Registration Number:

QAC/R63/0216

WRITING CHAPTER II -
METHODOLOGY OF
THE STUDY
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 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

•
Research Design
•
Research Locale
•
Research Participants
•
Research Instrumentation
•
Data Gathering Procedures
•
Data Analysis Tools
•
Ethical Considerations

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 RESEARCH Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
•
The specific procedures or techniques used to
identify, select, process, and analyze information
about a topic.
•
The methodology section allows the reader to
critically evaluate a study’s overall validity and
reliability.
•
The methodology section answers two main
questions: How was the data collected or
generated? How was it analyzed?
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TYPES OF RESEARCH Registration Number:

METHODOLOGY
QAC/R63/0216

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TYPES OF RESEARCH QAC/R63/0216

METHODOLOGY/APPROACH

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 MIXED
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METHOD
•
an emergent methodology of research that advances the
systematic integration, or “mixing,” of quantitative and qualitative
data within a single investigation or sustained program of inquiry.
The basic premise of this methodology is that such integration
permits a more complete and synergistic utilization of data than do
separate quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis.
•
multiple kinds of data are collected with diferent strategies and
methods.
•
gives rise to the concept of triangulation in data gathering or
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collection.

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 ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH Registration Number:

METHODOLOGY
QAC/R63/0216

•
Research Locale
•
Research Environment
•
Research Participant
•
Research Instrumentation
•
Data Gathering Procedure
•
Data Analysis
•
Ethical Considerations
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 RESEARCH
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DESIGN
•
refers to the overall strategy that you choose to
integrate the different components of the study
in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring
you will effectively address the research
problem.
•
constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
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measurement, and analysis of data.

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 Registration Number:

COMMON RESEARCH
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DESIGNS

Descriptive

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 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Registration Number:
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1. Experimental Research
• called true experimentation and often thought of as a
laboratory study, but this is not always the case
• uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship
among a group of variables that make up a study
• effort is made to identify and impose control over all
other variables except one
• an independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects
on dependent variable
• subjects are randomely assigned to experimental treatments
rather than identified in naturally occuring groups.
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2. Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental Research
• attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the
variables
• very similar to true experiments but with some key differences
• independent variable is identified but not manipulated and the
effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable
are measured
• no random assignment of groups but uses ones that are
naturally formed or pre-existing groups

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 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Registration Number:
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3. Descriptive Research
• seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable
• designed to provide systematic information about
a phenomenon
• does not usually begin with a hypothesis, but consequently
developed after collection of data
• analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test of hypothesis
• systematic collection of information requires careful selection
of the units studied and careful measurement of each variable

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4. Correlational Research
• attempts to determine the extent of relatonship between two
or more variables using statistical data
• relationships between and among facts are sought and
interpreted
• recognizes trends and patterns in data, but it does not go so far
in its analysis to prove causes for these observed patterns
• the data, relationship, and distribution variables are studied only
• variables are not manipulated; they are only identified and are
studied as they occur in a natural setting

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DESIGN QAC/R63/0216

5. Exploratory Research
• research design used to investigate a problem which is not
clearly defined. It is conducted to have a better understanding
of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results.
• the foundation for understanding a problem, occurrence or
phenomenon by finding its basic properties. This ensures that a
business finds the right information (such as the variables)
which can be further studied in descriptive, correlational and
experimental research.

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• forms the basis of a research issue on which businesses can set
up objectives and requirements for continual studies.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF
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EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
DESIGN

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 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Registration Number:
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1. Ethnography - a qualitative method where researchers observe

and/or interact with a study’s participants in their real-life
environment. Ethnography was popularised by anthropology, but is
used across a wide range of social sciences.
2. Case Study - an in-depth study of a particular research problem
rather than a sweeping statistical survey or comprehensive
comparative inquiry. It is often used to narrow down a very broad
field of research into one or a few easily researchable examples. The
case study research design is also useful for testing whether a specific
theory and model actually applies to phenomena in the real world.

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3. Historical Research Design - a type of qualitative research that looks

at past events to draw conclusions as well as make predictions about
the future. It studies the meaning of past events in an attempt to
interpret the facts and explain the cause of events, and their effect in
the present events. In doing so, researchers rely heavily on primary
historical data (direct accounts of events, archival data - official
documents, personal records, and records of eyewitnesses) and less
frequently on secondary historical data (information from persons
who didn’t witness the event; e.g. textbooks, newspapers,
encyclopedias).

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 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Registration Number:
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DESIGN
4. Narrative Research Design - a literary form of qualitative research,
narrative research is all about collecting and telling a story or stories
(in detail). Researchers write narratives about experiences of
individuals, describe a life experience, and discuss the meaning of the
experience with the individual. Usually, a narrative research design is
focused on studying an individual person. The researcher becomes the
interpreter of the individual's stories, as opposed to a community.

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Registration Number:
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DESIGNS
1. Convergent Parallel
- collect quantitative and qualitative data at the same time
and analyze them separately. After both analyses are
complete, compare the results to draw overall conclusions.
2. Embedded
- collect and analyze both types of data at the same time, but
within a larger quantitative or qualitative design. One type of
data is secondary to the other. Embedded design is used to
strengthen or supplement the conclusions from the primary type
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of research design.

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DESIGNS
3. Explanatory Sequential
- quantitative data collection and analysis occurs first, followed
by qualitative data collection and analysis. This design is used if
the qualitative data will explain and contextualize the
quantitative findings.
4. Exploratory sequential
- qualitative data collection and analysis occurs first, followed by
quantitative data collection and analysis. This design is used to
first explore initial questions and develop hypotheses. Then,

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the quantitative data are used to test or confirm your
qualitative findings.

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 RESEARCH
Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

LOCALE
•
a term that refers to a specified area and/or subject that is being
studied in a research project.
•
discusses the place or setting of the study. It describes in brief the
place where the study is conducted. Only important features which
have the bearing on the present study are included.

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 RESEARCH
Registration Number:
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PARTICIPANT
•
also called a human subject or an experiment, trial, or study
participant or subject, is a person who voluntarily participates in
human subject research after giving informed consent to be the
subject of the research. A research participant is different from
individuals who are not able to give informed consent, such as
children, infants, and animals. Such individuals are preferentially
referred to as subjects.

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 Registration Number:
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RESEARCH POPULATION/UNIVERSE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

POPULATION (N)
- comprehensive group of individuals,
institutions, objects and so forth with
have a common characteristics that
are the interest of a researcher
- common characteristics of the
groups distinguish them from other
individual, institutions, objects and so
forth
- universe is also used as synonyms to
population.
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SAMPLE (n)
- representative group from a
population
- the small portion of a population
selected for a particular study
- clearly represents the
characteristics of intended group
- miniature picture of cross
selection of the entire group or
aggregate from which the sample is
taken

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DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

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 N =
Table 1 n = -----------------
Distribution of the population
1 + Ne2
Number of Students
Section Who Use e-Module 512
Android Apps (N)
G11 STEM Prometheus)
STEM (Hephaestus)
17
31
= ----------------------------
ABM (Apollo)
HUMSS (Achilles)
48
59
1 + 512
HUMSS (Poseidon)
HUMSS (Gaea)
50
34
(0.05)2
HUMSS (Artemis)
HUMSS (Hestia)
24
20
512
TVL (Hermes)
TVL (Athena)
47
19 = -----------------------------
G12 STEM (Zeus)
ABM (Andromeda)
34
35 1 + 512 (0.0025)
HUMSS (Adonis) 23
HUMSS (Aphrodite) 11 512
HUMSS (Hera) 31
TVL (Atlas) 14 = -------------------
TVL (Demeter) 15
Total 512 2.28
= 225 (sample size)
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Registration Number:
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 Sample Computation Registration Number:
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(3.8 1) (512) (0.5) (1 – 0.50)

4
n = ) (19,999) + 3.841 (0.5) (1 – 0,50)
------------
(0.002 491.65
5
1.2775 + 0.96025
491.65
=
50.90625
= 219.87 or 220

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CHI-SQUARE TABLE OF Registration Number:

VALUES
QAC/R63/0216

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 Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

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TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING
THE SAMPLE Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

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TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING
THE Registration Number:

SAMPLE
QAC/R63/0216

1. Random/Probability Sampling
•
picking the desired sample size
and selecting observations
from a population in such a
way that each observation has
an equal chance of selection
until the desired sample size is
achieved.

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TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING
THE Registration Number:

SAMPLE
QAC/R63/0216

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 TYPES OF RANDOM Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

A. Simple Random Sampling (Draw

Lot/Lottery Method - A researcher randomly picks
numbers, with each number
corresponding to a subject or
item, in order to create the
sample. To create a sample this
way, the researcher must ensure
that the numbers are well mixed
before selecting the sample
population.

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 TYPES OF RANDOM Registration Number:

B. Systematic Random Sampling

QAC/R63/0216

- Systematic sampling is an extended

implementation of probability sampling
in which each member of the group is
selected at regular periods to form a
sample.
- A researcher chooses elements from a
target population by selecting a random
starting point and selects sample
members after a fixed ‘sampling
interval.’
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 TYPES OF RANDOM
SAMPLING Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
Table 2
C. Stratified Random Sampling Distribution of the population and sample
Section Number of Students Sample
- a method of sampling that Who Use e-Module
Android Apps (N)
Size (n)

involves dividing a population into G11 STEM (Prometheus)

STEM (Hephaestus)
17
31
7
14
smaller groups–called strata ABM (Apollo)
HUMSS (Achilles)
48
59
21
26

- the groups or strata are organized HUMSS (Poseidon)

HUMSS (Gaea)
50
34
22
15
HUMSS (Artemis) 24 11
based on the shared characteristics HUMSS (Hestia)
TVL (Hermes)
20
47
9
21
or attributes of the members in the TVL (Athena)
G12 STEM (Zeus)
19
34
8
15
group ABM (Andromeda)
HUMSS (Adonis)
35
23
15
10
HUMSS (Aphrodite) 11 5
- selects proportional HUMSS (Hera)
TVL (Atlas)
31
14
14
6
representatives from each stratum TVL (Demeter)
Total
15
512
7
225

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 TYPES OF RANDOM Registration Number:

D. Cluster Random Sampling QAC/R63/0216

- a method of probability sampling

that is often used to study large
populations, particularly those that
are widely geographically dispersed
- researchers usually use pre-
existing units - researchers divide a
population into smaller groups
known as clusters
- selects proportional
representatives from each cluster

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 TYPES OF RANDOM Registration Number:

E. Multi-Stage Sampling
QAC/R63/0216

- a probability sampling technique

wherein the sampling is carried out
in several stages such that the
sample size gets reduced at each
stage
- researcher chooses the samples
randomly at each stage. Here, the
researcher does not create clusters,
but he/she narrows down the
sample by applying random sampling

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 TYPES OF NON-RANDOM
SAMPLING Registration Number:

2. Non-Random/Non-Probability Sampling
QAC/R63/0216

- a sampling method in which not all

members of the population have an
equal chance of participating in the
study
- sampling method which is most
useful for exploratory studies like a
pilot survey (deploying a survey to a
smaller sample compared to pre-
determined sample size)

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 TYPES OF NON-RANDOM
SAMPLING Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

A. Quota Sampling
- method of non-probability sampling when the samples are selected based
on the probability proportionate to the distribution of a variable in the
population
- a sampling method which is used so that the proportion of samples for each
category will have the same proportion assumed to exist in the population
B. Convenience Sampling
- non-random sampling technique which simply includes the individuals who
happen to be most accessible to the researcher
- an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no way to
tell if the sample is representative of the population, so it cannot produce
generalizable results
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 TYPES OF NON-RANDOM Registration Number:
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C. Judgemental/Purposive Sampling
- type of non-random sampling technique which involves the
researcher using their judgement/criteria to select a sample that is
most useful to the purposes of the research
D. Snowball Sampling
- if the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to
recruit participants via other participants. The number of people you
have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more people.

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 RESEARCH Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

- various methods through which a researcher obtains data

from respondents which will answer the issues/problems of
the study
- can be tests, survey questionnaire (with scaled items, items
checklist or open ended option), interview, Focus Group
Discussion (FGD), observation (with checklist as in skill
assessments), quantitative and qualitative reports/records
- the use of any particular research instrument depends on the
type of data to be collected and the types of research to be
carried out

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 Registration Number:
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 DATA GATHERING Registration Number:
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• the process of gathering and measuring information on

variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that
enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The data collection
component of research is common to all fields of study
including physical and social sciences, humanities, business,
etc. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on
ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same.

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 DATA GATHERING Registration Number:
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• includes the discussion of the series of steps and protocols to

be followed in data collection from the onset of data
gathering undertaking up to its completion.

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 ETHICAL Registration Number:
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• Research Ethics is a codification of scientific

morality in practice. Guidelines for research
ethics specify the basic norms and values of the
research community. They are based on general
ethics of science, just as general ethics is based
on the morality of society at large.

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 PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

•
obtain informed consent from potential
research participants;
•
minimise the risk of harm to participants;
•
protect their anonymity and confidentiality;
•
avoid using deceptive practices;
•
give participants the right to withdraw from your
research.

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 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN •

DESIGNING QUANTITATIVE TOOLS

FOR ANALYSIS

•
Statement of the problem
•
Design/Purpose of research
•
Data gathering instrument

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 Registration Number:
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FOUR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT QAC/R63/0216

•
Nominal Level of Measurement
• The numbers in the variable are used only to classify the
data (code).
• Words, letters, and alpha-numeric symbols can be used.
• Example: There are data about people belonging to two
different sex categories. In this case, the person
belonging to the female gender could be classified as F
and the person belonging to the male gender could be
classified as M.
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FOUR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF QAC/R63/0216

MEASUREMENT
•
Ordinal Level of Measurement
• Depicts some ordered relationship among the variable’s
observations (example - ranking of grades of honor
student).
• Indicates an ordering of the scaled measurements with
no uniform distances between the lower and upper
limits of the class intervals (example - less than 10 scores
and 10 scores and more).
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 FOUR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
Registration Number:
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MEASUREMENT
•
Interval Level of Measurement
• Not only classifies and orders the measurements, but it also
specifies that the distances between each interval on the scale
are equivalent along the scale from lower limit to higher limit of
the class interval.
• Example:
Continum Verbal Interpretation (VI)
3.26 - 4.00 Highly Sensitized (HS)
2.51 - 3.25 Moderately Sensitized (MS)
1.76 - 2.50 Least Sensitized (LS)
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1.00 - 1.75 Not Sensitized (NS)

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COMPUTING THE INTERVAL OF THE

QAC/R63/0216

FOUR-POINT LIKERT SCALE Interval Scale Verbal Interpretation

1 - Strongly Disagree 1.00 - 1.75 Strongly Disagree (SD)
(SD) 2 - Disagree (D) 1.76 - 2.25 Disagree (D)
3 - Agree (A) 2.26 - 3.75 Agree (A)
4 - Strongly Agree (SA) 3.76 - 4.00 Strongly Agree (SA)

4-1
I = -------
4
= 0.75

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COMPUTING THE INTERVAL OF THE

QAC/R63/0216

FIVE-POINT LIKERT SCALE

1 - Strongly Disagree
Interval Scale Verbal Interpretation
(SD) 2 - Disagree (D)
3 - Undicided 1.00 - 1.80 Strongly Disagree (SD)
(U) 4 - Agree (A) 1.81 - 2.60 Disagree (D)
5 - Strongly Agree (SA) 2.61 - 3.40 Undecided (U)
3.41 - 4.20 Agree (A)
5-1 4.21 - 5.00 Strongly Agree (SA)
I = -------
5
= 0.80
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FOUR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

QAC/R63/0216

•
Ratio Level of Measurement
•
The most informative scale as it tends to tell about the
order and number of the object between the values of
the scale.
•
Has an absolute zero characteristic.
•
Has orders and equally distanced value between units.
•
Examples: height weight
5 feet compared to 6 feet. 5o kilos compared to 60 kilos

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SYNTHESIS QAC/R63/0216

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 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
A. Commonly Used Descriptive Statistical Tools
1. Simple Mean/Arithmetic Mean
- the average of the numbers; a calculated "central" value of a
set of numbers
- the most stable value among the measures of central tendency
- describes the characteristic or property of the variable (set)
in terms of its position from the center (on the average)

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 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
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2. Weighted Arithmetic Mean (WAM)
- a statistical method which calculates the average by
multiplying the weights with its respective mean and taking its
sum
- a type of average in which weights are assigned to individual
values in order to determine the relative importance of each
observation

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TOOLS
3. Simple Percentage
- a measure of a portion in relation to a whole
- often expressed in relation to how many of something
there are per 100
f
P = ---------------- X 100
N

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4. Standard Deviation
- a statistic that measures the dispersion of a data set
relative to its mean
- if the data points are further from the mean, there is a
higher deviation within the data set; thus, the more spread
out the data, the higher the standard deviation.

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B. Tools for Testing Hypothesis

1. Independent t-test (Test of Significant Difference)
- compares the means of two independent groups in order
to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the
associated population means are significantly different
- the Independent Samples t Test is a parametric test
(assuming that the data tested is normally distributed)

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2. Dependent t-test (Test of Significant Difference)

QAC/R63/0216

- also called the paired t-test or paired-samples t-test

- compares the means of two related groups to determine
whether there is a statistically significant difference between
these means

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TOOLS DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:

3. One-Way Analysis of Variance (Test of Significant Difference) QAC/R63/0216

- compares the means of two or more independent groups in

order to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the
associated population means are significantly different
- a parametric test, also known as one factor ANOVA and between
subjects ANOVA

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TOOLS DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:

4. Spearman Rank-Order Correlation (Test of

QAC/R63/0216

Correlation)
- measures the strength and direction of association between
two ranked variables
- nonparametric version of the Pearson product-moment
correlation

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TOOLS DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:

5. Pearson Moment-Product Correlation (Test of Correlation) QAC/R63/0216

- a measure of the strength of a linear association or relationship

between two ordinal or ratio variables
- attempts to draw a line of best fit through the data of two
variables and indicates how far away all these data points are to
this line of best fit.

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TOOLS DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:

7. Kendall Rank Correlation Coefficient

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- used to measure the ordinal association between two

measured quantities.
- a non-parametric hypothesis test for statistical dependence
based on the τ coefficient.

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TOOLS DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:

8. Linear Regression
QAC/R63/0216

- a linear approach for modelling the relationship between a

scalar response and one or more explanatory variables (also
known as dependent and independent variables). The case of
one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression; for
more than one, the process is called multiple linear regression.
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TOOLS DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:

8. Time Series Analysis

QAC/R63/0216

- statistical technique that deals with time series data, or

trend analysis. Time series data means that data is in a series of
particular time periods or intervals. The data is considered in
three types:
•
Time series data: A set of observations on the values that a
variable takes at different times.
•
Cross-sectional data: Data of one or more variables, collected
at the same point in time.
•
Pooled data: A combination of time series data and cross-
sectional data.
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TOOLS DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
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TIME SERIES ANALYSIS FORMULA

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TOOLS FINANCIAL RATIOS

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•
a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken
from an enterprise's financial statements.
•
created with the use of numerical values taken from financial
statements to gain meaningful information about a company.
The numbers found on a company’s financial statements –
balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement –
are used to perform quantitative analysis and assess a
company’s liquidity, leverage, growth, margins, profitability,
rates of return, valuation, and more.
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 Registration Number:
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 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Registration Number:
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TOOLS

1. Content Analysis - possibly the most common and

straightforward QDA method. At the simplest level,
content analysis is used to evaluate patterns within a
piece of content (for example, words, phrases or
images) or across multiple pieces of content or
sources of communication. For example, a collection
of newspaper articles or political speeches.
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 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

2. Narrative Analysis - narrative analysis is all about

listening to people telling stories and analysing what
that means. Since stories serve a functional purpose
of helping us make sense of the world, we can gain
insights into the ways that people deal with and make
sense of reality by analysing their stories and the
ways they’re told.

Department of Education-Division of
 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

3. Discourse Analysis - is all about analysing language

within its social context. In other words, analysing
language – such as a conversation, a speech, etc –
within the culture and society it takes place in. For
example, you could analyse how a janitor speaks to a
CEO, or how politicians speak about terrorism.

Department of Education-Division of
 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

4. Thematic Analysis - looks at patterns of meaning in

a data set. It takes bodies of data (which are often
quite large) and groups them according to similarities
– in other words, themes. These themes help us make
sense of the content and derive meaning from it.

Department of Education-Division of
 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

5. Grounded Theory - a powerful qualitative analysis

method where the intention is to create a new theory
(or theories) using the data at hand, through a series
of “tests” and “revisions. It requires going into the
analysis with an open mind and let the data speak for
itself – rather than dragging existing hypotheses or
theories into the analysis. In other words, the
analysis must develop from the ground up.
Department of Education-Division of
 POINTERS IN WRITING CHAPTER II Registration Number:
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METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

1. Research Design
• Choose only the appropriate research design/s.
• Check the purpose of the study, the data to be
collected and the tools to be used for analysis.
2. Research Local
• Focus on the place the business will operate.
• Discuss the significant characteristics/features of the
place which have impact on the proposed business.
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METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY QAC/R63/0216

3. Research Participants
• Identify and quantify the specific respondents of the study.
• The respondents of the market study should be the well
defined target market of the proposed business. Other
respondents are those who are sources of raw information
for other aspects of the study.
• Determine the sample size from the target population of the
market study.
• Discuss the sampling techniques to be used in the study.
Justify why it is used.
Department of Education-Division of
 POINTERS IN WRITING CHAPTER II - Registration Number:

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY QAC/R63/0216

4. Research Instrumentations
• Select the most suited data gatehering tools for the study.
• Refer to the purpose of the study and the types of data to be
gathered.
• Discuss the characteristics/features and parts of the research
instruments.
• Discuss as to what specific interdependent components of the
study the research instrument intends to elicit data or
information.
• Discuss the process/es of developing the research instruments.

Department of Education-Division of
 POINTERS IN WRITING CHAPTER II - Registration Number:
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METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

4. Data Gathering Procedures
• Discuss specifically all the steps to be undertaken before,
during and after the data gathering activity.
• Consider the protocols stipulated in the DLL Research
Manual.
5. Ethical Considerations
• Discuss all the ethical standards that the researchers have
conformed with in the conduct of the investigation.

Department of Education-Division of
 POINTERS IN WRITING CHAPTER II - Registration Number:

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY QAC/R63/0216

6. Data Analysis
• Discuss all the data analysis tools to be used in the study.
• Take cognizance of the objectives of the study, the type of
data gathering tools used and the types of data to be
analyzed.
• Provide the definition and formula of the quantitative analysis
tools. For qualitative data, just provide the definition.
• Discuss briefly about how they will be used and in what
particular interdependent components of the study they will
be employed.
Department of Education-Division of
Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216

Department of Education-Division of Quezon