and analysis of many variables. It
helps to understand how the dependent variable value
changes while the other independent variables values are

Water Modulus of Compressive Flexural

S. Density Vicker Micro Abrasion Wear (ASTM
Type of Stone absorption Rupture Strength Strength
No (g/mm3) Hardness Standards) (mm)
(Weight %) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
Dry Wet Dry Wet

1 M1 0.04 2.69 15 17 435 85 435 17 22.23

2 M2 0.03 2.72 22 19 450 57 450 21 25.47
3 M3 0.08 2.83 14 17 411 114 411 16 18.84
4 M4 0.07 2.66 42 35 490 194 490 35 78.75
5 M5 0.06 2.84 17 16 415 102 415 15 19.12

Table 3. Physico-Mechanical Properties of Various Marbles

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fixed [10], [11]. It generally provides the average value of
the dependent variable with respect to fixed independent
variable. Regression function is a function of independent
variable. The variation of the dependent variable around
the regression function can also be described by a
probability distribution. It helps to understand which
independent variable is related to the dependent variable.
Many techniques for carrying out regression analysis have
been developed. Familiar methods such as linear
regression and ordinary least squares regression are
parametric, in that the regression function is defined in
terms of a finite number of unknown parameters that are
estimated from the data. Nonparametric regression refers
to techniques that allow the regression function to lie in a
specified set of functions, which may be infinite-
dimensional.
Coefficient of determination (R2) is a number which shows
how well the data fit a statistical model. It is the ratio of the
explained variation to the total variation. Its value lies
between 0≤ R2≥ 1 and denotes the strength of linear
association between dependent and independent
variables. It denotes the % of data that is close to the line of
best fit. If the regression line passes exactly through every
point on the scatter plot, it would be able to explain all of
the variation. The further the line is away from the points, the
less it is able to explain.
P-value estimated is the estimated probability for rejecting
the null hypothesis. Thus it may be considered as the
probability of finding the observed or more extreme. Before
the test is conducted, a threshold value is chosen [12]. It
denotes the significance level of the test which is generally
between 0.05-.010. The regression analysis is used to
determine the correlations between the abrasion
resistance and the mechanical properties of marbles.
Figure 3 shows different scatter plots between abrasion
resistance and rock properties of different marbles and the
regression equations are given in Table 4.
Summary and Conclusions
Abrasion resistance is one of the key consideration
determining the suitability of a marble for applications like
internal flooring and external pavements. Marbles having
abrasion resistance Ha value of 10 or more are
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recommended to use as internal flooring. A minimum
value of Ha 15 is recommended for heavy foot traffic like for
railway platforms, airports. Shopping malls and showrooms.
Although for decoration purposes, whenever two or more
marbles are used, their Ha difference value would not be
more than 5, Table 3 shows the abrasion resistance value of
five famous Rajasthan marble types determined
according to ASTM C241 standards.
From Tables 3 and 4, the following conclusions can be
drawn.
·Due to its high abrasion resistance, M4 (78.75), M2
(25.47) and M1 (22.23) marbles should be used for
heavy traffic manoeuvre's like railway platforms,
airports, showrooms and shopping centres.
·All the five marbles can be used for internal flooring
purposes due to their high abrasion resistance value
(Ha).
·M4 marble should not be used with any other marble
for flooring purposes due to its high abrasion
resistance; when used together with other marble will
lead to an un-even wear of flooring.
·M2 marble(having Ha value 25.47) should be used with
M1 marble (having Ha 22.23) for only flooring
applications as the difference between their Ha value is
less than 5.
·However, M3, M1 and M5 can be used together for
flooring purposes (due to their approximate same
difference Ha values 18.84, 22.23, and 19.12
respectively).
·As the regression values are highly correlated with
modulus of rupture, compressive strength, flexural
strength and hardness the abrasion values can be
predicted, whereas rough estimates could be made
with the water absorption and bulk specific gravity due
to their low correlation.
·More abrasion resistant marbles are likely to have high
compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexural
strength, hardness and low bulk specific gravity.
Future Scope
The authors hope that this research would help architects,
designers, miners, industrialists and government agencies
15
RESEARCH PAPERS

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)
Figure 3. Scatter Plots of Abrasion Resistance vs Rock Properties

Coefficient of who are dealing with noble natural stone marble could
S.No. Regression Equation Determination P-Value
(R2)
take advantage of these in-depth results.
1 AR = 12.91 + 357 WA 0.082 0.640 Acknowledgements
2 AR = 604.1 –207 D 0.440 0.222 The authors would like to acknowledge the continuous
3 AR = -15.1 + 2.18 MR 0.962 0.003 support of CDOS (Centre for Development of Stones)
4 AR = -4.17 + 0.28 CS 0.940 0.006
Research project no- 0290032, an autonomous institute
5 AR = -31 + 3.07 FS 0.967 0.003
supported by Government of Rajasthan for funding and
6 AR = -293 + 0.74 MVH 0.841 0.028
allowing to carry out experiments.
WA = Water Absorption, D = Density, MR = Modulus of Rupture, CS = Compressive
Strength, FS = Flexural Strength and MVH = Micro Vickers Hardness
References
Table 4. Correlation Equations Concerning the Abrasion
Resistance and Rock Properties [1]. K. G. Budinski, (2007). Guide to Friction, Wear, and

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[2]. R. Kuisma, I. Redsven, E. Pesonen-Leinonen, A.M.
Sjöberg, and M. Hautala, (2005). “A practical testing
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[3]. K. Adachi, and I.M. Hutchings, (2003). “Wear-mode
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[4]. ASTM-G40-13, (2013). Standard Terminology Relating
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[5]. Z. Karaca, N. Günes Yilmaz, and R. M. Goktan, (2012).
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Bhargav Prajwal is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur.
He received his bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from SREC, Warangal in 2008 and Master's degree in Automotive
Engineering from Coventry University (UK) in 2010. His research interests include Ceramic Machining, Tool Design, Advance
Manufacturing Processes, Rapid Prototyping and CAD/CAM.

Rohit Chaudhary is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Northern India
Engineering College, Delhi. He received his Bachelor's degree in Mechanical and Automation Engineering from Guru Gobind
Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi and M.Tech in Production Engineering from Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur.
His areas of interests are Production Technology, Material science and Metallurgy, Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer.

Harlal Singh Mali is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Malaviya National
Institute of Technology, Jaipur. He received his PhD (Mech. Engg.) from PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh. His research
interests include CAD/CAM/CAE, Advanced Finishing Processes, Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Micro Manufacturing.

Ravindra Nagar is currently working as a Professor in Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur. He pursued his PhD (Tall
Buildings) from Liverpool John Moores University, M.Tech in (Structural Engineering) from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi and
BE (Civil Engineering) from Malaviya Regional Engineering College, Jaipur. His research interest includes Application of Artificial
Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms and other AI tools for solution of Structural and Civil Engineering Problems, Utilization of
Stone Wastes in Concrete, Metal Composites.

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