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An Overview of Digital Education in India

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 CONTEMPORARY
DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN
SOUTH ASIA

Editors
Dr. Kanesh Suresh
First Edition: 2022
Price: Rs.850.00
________________________________________________________
Published and Printed By
Krishna Publication House
No.303, YashKunj Apartment, Devbaug,
Anantwadi, Bhavnagar, Gujarat-364002

Printers: Krishna Printers Press, Gujarat

ISBN : 978-93-90627-41-7

Copyright © Krishna Publication House

Disclaimer
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for
research purposes such as criticism, review and annotation, no
part of this book publication should be reproduced, stored, in a
retrieval system or transmitted stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form on by means, electronics, mechanical
photocopying, and recording or otherwise without the prior
written permission. Authors are solely responsible for any sort of
academic misconduct found in their chapters, if any.
 PREFACE
This timely selected collection examines a sudden and
devastating epidemic. Socio-economic theory is examined via an
economic development lens, and it examines a variety of
development challenges. When it comes to economic progress, a
contemporary man's attitude is commendable, even if there is
always the possibility of unanticipated events occurring. It is
argued in this book that pandemics have long-term detrimental
effects on human and economic well-being. Health and economic
consequences of the COVID 19 are uneven over the world, with
some areas suffering more than others. Many people's livelihoods
in South Asia have been impacted as a result of the epidemic,
according to recent figures. The book attempts to examine the
magnetite of the difficulties and the region's rehabilitation in this
chaotic scenario. These research' results and recommendations
might help us achieve a new normal.
South Asia's COVID-19 pandemic is unique in its
depiction of modern South Asian economic growth, but many
other elements of South Asia's development — including capital
creation, planning for development and social policy — are
similar to those in the rest of the world. According to the book
chapter, there are nine chapters that address the most important
South Asian development challenges. In order to fully appreciate
the interconnectedness of pandemic, economic and social
development, it is essential to emphasize the significance of
human and development concerns and their multidisciplinary
nature. This is a one-of-a-kind reference work that sheds light on
how COVID-19 will affect different regions throughout the
world.
My heartfelt gratitude goes out to the authors for their hard
work and perseverance throughout the review process. Moreover,
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the blind peer
reviewers for their invaluable input and their valuable time during
the writing and publication process. I am grateful beyond words
for all they have done to make this happen in the first place.
I am very grateful to my family members and friends, who
wholeheartedly supported me in this venture. Special thanks go
to Krishna publication for their quick and neat execution of the
work.
Bhopal Dr. Kanesh Suresh

May 2022
 CONTENTS

1. Factors Affecting the Formal and Informal Entrepreneurship:

Special Reference to Women Micro-Entrepreneurs
Kajenthini Ganeshamoorthy ….1

2. The Impact of the Covid 19 Pandemic on the Living Standards

of Female-Headed Migrant Workers: Special Reference with
Eravur Pattu D.S. Division
S. Maheswaranathan ….21

3. Unemployment Duration of Youth in Sri Lanka

A.R.P. Weerasiri & G.R.S.R.C. Samaraweera ….37

4. Research Development on Covid-19 Research in Selected

South Asian Countries: A Bibliometric Study
Dr. Vijay Kumar Bharati ….64

5. Management by Objectives (MBO): An Effective Tool for

Organizational Management
Vikas Chowhan, Parashuram Kambale, Channappa &
Rakesh Bhatthad ….85

6. Parallel Fuzzy ACO on Classification Mining

Dr. K. Sankar .…97

7. Employee Loyalty in Service Sector : Fuzzy AHP Approach in

Present Scenario
Dr. Rajesh Singh, Dr. Gaurav Yadav, Bijendra Kumar Pushkar,
Dr. Priyanka Rai & Pragati Srivastava ….110

8. Challenges and Opportunities for Women Entrepreneurship

in Tourism and Hospitality Industry in India
Dr. A. Apsara Saleth Mary …122

9. An Overview of Digital Education in India

Channappa, Parashuram Kambale, Vikas Chowhan &
Rakesh Bhatthad …134
Contemporary Development Issues in South Asia - Dr. Kanesh Suresh
Chapter - 9
AN OVERVIEW OF DIGITAL EDUCATION IN
INDIA
Channappa
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Agricultural Extension Education,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka.
Email : channappa00001@gmail.com
&
Parashuram Kambale
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Agricultural Extension Education,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka.
&
Vikas Chowhan
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Agricultural Extension Education,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka.
&
Rakesh Bhatthad
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Agricultural Extension Education,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka.

Digital Education is a technique or method of learning

which involves technology and digital devices. This is a new and
broad technical sphere which shall help any student attain
knowledge and gain information from any corner across the
country. It is believed that Digital Education in India is the future
of education and learning. COVID-19 pandemic had disrupted the
education system in India. Since the 1st lockdown in March 2020,
all the states have responded to the COVID-19 situation with
speed and innovation. The usage of digital media has been
increased in education.
In this chapter we will going to know about digital
education, basic components of digital education, importance of
digital education, Initiatives for digital education in India, its
advantages and disadvantages, focus areas for future, the future
of digital education and hurdles with digital education in India.
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Contemporary Development Issues in South Asia - Dr. Kanesh Suresh
Digital Education
Digital education means digital learning. It is a type of
learning that is supported by digital technology or by instructional
practice that makes effective use of digital technology. Digital
learning occurs across all learning areas and domains. It gives
win-win opportunities for all, at one side School, colleges and
institution finds the rapid rise in enrolments and added revenue
because of digital education, and on other side students view this
as a flexible and alternate option allowing them to study as per
their convenient time and pace (Gonda and Gupta .2017).
Digital education in India is evolving at faster rate over
the years. It helps the students to learn complex concepts and
theory in easier way through visual effects and graphics, the 3-D
models etc. For example drawing and explaining Electromagnetic
waves on chalk board is difficult. Through use of digital media
it’s easy to explain the things .We can see that the traditional
chalk and talk method in school and colleges has been slowly
changing with more interactive teaching methods as schools and
colleges are increasingly adopting digital solutions. Digital
learning involves more participation from students as the current
generation of students are well-versed with laptops, I-pads, and
smartphones. We can find many government and private players
in the field of digital education like e- Pathshala by NCERT,
DIKSHA by MHRD and private educational platforms like Tata
Class Edge, BYJU’S etc.
Basic Components of Digital Education
Information and communication technology in education
is based on certain pre-requisite and only after meeting out these
basic infrastructural requirements we can move towards
digitization of education. Some of the important components
towards digital bound class rooms are expressed below:
❖ Smart Board: It is an interactive whiteboard developed
by SMART Technologies. It is a large touch-sensitive
whiteboard that uses a sensor for detecting user input (e.g.
scrolling interaction) that are equivalent to normal PC
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Contemporary Development Issues in South Asia - Dr. Kanesh Suresh
input devices, such as mouse or keyboards. A projector is
used to display a computer's video output onto the
whiteboard, which then acts as a huge touch screen.
❖ Class Room PC: Most classes require students to prepare
lot of reports and assignments followed by presentations.
Thus the basic requirement of digital class is availability
of personal computers/ laptops/ tablets wherein large
amount of educational information and data be stored and
retrieves as and when required.
❖ Projectors: Projectors are the basic requirement for
digital class, it helps in displaying on board the
presentations both be teachers and students for imparting
broad based learning. Projectors are hooked with the
laptop and acts as a reflector of information from laptop
to large screen on the whiteboard for visual presentation
before class.
❖ Internet Connectivity: For successful implementation
of ICT in education uninterrupted internet connectivity is
the basic requirement. Thus good internet connectivity
should be ensured so that information can be shared with
others without any delay and so also e-mails and
browsing of study material, research reports, world bank
and other national and international reports can easily be
assessed
Importance of Digital Eduaction
We must be able to use technology to continue in the world we
live in, and this means a digital education is very important for
the students. Importance of digital education can be explained by
the following points:
• Equality: Educational resources are at an all-time low.
Some schools now require students to have a tablet with
them in the classroom and parents are, for the most part,
required to provide these. With the influence of
technology in the world, children need to be fluent in
coding from a young age if they hope to get far in life.

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Contemporary Development Issues in South Asia - Dr. Kanesh Suresh

• Future. The world is already dominated by the digital

industry, and this is showing no signs of slowing down.
People who are important in education should be using
their responsibility as teachers to encourage students to
master technology on all platforms.
• Mobility. Technology can take us anywhere. This isn’t
just about computers. Think about the transport options
from ten years ago and think about how the aviation
industry has adapted to the changes in technology.
Technology can be taken anywhere.
• Convenience. One of the best things about technology is
how convenient it is. If your children are learning from
an early age how to navigate the digital world, they
won’t struggle when it comes to the workplace.
Digital Education Initiatives by the Indian government as
follows:
❖ National Digital Educational Architecture (NDEAR):
During Union Budget 2021-22, the Indian government has
established the National Digital Educational Architecture
(NDEAR) to strengthen digital infrastructure and support
activities related to education planning. It aims to offer
distinct education ecosystem architecture for advancement
of digital infrastructure in the country and guarantee
autonomy of stakeholders, especially states and union
territories.
❖ PM eVIDYA Programme: The PM eVIDYA programme
was introduced in May 2020 to make e-learning more
accessible for Indian students & teachers and promote &
strengthen digital education in India. It aims to converge
all activities related to online/digital education and is
expected to benefit ~25 crore school students. The
programme will also encompass designing unique e-
content for hearing and visually impaired students and
offering radio/podcasts and QR-coded digital textbooks to
school students (Classes 1 to 12) on the DIKSHA portal.
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Contemporary Development Issues in South Asia - Dr. Kanesh Suresh
The top 100 universities were permitted to begin online
courses, provide better learning prospects to 3.7 crore
higher education students and enhance e-learning by
relaxing regulatory framework for distance/open/online
education.
❖ DIKSHA: Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing
(DIKSHA) was introduced in 2017, as a national portal for
school education, to offer school curriculum-based
engaging learning materials to students, teachers, and
parents. This portal supports >18 Indian languages and has
been implemented by 35 states/UTs.
❖ SWAYAM: Study Webs of Active Learning for Young
Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM) was launched in 2017 to
offer an integrated platform for online courses at affordable
costs to all citizens, especially the underprivileged section
in the country. This portal hosts Massive Open Online
Courses (MOOCs) to offer quality education on various
subjects for students (from Class 9-12 to Under Graduates
and Post Graduates).
❖ SWAYAM PRABHA: It is group of 34 DTH (Direct-to-
Home) channels dedicated to broadcasting educational
programmes 24x7, was introduced in 2017. The channels
broadcast new content for a minimum of four hours every
day, and this is repeated five times in the same day for
students to select a convenient slot.
❖ ePathshala Portal: The government launched the
ePathshala portal in 2015 to build a resource store for
educational videos, audios, flipbooks, etc. resources on the
portal are available in Indian languages such as Hindi,
English and Urdu and can be accessed via Smartphone’s,
laptops, desktops and tablets.
❖ OLabs: To offer students lab learning experience via the
internet, the government introduced OLabs in November
2014 for those who do not have access to physical labs.
❖ Virtual Labs: The Government of India introduced a pilot
virtual lab in 2009 and the main one in 2010 to enable
undergraduate and post-graduate students (pursuing
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Contemporary Development Issues in South Asia - Dr. Kanesh Suresh
science and engineering courses) remotely accesses the
labs and enhances their study experience. It offers students
a Learning Management System and various study aides
such as video lectures, web resources, self-evaluation and
animated demonstrations.
Along with these, other digital initiatives taken by the
government include Shiksha Vani for widespread use of radio,
the Central Board of Secondary Education’s (CBSE) podcast,
sign language content on the National Institute of Open
Schooling (NIOS) website/YouTube and Digitally Accessible
Information System (DAISY) for accessing special e-content
for hearing and visually impaired learners, and Free Open-
source Software for Education (FOSSEE).
Advantages of Digital Education
During 2019-20 the India and the entire world were fighting the
COVID-19 pandemic, digital education in India was the sole
source of learning for the students in the country. Some of
benefits of digital education in India were discussed below:
• This initiative has made students not just gain bookish
information but also gain practical and technical
knowledge
• No limitation as to the place of learning or studying. With
digital learning, a student can engage in online classes or
learning anywhere, at any time
• With study material available online, students can take
their time to understand any topic
• Through digital education, learning can be made more
engaging and interactive between the students and
teachers
• Digital Education acts as a supplement and does not
completely overpower physical education

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Contemporary Development Issues in South Asia - Dr. Kanesh Suresh
Disadvantages of Digital Education
• The human touch is missing.
• There is always a danger for de-motivated learners to be
left behind.
• The developing countries lack in proper infrastructural
support like networks, cheaper bandwidth,
availability of working infrastructures, power etc.
• Interaction with teacher/instructor/expert may not always
be possible.
• The role of the teacher is being usurped by the trainers
who may not be an expert in the area concerned.
Focus Areas For Future
To make ICT and digitization of education a success with
more fruitful results in terms of knowledge and learning sharing
following should be the focus areas for times to come in near
future.
• Modern educational technology is less effective when
learning objectives are unclear and the focus of the
technology use is diffused. The schools need to convene a
technology planning team comprising administrators,
teachers, technology coordinators, students, parents and
representatives of the community (community-wide
involvement) to determine the educational goals for
students and types of technology that will support efforts
to meet the goals.
• The team should also develop a vision of how technology
can improve teaching and learning. Students cannot be
expected to benefit from technology if their teachers are
neither familiar nor comfortable with it. Many teachers
fall behind their students when it comes to modern
technology skills and competences, thus making it
difficult to interest, motivate and engage children in
conventional lessons. They need to have experience with
the technology. Hence it is important to provide
professional development to teachers to help them not
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Contemporary Development Issues in South Asia - Dr. Kanesh Suresh
only to learn how to use new technology, but also how to
provide meaningful instruction and activities using
technology in the classroom.
• Longer class periods and more allowance for team
teaching should be built in the daily schedule. Students
may need more than a daily 30- or 40-minute period to
find, explore and synthesize material. Thus more time
should be built into daily schedule allowing teachers time
to collaborate and work with their students. With a
potentially powerful effect of media and the growing
empirical evidence for negative impact of technology on
students, parents should take care to limit exposure to
detrimental technology. They should keep a vigil on what
content their wards are reading and viewing in the name
of online education.
The Future of Digital Education…
❖ Going forward, the government will focus on getting
students industry-ready by evaluating their competencies
and helping them get aligned with industry-based skills.
To achieve this, the government is promoting Indian
institutes and colleges to shift from traditional operations
to digital modes.
❖ The government is also focusing on research and
innovation to identify sectors that can further support and
strengthen digital education initiatives in India. In July
2021, the government stated that space technology (such
as satellite communication) is being used for digital
education in India. At present, under the Tele-education
Programme, 19 states and A&N Islands have been
leveraging satellite communication for beaming
educational content in the digital form.
❖ Indian institutes such as Bhaskaracharya National
Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics
(BISAG-N) is leveraging satellite communication for
beaming 51 educational channels.

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Contemporary Development Issues in South Asia - Dr. Kanesh Suresh
❖ Institutes such as the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
is also leveraging digital platforms to train beneficiaries
(such as working professionals, UGs/PGs, doctorate
students, academicians, school students and school
teachers) on space technology and its applications. In
2020-21, these programmes have benefitted ~2.42 lakh
members. These initiatives are expected to open the door
to more opportunities in space-based applications and
digital education.
❖ Apart from these Developing quality e-content in local
languages, to address the diversity of Indian
languages.Addition of skill development courses, virtual
labs, virtual vocational training.Framing of Online/Digital
Education Guidelines addressing the digital
divide.Developing digital classrooms by integrating
education systems and technology.
Developing framework for assessments in the era of digital
education. Making sure of coherent user experience by multi-
mode access to education through Mobile apps, web portals, TV
channels, radio, and podcasts. To enable “anytime, anywhere”
access and increase penetration, focus will be on increasing usage
of mobile phones were the target .
Hurdles with Digital Education in India
• Internet connectivity to all is one of the biggest
requirements for digital education. This will have to be
achieved by the Government for easy access to
information
• Provision of the devices and technology to the people
belonging from socio-economically weak sections so that
they are not deprived of education
• Training to teachers is another challenge. Only when the
teachers are technically sound, they can conduct the
digital classes

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Contemporary Development Issues in South Asia - Dr. Kanesh Suresh
• Making digital cost-effective should be a key motive of
the Government
• To ensure that Government schools and colleges are
provided with proper facilities for digital classrooms
• Lack of a proper policy on digital education,
infrastructure, content, interaction and multiple languages
Conclusion
Rising participation of private players to offer e-learning
courses, along with the government’s effort to strengthen digital
landscape of the country, is expected to boost digital education
and consequently, empower students, and also offer opportunities
to emerging technologies. There is no disagreement over the fact
that digitization of education is the requirement of the hour in
order to match the educational environment and system
prevailing all over the world. At the same time it has to be
analyzed as to how this system has to be adopted so as to nullify
the adverse impact, of excessive dependence on electronic
medium of information sharing, on the youth and protect them
from behavioral and psychological imbalances. It is the need of
hour that policy makers come up with such system which is a
blend of traditional and modern ways of teaching that is
protecting the teacher and taught relationship along with
promotion of digital education system. Also measures be initiated
that the students do not have access to information which is not
meant for them and may misguide them to wrong direction
propelling unsocial behavior and violence thinking in them.
References
1. Bosamia, Mansi Prakashbhai. (2013): ‘Positive and Negative
Impacts of ICT in our Everyday Life.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325570282
2. Gond, R., and Gupta, R,(2017) , A study on digital education
in India : Scope and challenges of an Indian society.
AIJRRLSJM, 2(3): 12-18.

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 Contemporary Development Issues in South Asia - Dr. Kanesh Suresh
3. Himanshu, R (2019) Digitalization of education in India –
An analysis 6 (1): 160-167
4. Jadhav, Vaibhav. (2011): ‘ICT and Teacher Education,’
International Educational E-Journal, Vol. 1, Issue. 1, PP. 64
– 69.
5. Jha, Nivedita., Shenoy, Veena. (2016): ‘Digitization of
Indian Education Process: A Hope or Hype,’ IOSR Journal
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6. Kamble, Avishkar D. (2013): ‘Digital Classroom: The
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41 – 45
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education-important/
8. http://edtechreview.in/trends-insights/insights/3202-top-5-
digital-tools-that-students-should-try-in-2018
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tools-for-students-and-teachers
11. https://positivenegativeimpact.com/ict/

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