Q1

Bio-diesel:

Advantages:

-Environment-friendly as negligible amount of pollution is emitted, when

compared to other burned fuels.
-Renewable source of Energy, as it is an oil obtained from fruits of certain
palms, hence we can regrow and produce more the oil.
-Incredibly safe, if spilled or discharged into the environment, biodiesel does
significantly less harm than petroleum diesel and is safer to handle, store,
and transport since it is less flammable.
-Ready to use, as it can be utilized in current diesel engines with no changes,
and it has the potential to replace fossil fuels as the dominant source of
transportation energy.
- Biodegradable, capable of being degraded by bacteria or other living beings
without polluting the environment.
Disadvantages:
-It can affect the food supply, because biofuels are derived from animal and
vegetable fat, increased demand for these goods might drive up prices and
cause a food crisis in some nations.
-Little bit Expensive as lower energy density and the price of raw materials
make biofuels more expensive when producing heat.
-Regional Suitability, Crops with the highest yields cannot be grown in any
location.
-Lower fuel efficiency than standard diesel fuel, On a volumetric basis,
biodiesel has less energy than petroleum diesel per gallon.
-It can damage filters and pipe as it gels up due to low temperatures, causing
damages and having to pay for expensive repairs.
Standard Diesel Fuel:

Advantages:
-Relatively cheap, as There is no sparking as the fuel auto-ignites which
lowers maintenance costs
-Very efficient, Diesel engines generate excellent mileage. They generally
provide a 25% to 30% improvement in fuel economy over other fuels.
-Variety of types of diesel can be used, as different diesel fuels would still
have the same molecular build up and structure.
-Very durable, as they can withstand high compression and usage meaning
less maintenance
Disadvantages:
-Costly to repair engines
-Not accessible in many countries as usage of diesel has depreciated in the
last few decades.
-Difficult to operate in the cold as they tend to gel up as temperatures
become low
-Emits high amount of CO2, causing harm to the atmosphere
-Can be oxidized when stored. Because of oxidation, it can decay in as little as
3 months. Gums and varnishes build throughout the whole fuel system as a
result of this.
Q2
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Q4
b)
Water softening by ion exchange is a typical industrial practice. Water is
passed through columns of a natural or synthetic resin that exchanges
sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions. Calcium and magnesium
begin to emerge in the water exiting the column after it has been in use
for a while. The column must then be regenerated by gently pouring a
concentrated solution of common salt through it; the surplus sodium ions
displace the ions that cause hardness, and the bed of exchanger is
ready to use again after flushing with water. Natural aluminosilicates
were first employed as heat exchangers, but synthetic resins were
eventually substituted. Home water softeners function in a similar way,
using zeolite or another ion-exchange resin in a tank that is directly
linked to the water supply.
Q5

Fraction distillation would be the most ideal process for this type of
separation. This is due to 1,4-dioxane and pyridine having similar but
distinct boiling points where they are 101.1 °C and 115.2 °C
respectively.
The fact that molecules of various sizes have varying boiling points is
used in fractional distillation. The lower the boiling point of a molecule,
the smaller it is. When a combination of molecules is heated, the lowest
boiling compound boils away first. Because all of the energy delivered
into the system is utilized to break intermolecular bonds and form a gas,
the temperature of the mixture will not rise over the lowest boiling point
material in the mixture while it is boiling. When all of a substance has
boiled away, the temperature of the mixture will rise to the next lowest
boiling point, and the process will begin all over again.
The physical properties of 1,4-dioxane include it being clear and
transparent, highly flammable and with a distinctive odour. In addition to
that, the chemical properties of 1,4-dioxane are that is has a molecular
weight of 88.1 g/mol and a density of 1034 kg/m 3, melting and boiling
point of 11.75 °C and 101.1 °C respectively, and it being miscible in
terms of its solubility in water; pyridine having the same solubility
property as 1,4-dioxane, liquid-liquid extraction wouldn’t function ad they
have the same solubility function as each other.
The physical properties of Pyridine are that it is a colourless liquid with a
nauseating odour, highly flammable and corrosive. Furthermore, its
chemical properties include it having a molecular weight of 79.1 g/mol
and a density of 982 kg/m 3, a melting and boiling point of -41.6 °C and
115.2 °C respectively, and it also being miscible, just like 1,4-dioxane as
mentioned previously
Q6