Wesley Powell Learning Resource Centre

APA
In your research paper, cite works of individuals who have
7thEdition directly influenced your work. These provide support to your
Citation agruments presented
and In-Text Citation is
used to Refer Sources
Referencing in the body of your The general in-text citation form, list the author and Each in-text citation must
date, e.g. (Malcolm, 2014) used at the end of an idea or have a corresponding
Guide research paper. Malcolm (2014) used as part of the narrative reference entry in the
It is used to avoid Reference List
Plagiarism
Avoid 1. Overcitation Personal Communication Where multiple versions
- Distracting & 2. is only cited in text of a work exist, cite the
because the source is version used. As best as
Undercitation - may unrecoverable. No possible used and cite the prefer to cite
lead to plagiarism reference list entry final published version primary/original sources.
necessary Cite secondary sources
sparingly.
Citation
 Cite a primary source
within a secondary
source (source within a
source) by identifying the
primary source first then
cite secondary source
E.g.If you read a work
Ensure that a reference list entry
by Neuman in which is provided for the secondary
Fleming was cited it
source in the Reference List as the
would be written as, secondary source is what was read
(Fleming, as cited in
not the primary source.
Neuman, 1995)

Direct quotation used in

in-text citation require the For works with unknown author,
author, year and page include the title and year in the in-text
number of the source When citing multiple works citation. E.g. (Interpersonal
from which the quote was in the same parenthesis , Relationships, 2019) Title is listed in
taken. E.g. (Field, 2005, p. arrange them the author's position in the Reference
14). 'p.' indicates a single alphabetically, e.g. (Adams List as well. Italicize the title in in-text
page. 'pp.' indicates et.al, 2019; Shumaway catation if it is italicized in the
&Shulman 2015; reference, if not italicized in the
multiple pages. Use Westinghouse 2017)
paragraph numbers reference, use double quataions
where there are no page around the title in the in-text citation
numbers (para. 3)

Translated,reprinted, republished
and reissued works contain two
dates in in-text citation . The year
of the publication of the original
work and the year of the
publication of the translation.
reprint, etc. The years are
separated with a slash '/'. E.g.
(Freud, 1900/2010)
You can abbreviate the name of a
group author if the author is well
known. E.g. American
Psychological Association (APA).
Provide the group name in full on
the first mention (see APA
MAnual 7th section 8.1 , p. 268 for
variations) .
Incorporate short quotation in
text, incorpate quotation marks
and include full citation. Quotation
with 40 words or more should be
treated as a block quotation (see
APA Manual 7th, section 8.27).
Basic In-text Citation Style
Author Type
One Author
Two Authors
Three or more Authors
Group Author with abbreviation
First citation -Define the
abbreviation for a group author
only once in text. You may choose
to use the parenthetical in-text
citation or the narrative thereafter
Subsequent citation
Group Author without
Abbreviation
Parenthetical Citation Narrative
(Wildemuth, 2020) Wildemuth (2020)
(Malcolm & Mendoza, 2012) Malcolm and Mendoza (2012)
(Hixon, et al., 2020) Hixon et al. (2020)
(Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN), 2019) Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN), 2019)
(University of the West Indies (UWI), 2020) University of the West Indies (UWI), 2020
STATIN (2019)
(STATIN, 2019)
UWI (2020)
(UWI, 2020)
(Stanford University, 2020) Stanford University (2020)
 Reference Entry for each Citation Entries are alphabetized

Hixon, T.J., Wesimer, G., Hoit, J. D. (2020). Preclinical speech science: Anatomy, physiology, acoustics and perception (3rded.). Plural publishing Inc.

Malcolm, Z. & Mendoza P. (2014). Afro-Caribbean international students’ ethnic identity development: Fluidity, intersectionality, agency and

Entry with
performativity. Journal of College Student Development (55)6, 595 – 614. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285435139_Afro-
URL

Caribbean_International_Students'_Ethnic_Identity_Development_Fluidity_Intersectionality_Agency_and_Performativity

Statistical Institute of Jamaica. (2019). The report on the Jamaica survey of establishments 2018. Planning Institute of Jamaica.

Wildemuth, B. (2020). The urgency and importance of an active information seeking task influence the interruption of information encountering
Title of article Entry with DOI
episodes. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 15(4), 167-170. https://doi.org/10.18438/eblip29785 (Digital Object
Identifier)

Journal Title Volume and issue

numbers

Page numbers
 Reference Entry List with Different Types of Resources
Entries with hanging Start reference list on a new page; ‘References’
indentation; the lines following should be bold and centred at the top of page. Source with
the first line should be Entries should be alphabetized; for each in-text Organizational
indented half inch
citation there should be a reference entry. See References author
example above.

American Association of University Professors. (2018, October 11). Data snapshot: Contingent faculty in US higher ed. AAUP Updates.

Website Journal Title / Title of source

https://www.aaup.org/news/datasnapshotcontingent-faculty-us-higher-ed#.Xfpdmy2ZNR4 is italicized
name

Boysen, G.A. (2015a). Preventing the overinterpretation of small mean differences in student evaluations of teaching: An evaluation of warning effectiveness. Scholarship of

Works by the same author with the same publication year

Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 1(4), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000042
are labeled using common letters

Boysen, G.A. (2015b). Significant interpretation of small mean differences in student evaluations of teaching despite explicit warning to avoid overinterpretations. Scholarship of

Teaching and Learning in Psychology,1(2), 150-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2013.860950 Editor/s (Eds.) is listed after
the title
Cashin, W. E. (1990). Students do rate different academic fields differently. In M. Theall, & J. L. Franklin (Eds.), Student ratings of instruction: Issues for improving practice. New Directions for

Teaching and Learning (pp. 113–121). Chapter in an edited collection

Davis, B. G. (2009). Tools for teaching (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Printed book
with edition
 Two author
work; printed Title of the source is italicized
book

Diamandis, P. H. & Kotler, S. (2020). The future is faster than you think: How converging technologies are transforming business, industries, and our lives. Simon and Schuster.

Work with three authors Volume& issue number

Dewar, J. M. (2011). Helping stakeholders understand the limitations of SRT data: Are we doing enough? Journal of Faculty Development, 25(3), 40–44. Print Journal

Online journal

Dommeyer, C. J., Baum, P., & Hanna, R. W. (2002). College students’ attitudes toward methods of collecting teaching evaluations: In-class versus on-line. Journal of Education for
Business, 78(1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320209599691
Scholarly works require DOI or stable URLs once available

Hutchinson, G. & Harris, Donald J. H. (Ed.).(2012). A growth inducement strategy for Jamaica in the short and medium term. Planning Institute of Jamaica.

Edited work
Print Book; only the
name of the publisher
Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D., & Sechrest, L. (1966).Unobtrusive measures: Nonreactive research in the social sciences. Rand McNally is required “Rand
McNally”
Types of Audio-Visual material
Person or Group who
YouTube Video
uploaded the video

Be Amazed. (2019, March 15). Most tourist destination in the world [Video].Youtube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPEvkaHYrSQ

Square brackets
Film /Video includes the
format
Production
Loyd, P. (Director). (2008). Mamma Mia! [Film]. Universal Pictures
company

Music Album Year of release

Record Label
Bob Marley and the Wailers. (1974). Natty dread. [Album]. Island/Tuff Gong

NB

This brochure includes the basic examples of reference list entries. For more details on in-text citation and reference list please consult the APA manual

Purdue Owl -https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/apa_changes_7th_edition.html

Wesley Powell Learning Resource Centre (WPLRC) Website - https://wplrc.ecc.edu.jm/

 Created April
2021