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ABSTRACT
In this study, the thermal and radiation shielding properties of composites obtained using
were prepared using WO3.2H2O powder in different ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%.),
and based on Styrene unsaturated polyester were used as resins. The linear attenuation
coefficients of the composites were measured by the NaI(Tl) gamma spectrometry system.
The attenuation coefficients were also calculated theoretically by the XCOM platform, taking
into consideration the basic analysis of composites and compared with empirical outcomes.
According to the results of XRD and particle size distribution of WO 3.2H2O powder
demonstrated had obvious diffraction peaks and its pore size distribution values were good.
When the thermal degradation curves of the composites are examined, it is seen that the
remaining ash amounts of the prepared composites and the % mass of the prepared
composites overlap. It was clear that the best shielding material in the studied composites was
coefficient.
Keywords:
Radiation shielding materials are used in nuclear applications such as nuclear medicine, space
studies, and collimators. The types of radiation are gamma, x-rays, neutrons, protons, pi-
mesons, energetic ions, electrons, and other ionizing radiation. However, such radiations
endanger human health when interacting with humans. So, each of the particles has its own
energy transfer property and requires special materials and devices to protect against
arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength
electromagnetic waves (λ ˃10–12 m) and so imparts the highest photon energy which cannot
be stabilized by an alpha or beta decays. For this reason, the particle type (alpha, beta) has a
higher input than ionizing radiation ([Knoll et all., 2000; Tsoulfanidis., 1995) 1,2]. Due to the
variety of application areas of gamma radiation, it is of great importance to look into the
shielding materials. Different materials are used to shielding for each type of radiation. So as
to select the convenient type of protection materials, the type of radiation, its energy and the
level of the reduced dose should be taken into consideration. An effective shielding agent is
determined by the interaction between the atoms of the absorbing medium and the impressive
radiation. However, the fact that the material is cheap and easily available is also effective in
its use as a shielding material. Elements that have large mass number and high density can be
absorbed gamma rays. Hence, gamma ray is best absorbed when such elements are used to
absorb gamma radiation. As the mass of the element increases, the absorbance property also
increases (Harrison et all., 2008)[3]. Different materials can be used for radiation protection.
For example, in order to protect from gamma-rays, concrete, tungsten, lead, steel used
extensively. In fact, it is an effective material in reducing gamma rays due to its high atom
number and density (Erdem et all., 2010[4)]. However, lead has a low melting point and is a
shielding material, it is widely used because of its low cost. It has been emphasized in the
literature that tungsten will be a material with the potential to be used effectively and
economically for small shields or collimators. So, it is clear that tungsten will be a material
with the potential to be used in many application areas.( Knoll et all., 2000[1)] In the
literature, some of the studies in which tungsten has been used are given. One of these studies,
using the Monte Carlo method, a copolymer of tungsten and hydrogenated (styrene-
butadiene-styrene) SBS was obtained instead of lead. It was upheld the theory that the idea of
tungsten and polymer blended composites would be the intended shielding material
composites were prepared by mixing tungsten power and polymer and its potential for use in
radiotherapy was investigated(Yue et all., 2009[7)]. In another study, the effects of marble
particles on polyester concrete mixture were investigated. They studied the shielding potential
The main purpose of this study is to prepare with a commercially available polymer
composites high radiation shielding properties and to investigate its gamma ray absorption
efficiency. For this purpose, styrene-based unsaturated polyester composite materials were
prepared with tungsten(VI) oxide in certain percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) and
the absorption potentials of these absorber materials were investigated at different gamma ray
energies.
2.1. Materials
Styrene-based unsaturated polyester resin: Poliya brand Polipol 357-C (6% Co-doped, density
1.06-1.65 g / cm3). Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (Promox brand, Promox P211TX). Sodium
tungstate dihydrate (99%, Merck). Hydrochloric acid (ACS reagent, 37%, Merck Company).
Hydrochloric acid (ACS reagent, 37%, Merck Company). Sodium Hydroxide (ACS reagent,
2.2. Instrumentation
FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin Elmer FTIR Spectrum One-B spectrometer. X-ray
scanned from 2 to 88 2-Theta in step sizes of 0.0130 and scanned at a step time of 148.92 s.
The particles sizes of WO3 was obtained from Mastersizer 3000 (MALVERN) , TGA
600 °C with the heating speed at 20 °C/min under the nitrogen atmosphere. Sample weights
The clear diffraction peaks(Fig. 1) of tungsten(VI) oxide are convenient with previous work
The particle-size distribution of the WO3 was measured using a laser diffraction particle size
analyzer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments Ltd, Worcestershire, U.K.) with Aero S dry
powder dispersion attachment. The particle size distribution was calculated from the light
scattering pattern using Mie theory. The particle size distributions (PSDs), i.e., particle size at
1% (Dv1), 50% ((Dv50), median diameter), 90% (Dv90) of the volume distribution were all
calculated automatically using the Mastersizer 3000 software based on Fraunhofer theory.
(Fig.2)
Firstly, To produce Styrene-based unsaturated polyester resin ( Poliya brand Polipol 357-C (6% Co
doped, density 1.06-1.65 g / cm3) and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (Promox brand, Promox P211TX)
was cured at 700C (Fig.ure 3a) shows FTIR spectrum of resin. Similarly, WO 3.2H2O
nanoparticles was mixed with styrene-based unsaturated polyester resin for an average of 20
minutes at a rate of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by mass. After adding methyl ethyl
ketone peroxide solution as a catalyst, the mixing process was continued for another 10
minutes. After the mixing process is completed, it is poured into 10 cm x 10 cm molds and
left to cure for 6 hours in the standard at 700C for each sample. (Fig. 3b)
The experimental attenuation coefficients for composite samples were determined with a
gamma spectrometry system consisting of a 3" × 3" NaI (Tl) scintillation detector
analyzer. The NaI(Tl) detector which has an energy resolution of 7.5% for 137
Cs gamma rays
(662 keV), was shielded with lead bricks (110 mm thick) and covered internally with a copper
foil (1.5 mm). Also, a collimator setup was used to obtain good geometry measurements and
to protect the detector from scattered gamma rays. IAEA point source 137
Cs (662 keV) and
Co (1172 and 1332 keV) was utilized for irradiation of the composite samples. (Fig. 4)
60
Firstly, background measurement was made. Then, the initial count (Io) was measured
without composite material. After that, each composite material was put between the radiation
source and the detector, and the count (I) was carried out. These processes were repeated three
times. The counting time was 600 seconds for all measurements. Background values were
subtracted from the count values obtained. The mean values of initial count (Io), count (I) and
thickness (x) were substituted in Lambert's Beer Law equation and experimental linear
attenuation coefficients of composites were obtained.
−μx
I =I 0 e
The linear attenuation coefficient varies according to the density of the composite material.
Therefore, the mass attenuation coefficient for the given gamma-ray energy is commonly used
regardless of the physical properties of the composite materials. In this study, theoretical mass
attenuation coefficients were obtained by using XCOM software [12]. (Berger et all.,, M.J.;
Hubbell, 1987) developed by Berger et al. This program uses relative elemental fractions of
composite materials to calculate the mass attenuation coefficients. The density of composite
materials was calculated according to the literature [13]. (Osei-Mensah et al., 2012). Hence,
WO3.2H2O composites were listed in (Table 1). Then, theoretical gamma linear attenuation
coefficient values were calculated by multiplying the density of the composite with the mass
Composites %C %H %O %W Density(g/cm3)
Polymer 67.10 5.80 27.10 0 1.13
Gamma transmission parameters such as the half-value layer (HVL), the tenth value layer
(TVL), and the mean free path (MFP) were determined to support the practical information
composites, by using following equations ((Hesap yöntemi için eski yayılarını refere et
ln❑
❑
❑
❑
❑
❑
In this study, the styrene-based unsaturated polyester resin was purchased commercially and
used as the polymer matrix. Composites were prepared by using WO 3.2H2O nanoparticles in
different ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%). Functional groups containing monomer or
polymers for examples(-OH, –NH2,–CHO, –COOH) make these compounds more excellent
than other polymer compounds and let them chemically bind to each other. Different
polymers or polymeric composites and inorganic salts are included in different radiation
protective materials. In the literature, the radiation shielding potential of some composite
materials prepared with tungsten was investigated. In a study, a copolymer of tungsten and
our study, unlike other studies, polymer composites were formed with strong interactions
between the commercial polymer and the inorganic salt, tungsten(VI) oxide, and these
interactions gave the structure a more homogeneous distribution feature and a more tightly
packed and denser structure was obtained. Particle size and crystallinity (XRD) of WO 3. 2H2O
are demonstrated in (Fig. 1) and (Fig 3a). Both particle size analysis (Dv (1) 0.338 μm Dv
(10) 0.525 μm Dv (50) 1.37 μm Dv (90) 26.1 μm) and XRD analysis performed above have
662, 1172 and 1332 keV gamma energies. The results of the gamma radiation tests were
illustrated in (Fig. 5). According to experimental results, the increase of the tungsten(VI)
absorption potentials of these absorber materials at all studied gamma ray energies. In this
polyester composite materials resulted with the maximum increase in linear attenuation
coefficients from 0.0960 to 0.1803 for 662 keV, from 0.0739 to 0.1206 for 1173 keV and
0.2000
0.1800
0.1600
0.1400
0.1200
µExp (cm-1)
0.1000
0.0800
0.0600
0.0400
0.0200
0.0000
0% WO3 10%WO3 20%WO3 30%WO3 40%WO3 50%WO3
Fig. 5. Experimental linear attenuation coefficients of the composites for 662, 1172 and 1332
Besides experimental results, the theoretical coefficients were calculated for those the
studied gamma energies. The comparison of experimental and theoretical linear attenuation
coefficients is given in Table 2. (Fig. 6) shows the linear regression analysis results
indicating that the theoretical and experimental values were in a good agreement. Both
theoretical and experimental attenuation coefficients decreased with increasing gamma
energy. As can be seen clearly, in all energies, the lowest values of attenuation coefficients
were observed in styrene-based unsaturated polyester and the highest values of attenuation
When the results for this study are compared with the values in the literature (see
Table 3), our results were similar or a little more the data in the literature. For example, Eren
et al. calculated the linear attenuation coefficients for polyethylene- 30% tungsten oxide and
polyethylene- 30% lead oxide composites and found 0.121, 0.129 cm-1 respectively[15].
Verdipor et al. the linear attenuation coefficients of 50% W03 (micro)-silicon resin composites
were found to be 0.140 cm-1[16]. Bagheri et al. linear attenuation coefficients were found to
be 0.133 cm-1 for 30% PbO-unsaturated polyester-nano clay composites by weight[17]. Bel et
al. calculated theoretically the linear attenuation coefficients PMMA/30% CMT and
composites were found to be 0.170, 0.167cm-1 respectively[20]. But as the metal ratio
increases, it seems that the coefficient of our study is higher. We can attribute this situation to
tungsten oxide and styrene-based unsaturated polyester that we used in our study.
Table 2.
Experimental and theoretical results linear attenuation coefficients of the polymer composites
Experimental µ (cm-1) Theoretical µ (cm-1)
Composites
662 keV 1173 keV 1332 keV 662 keV 1173 keV 1332 keV
Polymer+0% WO3 0.0960 ± 0.0082 0.0739 ± 0.0033 0.0684 ± 0.0051 0.0922 0.0702 0.0658
Polymer+10%WO3 0.1068 ± 0.0100 0.0825 ± 0.0069 0.0797 ± 0.0067 0.1027 0.0766 0.0716
Polymer+20%WO3 0.1199 ± 0.0123 0.0912 ± 0.0080 0.0875 ± 0.0075 0.1142 0.0835 0.0780
Polymer+30%WO3 0.1352 ± 0.0155 0.0990 ± 0.0093 0.0989 ± 0.0095 0.1287 0.0922 0.0859
Polymer+40%WO3 0.1648 ± 0.0235 0.1203 ± 0.0135 0.1205 ± 0.0136 0.1555 0.1092 0.1016
Polymer+50%WO3 0.1803 ± 0.0286 0.1206 ± 0.0138 0.1233 ± 0.0144 0.1717 0.1182 0.1098
662 keV
0.1900
0.1700
f(x) = 0.933452784628907 x + 0.00256858565716463
R² = 0.999640414243625
0.1500
µTheo (cm-1)
0.1300
0.1100
0.0900
0.0700
0.0700 0.0900 0.1100 0.1300 0.1500 0.1700 0.1900
µExp (cm-1)
(a)
1332 keV
0.1200
0.1100
f(x) = 0.772216239337728 x + 0.011028008131832
0.1000 R² = 0.982639146481064
µTheo (cm-1)
0.0900
0.0800
0.0700
0.0600
0.0600 0.0700 0.0800 0.0900 0.1000 0.1100 0.1200 0.1300
µExp (cm-1)
(b)
1173 keV
0.1300
0.1200
0.1000
0.0900
0.0800
0.0700
0.0600
0.0600 0.0700 0.0800 0.0900 0.1000 0.1100 0.1200 0.1300
µExp (cm-1)
(c)
Fig. 6. Fig. . Linear regression analysis for µExp and µTheo correlation for (a) 662 keV, (b) 1173
The correlation between the density and the experimental linear attenuation coefficient
with regression analysis was investigated for all gamma energies and shown in (Fig. 7). It can
be seen that the correlation fit is more consistent for 662 keV.
0.2000
0.1200 f(x)
f(x) == 0.0739149473352006
0.0641496705984457 xx −+ 0.00993099925046353
0.00564805712256893
R²
R² == 0.941060606848624
0.926604137115439
0.1000
0.0800
0.0600
1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00
Density (g/cm3)
Fig. 7. Correlation between the density of the composites and the experimental linear
attenuation coefficients for 662 keV, 1173 keV and 1332 keV photon energies.
As can be clearly seen from the (Fig. 8), the thickness of 7.2 cm from Polymer + 0%
WO3 is required, while the thickness of 3.8 cm from Polymer+50%WO3 is sufficient to reduce
the intensity of the 662 keV gamma energy. Likewise, TVL and MFP values for Polymer+
50%WO3 are noticeably lower than the other values of the other composites.
HVL for 662 keV HVL for 1173 keV HVL for 1332 keV
TVL for 662 keV TVL for 1173 keV TVL for 1332 keV
MFP for 662 keV MFP for 1173 keV MFP for 1332 keV
Fig. 8. Gamma transmission parameters of the composites for studied photon energies.
When the results for this study are compared with the values in the literature (see
Table 3), our results were similar or a little more the data in the literature. For example, Eren
et al. calculated the linear attenuation coefficients for polyethylene- 30% tungsten oxide and
polyethylene- 30% lead oxide composites and found 0.121, 0.129 cm-1 respectively(Eren et
all., 2015[15)]. Verdipor et al. the linear attenuation coefficients of 50% W0 3 (micro)-silicon
resin composites were found to be 0.140 cm -1([Verdipor et all., 201816)]. Bagheri et al. linear
attenuation coefficients were found to be 0.133 cm-1 for 30% PbO-unsaturated polyester-nano
clay composites by weight(Bagheri et all., 2018)[17]. Bel et al. calculated theoretically the
found 0.127, 0.138cm-1 respectively(Bel et all., [2019)18]. Mahmoud et al. the linear
0.154 cm-1(Mahmoud et all.,[ 201819)]. Korpinar et al. calculated both experimentally and
composites were found to be 0.170, 0.167cm-1 respectively(Korpinar et all., 2020)[. 20]. But
as the metal ratio increases, it seems that the coefficient of our study is higher. We can
attribute this situation to tungsten oxide and styrene-based unsaturated polyester that we used
in our study.
Table 3.
Theoretical 0.153
Silicon 50% WO3 Experimental - Verdipor et al.
comp. (2018)
Theoretical 0.140
Poly(HEMA-co- Experimental 0.170 Korpinar et al.
Styrene)/50% (2020)
WO3.2H20
comp. Theoretical 0.167
TGA measurement
4. Conclusion
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