Styrene-based Unsaturated Polyester-Tungsten(VI) oxide composites: Preparation and

Investigation of their Radiation shielding and Thermal properties

Berna Körpınar1,2, Buket Canbaz Öztürk3, N. Füsun Çam3, Hakan Akat2*
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45140, Yunusemre
Manisa, Turkey
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
3
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

ABSTRACT

In this study, the thermal and radiation shielding properties of composites obtained using

different ratios of tungsten(VI) oxide unsaturated polyester were investigated. Composites

were prepared using WO3.2H2O powder in different ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%.),

and based on Styrene unsaturated polyester were used as resins. The linear attenuation

coefficients of the composites were measured by the NaI(Tl) gamma spectrometry system.

The attenuation coefficients were also calculated theoretically by the XCOM platform, taking

into consideration the basic analysis of composites, and compared with empirical outcomes.

According to the results of XRD and particle size distribution of WO 3.2H2O powder

demonstrated had obvious diffraction peaks and its pore size distribution values were good.

When the thermal degradation curves of the composites are examined, it is seen that the

remaining ash amounts of the prepared composites and the % mass of the prepared

composites overlap. It was clear that the best shielding material in the studied composites was

styrene-based unsaturated polyester +50% WO3.2H2O with a higher linear attenuation

coefficient.

KEYWORDS

Styrene-based unsaturated polyester, WO3.2H2O, polymer composite, gamma-ray linear

attenuation, gamma-ray mass attenuation, NaI(Tl) scintillation detector, XCOM.

1. Introduction

Radiation shielding materials are used in nuclear applications such as nuclear medicine, space

studies, and collimators. The types of radiation are gamma, x-rays, neutrons, protons, pi-

mesons, energetic ions, electrons, and other ionizing radiation. However, such radiations

endanger human health when interacting with humans. So, each of the particles has its energy

transfer property and requires special materials and devices to protect against radiation.

Gamma radiation (symbol γ), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from

the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic

waves (λ ˃10–12 m) and so imparts the highest photon energy which cannot be stabilized by

alpha or beta decays. For this reason, the particle type (alpha, beta) has a higher input than

ionizing radiation (1,2). Due to the variety of application areas of gamma radiation, it is of

great importance to look into the shielding materials. Different materials are used to shield

each type of radiation. To select the convenient type of protection materials, the type of

radiation, its energy, and the level of the reduced dose should be taken into consideration. An

effective shielding agent is determined by the interaction between the atoms of the absorbing

medium and the impressive radiation. However, the fact that the material is cheap and easily

available is also effective in its use as a shielding material. Elements that have a large mass

number and high density can be absorbed by gamma rays. Hence, a gamma ray is best

absorbed when such elements are used to absorb gamma radiation. As the mass of the element

increases, the absorbance property also increases(3). Different materials can be used for

radiation protection. For example, to protect from gamma-rays, concrete, tungsten, lead, steel

is used extensively. It is an effective material in reducing gamma rays due to its high atom

number and density (4). However, lead has a low melting point and is poisonous(5). Iron or

steel is also a widespread gamma-ray protection material but it is a very expensive material.

Although concrete is a less effective gamma-ray shielding material, it is widely used because
of its low cost. It has been emphasized in the literature that tungsten will be a material with

the potential to be used effectively and economically for small shields or collimators. So, it is

clear that tungsten will be a material with the potential to be used in many application areas.

(1) In the literature, some of the studies in which tungsten has been used are given. In one of

these studies, using the Monte Carlo method, a copolymer of tungsten and hydrogenated

(styrene-butadiene-styrene) SBS was obtained instead of lead. It was upheld the theory that

the idea of tungsten and polymer blended composites would be the intended shielding

material(6). In other studies, high-density radiation shielding polymer-metal composites were

prepared by mixing tungsten powder and polymer, and its potential for use in radiotherapy

was investigated(7). In another study, the effects of marble particles on polyester concrete

mixture were investigated. They studied the shielding potential of gamma rays (8,9).

The main purpose of this study is to prepare a commercially available polymer composite

with high radiation shielding properties and to investigate its gamma-ray absorption

efficiency. For this purpose, styrene-based unsaturated polyester composite materials were

prepared with tungsten(VI) oxide in certain percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) and

the absorption potentials of these absorber materials were investigated at different gamma-ray

energies.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Materials

Styrene-based unsaturated polyester resin: Poliya brand Polipol 357-C (6% Co-doped, density

1.06-1.65 g / cm3). Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (Promox brand, Promox P211TX). Sodium

tungstate dihydrate (99%, Merck). Hydrochloric acid (ACS reagent, 37%, Merck Company).

Hydrochloric acid (ACS reagent, 37%, Merck Company). Sodium Hydroxide (ACS reagent,

98%, Merck Company).

2.2. Instrumentation

FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin Elmer FTIR Spectrum One-B spectrometer. X-ray

diffraction analyses (PANALYTICAL Empyrean diffractometer), and the samples were

scanned from 2 to 88 2-Theta in step sizes of 0.0130 and scanned at a step time of 148.92 s.

The particles sizes of WO3 were obtained from Mastersizer 3000 (MALVERN), TGA

measurements of composites were made on PerkinElmer Diamond TA/TGA between 30 and

600 °C with the heating speed at 20 °C/min under the nitrogen atmosphere. Sample weights

were taken between 8 and 10 mg.

2.3. Preparation of WO3.2H2O

WO3.2H2O was synthesized according to the Mecheri procedure(10).

2.4. The crystallinity of WO3. 2H2O

The clear diffraction peaks(Figure 1) of tungsten(VI) oxide are convenient with previous

work in the literature(11).

 Figure 1. XRD spectra of WO3. 2H2O

2.5. Particle size distribution of WO3. 2H2O

The particle-size distribution of the WO3 was measured using a laser diffraction particle size

analyzer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments Ltd, Worcestershire, U.K.) with Aero S dry

powder dispersion attachment. The particle size distribution was calculated from the light

scattering pattern using the Mie theory. The particle size distributions (PSDs), i.e., particle

size at 1% (Dv1), 50% ((Dv50), median diameter), 90% (Dv90) of the volume distribution

were all calculated automatically using the Mastersizer 3000 software based on Fraunhofer

theory.

Figure 2. Particle size distribution of WO3.2H2O

2.6. Composite preparation

Firstly, To produce styrene-based unsaturated polyester resin ( Poliya brand Polipol 357-C (6% Co-

doped, density 1.06-1.65 g / cm3) and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (Promox brand, Promox P211TX)

was cured at 700C Figure 3a shows FTIR spectrum of resin, composite and WO3.2H2O. .

Similarly, WO3.2H2O nanoparticles was mixed with styrene-based unsaturated polyester resin

for an average of 20 minutes at a rate of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by mass. After

adding methyl ethyl ketone peroxide solution as a catalyst, the mixing process was continued
for another 10 minutes. After the mixing process is completed, it is poured into 10 cm x 10

cm molds and left to cure for 6 hours in the standard at 700C for each sample. (Figure 3b)

Figure 3a. FTIR spectrum of resin, composite, and WO3.2H2O.

 Figure 3b. Preparation of polymer composites

2.7. Measurements of gamma-ray attenuation coefficients

The experimental attenuation coefficients for composite samples were determined with a

gamma spectrometry system consisting of a 3" × 3" NaI (Tl) scintillation detector

(CANBERRA) combined with electronic equipment and a PC-based multi-channel pulse

analyzer. The NaI(Tl) detector which has an energy resolution of 7.5% for 137
Cs gamma rays

(662 keV), was shielded with lead bricks (110 mm thick) and covered internally with a copper

foil (1.5 mm). Also, a collimator setup was used to obtain good geometry measurements and

to protect the detector from scattered gamma rays. IAEA point source 137
Cs (662 keV) and

Co (1172 and 1332 keV) were utilized for irradiation of the composite samples. (Figure 4)
60

Figure 4. Experimental design of gamma spectrometry system

Firstly, background measurement was made. Then, the initial count (Io) was measured
without composite material. After that, each composite material was put between the radiation
source and the detector, and the count (I) was carried out. These processes were repeated three
times. The counting time was 600 seconds for all measurements. Background values were
subtracted from the count values obtained. The mean values of initial count (Io), count (I),
and thickness (x) were substituted in Lambert's Beer Law equation and experimental linear
attenuation coefficients of composites were obtained.

−μx
I =I 0 e

2.8. Theoretical linear attenuation coefficients

The linear attenuation coefficient varies according to the density of the composite material.

Therefore, the mass attenuation coefficient for the given gamma-ray energy is commonly used

regardless of the physical properties of the composite materials. In this study, theoretical mass

attenuation coefficients were obtained by using XCOM software (12) developed by Berger et

al. This program uses relative elemental fractions of composite materials to calculate the mass

attenuation coefficients. The density of composite materials was calculated according to the

literature (13). Hence, the relative elemental fractions and densities of styrene-based

unsaturated polyester-WO3.2H2O composites were listed in Table 1. Then, theoretical gamma

linear attenuation coefficient values were calculated by multiplying the density of the

composite with the mass attenuation coefficients (14).

Table 1. The elemental fractions and densities of the obtained composites.

Composites %C %H %O %W Density(g/cm3)
Polymer 67.10 5.80 27.10 0 1.13

Polymer + 60.39 5.22 26.46 7.92 1.23

%10 WO3

Polymer + 53.68 4.64 25.83 15.54 1.36

%20 WO3

Polymer + 46.97 4.06 25.20 23.76 1.51

%30 WO3

Polymer + 40.26 3.48 24.56 36.68 1.70

%40 WO3

Polymer + 33.55 2.90 23.93 39.61 1.95

%50 WO3

2.9. Gamma transmission parameters

Gamma transmission parameters such as the half-value layer (HVL), the tenth value layer

(TVL), and the mean free path (MFP) were determined to support the practical information

for radiation shielding capacity of styrene-based unsaturated polyester-WO3.2H2O

composites, by using the following equations(15)

ln2
HVL=
μ

ln 10
TVL=
μ

1
MFP=
μ

3. Result and Discussion

In this study, the styrene-based unsaturated polyester resin was purchased commercially and

used as the polymer matrix. Composites were prepared by using WO 3.2H2O nanoparticles in

different ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%). Functional groups containing monomer or

polymers for example (-OH, –NH2,–CHO, –COOH) make these compounds more excellent

than other polymer compounds and let them chemically bind to each other. Different

polymers or polymeric composites and inorganic salts are included in different radiation

protective materials. In the literature, the radiation shielding potential of some composite

materials prepared with tungsten was investigated. In a study, a copolymer of tungsten and

hydrogenated (styrene-butadiene-styrene) SBS was obtained It was theoretically reported that

it is an effective material against electron irradiation in radiotherapy. Another study is the

investigation of unsaturated polyester-based polymer composite radiation shields. Even so, in

our study, unlike other studies, polymer composites were formed with strong interactions

between the commercial polymer and the inorganic salt, tungsten (VI) oxide, and these

interactions gave the structure a more homogeneous distribution feature and a more tightly

packed and denser structure was obtained. Particle size and crystallinity (XRD) of WO 3. 2H2O

are demonstrated in Figure 1. and Figure 3a. Both particle size analysis (Dv (1) 0.338 μm Dv

(10) 0.525 μm Dv (50) 1.37 μm Dv (90) 26.1 μm) and XRD analysis performed above have

confirmed that tungsten oxide is nanostructured.

The experimental linear attenuation coefficients of the composites were measured for

662, 1172, and 1332 keV gamma energies. The results of the gamma radiation tests were

illustrated in Figure 5. According to experimental results, the increase of the tungsten(VI)

oxide amount in styrene-based unsaturated polyester composite materials developed the

absorption potentials of these absorber materials at all studied gamma-ray energies. In this

regard, the addition of tungsten(VI) oxide at 50 wt. % into styrene-based unsaturated

polyester composite materials resulted in the maximum increase in linear attenuation

coefficients from 0.0960 to 0.1803 for 662 keV, from 0.0739 to 0.1206 for 1173 keV, and

0.0684 to 0.1233 for 1332 keV.

 0.2000
0.1800
0.1600
0.1400
0.1200
µExp (cm-1)

0.1000
0.0800
0.0600
0.0400
0.0200
0.0000
0% WO3 10%WO3 20%WO3 30%WO3 40%WO3 50%WO3

662 1173 1332

Figure 5. Experimental linear attenuation coefficients of the composites for 662, 1172, and

1332 keV gamma energies.

Besides experimental results, the theoretical coefficients were calculated for the

studied gamma energies. The comparison of experimental and theoretical linear attenuation

coefficients is given in Table 2. Figure 6 shows the linear regression analysis results

indicating that the theoretical and experimental values were in good agreement. Both

theoretical and experimental attenuation coefficients decreased with increasing gamma

energy. As can be seen, in all energies, the lowest values of attenuation coefficients were

observed in styrene-based unsaturated polyester and the highest values of attenuation

coefficients were observed in styrene-based unsaturated polyester-50% WO3 composites.

Table 2. Experimental and theoretical results linear attenuation coefficients of the polymer

composites
 Experimental µ (cm-1) Theoretical µ (cm-1)
Composites
662 keV 1173 keV 1332 keV 662 keV 1173 keV 1332 keV

Polymer+0% WO3 0.0960 ± 0.0082 0.0739 ± 0.0033 0.0684 ± 0.0051 0.0922 0.0702 0.0658

Polymer+10%WO3 0.1068 ± 0.0100 0.0825 ± 0.0069 0.0797 ± 0.0067 0.1027 0.0766 0.0716

Polymer+20%WO3 0.1199 ± 0.0123 0.0912 ± 0.0080 0.0875 ± 0.0075 0.1142 0.0835 0.0780

Polymer+30%WO3 0.1352 ± 0.0155 0.0990 ± 0.0093 0.0989 ± 0.0095 0.1287 0.0922 0.0859

Polymer+40%WO3 0.1648 ± 0.0235 0.1203 ± 0.0135 0.1205 ± 0.0136 0.1555 0.1092 0.1016

Polymer+50%WO3 0.1803 ± 0.0286 0.1206 ± 0.0138 0.1233 ± 0.0144 0.1717 0.1182 0.1098

662 keV
0.1900

0.1700
f(x) = 0.933452784628907 x + 0.00256858565716463
R² = 0.999640414243625
0.1500
µTheo (cm-1)

0.1300

0.1100

0.0900

0.0700
0.0700 0.0900 0.1100 0.1300 0.1500 0.1700 0.1900
µExp (cm-1)

(a)
 1332 keV
0.1200

0.1100
f(x) = 0.772216239337728 x + 0.011028008131832
0.1000
R² = 0.982639146481064
µTheo (cm-1)

0.0900

0.0800

0.0700

0.0600
0.0600 0.0700 0.0800 0.0900 0.1000 0.1100 0.1200 0.1300
µExp (cm-1)

(b)

1173 keV
0.1300

0.1200

0.1100 f(x) = 0.956754946992543 x − 0.00203145522635316

R² = 0.975052055481448
µTheo (cm-1)

0.1000

0.0900

0.0800

0.0700

0.0600
0.0600 0.0700 0.0800 0.0900 0.1000 0.1100 0.1200 0.1300
µExp (cm-1)

(c)

Figure 6. Linear regression analysis for µExp and µTheo correlation for (a) 662 keV, (b) 1173

keV, and (c) 1332 keV.

The correlation between the density and the experimental linear attenuation coefficient

with regression analysis was investigated for all gamma energies and shown in Figure 7. It can

be seen that the correlation fit is more consistent for 662 keV.
 0.2000

0.1800 f(x) = 0.112994595447552 x − 0.0286905597853959

R² = 0.985011710379918
0.1600
µExp (cm-1) 0.1400

0.1200 f(x)
f(x) == 0.0739149473352006
0.0641496705984457 xx −+ 0.00993099925046353
0.00564805712256893
R²
R² == 0.941060606848624
0.926604137115439
0.1000

0.0800

0.0600
1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00
Density (g/cm3)

Figure 7. Correlation between the density of the composites and the experimental linear

attenuation coefficients for 662 keV, 1173 keV, and 1332 keV photon energies.

As can be seen from Figure 8, the thickness of 7.2 cm from Polymer+0% WO 3 is

required, while the thickness of 3.8 cm from Polymer+50%WO3 is sufficient to reduce the

intensity of the 662 keV gamma energy. Likewise, TVL and MFP values for

Polymer+50%WO3 are noticeably lower than the other values of the other composites.

Gamma Transmission Parameters

40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0% WO3 10%WO3 20%WO3 30%WO3 40%WO3 50%WO3

HVL for 662 keV HVL for 1173 keV HVL for 1332 keV
TVL for 662 keV TVL for 1173 keV TVL for 1332 keV
MFP for 662 keV MFP for 1173 keV MFP for 1332 keV

Figure 8. Gamma transmission parameters of the composites for studied photon energies.
 When the results for this study are compared with the values in the literature (see

Table 3), our results were similar or a little more the data in the literature. For example, Eren

et al. calculated the linear attenuation coefficients for polyethylene- 30% tungsten oxide and

polyethylene- 30% lead oxide composites and found 0.121, 0.129 cm-1 respectively(16).

Verdipor et al. the linear attenuation coefficients of 50% W03 (micro)-silicon resin composites

were found to be 0.140 cm-1(17). Bagheri et al. linear attenuation coefficients were found to

be 0.133 cm-1 for 30% PbO-unsaturated polyester-nano clay composites by weight(18). Bel et

al. calculated theoretically the linear attenuation coefficients PMMA/30% CMT and

PMMA/40%CMT composites and found 0.127, 0.138cm-1 respectively(19). Mahmoud et al.

the linear attenuation coefficients of HD-PE/50% PbO composites were found to be

experimentally 0.154 cm-1(20). Korpinar et al. calculated both experimentally and

theoretically, the linear attenuation coefficients of Poly(HEMA-co-Styrene)/50% WO3.2H20

composites were found to be 0.170, 0.167cm-1 respectively(15). But as the metal ratio

increases, it seems that the coefficient of our study is higher. We can attribute this situation to

tungsten oxide and styrene-based unsaturated polyester that we used in our study.

Table 3. Comparison of linear attenuation coefficients with some references

Composites Experimental Linear References

Theoretical Attenuation
Coefficients
µ(cm-1)
137
Cs
(662 keV)
Styrene-based Experimental 0.1352 This study
unsaturated polyester
30% WO3 comp. Theoretical 0.1287
Unsaturated Experimental - K. Bagheri et al.
polyester/nanoclay/30 (2018)
% PbO comp. Theoretical 0.133
PE/30% WO3 comp. Experimental - E.Eren Belgin et
al. (2015)
 Theoretical 0.121
PE/30% PbO comp. Experimental - E.Eren Belgin et
al. (2015)
Theoretical 0.129
PMMA/30% CMT Experimental - Bel et al. (2019)
Comp.
Colemanite Theoretical 0.127
(Ca2B6O11⋅5H2O)
Styrene-based Experimental 0.1648 This study
unsaturated polyester
40% WO3 comp. Theoretical 0.1555

PMMA/40% CMT Experimental - Bel et al.

Comp. (2019)
Colemanite Theoretical 0.138
(Ca2B6O11⋅5H2O)
Styrene-based Experimental 0.1803 This Study
unsaturated polyester
50% WO3 comp.
Theoretical 0.1717
HD-PE/50% PbO Experimental 0.154 Mahmoud
comp. et al. (2018)

Theoretical 0.153
Silicon 50% WO3 Experimental - Verdipor et al.
comp. (2018)

Theoretical 0.140
Poly(HEMA-co- Experimental 0.170 Korpinar et al.
Styrene)/50% (2020)
WO3.2H20
comp. Theoretical 0.167

TGA measurement

TGA measurements of styrene-based unsaturated polyesters and composites were performed

between 30 degrees Celsius and 6000C, taking samples of 8-10 milligrams with a heating rate
of 20 degrees Celsius (Figure 9). TGA measurements of Polymer-Composites were found to
be compatible compared to the remaining metal percentages. For example, the percentage of
metal at 600 0C of a polymer tungsten oxide sample prepared as 20% is about 16%, while the
theoretically calculated value is 15.54 %( Table 1). Figure 9 shows that styrene-based
unsaturated polyesters are degraded in 2 stages. the stage of one is around 220 0C, while the
second decay is around 325 0C
 Figure 9. TGA measurement of polymer composites

4. Conclusion

Commercially available the styrene-based unsaturated polyester resin tungsten(VI)

composites up to 50%wt were prepared effectively. After that, the styrene-based unsaturated
polyester resin was obtained by hand-up technique. Then the polymer composites were
transferred into the cups and were cured between 80 and 85 °C. Neither the peak shift nor the
disappearance of peaks was seen in the XRD and FTIR analysis. Particle size and crystallinity
(XRD) of WO3. 2H2O confirmed the nanostructure of tungsten oxide. The obtained results on
linear gamma attenuation pointed out that the shielding property increased directly
proportional to the amount of tungsten(VI) oxide.

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