Name: Laguiab, Jamil Mansor M.

Yr/Crs/Sec: 4BSABE-A Date: May 25, 2022

ABE 422
Renewable Energy for AB Materials

LABORATORY REPORT No. 9

Heating Values Calculations

1. What is a Calorific Value of fuel?

Calorific value of fuel is defined as the amount of heat given out by complete
combustion of 1 kg of fuel. It is the energetic content of the material. It is expressed in
Kcal/Kg of fuel at N.T.P. in S.I. system J/Kg. KJ/Kg or MJ/Kg.

2. What is the formula for calculating fuel value?

There are various formula in calculating the fuel value. Here are the examples:

Heat Produced
Calorific value =
amount of fuel
For Higher Calorific value (HCV) or Gross CV which is called Dulong’s formula

HCV = (33800 C + 144000 ( H 2 - O2/8) + 9270 S) KJ/Kg

Or
1
HCV = [8080 C + 34500 (H – O/8) + 2240 S} Kcal/Kg
100

For Lower Calorific value or fuel (LCV) or Net CV

If HCV is known then LCV is obtained by

LCV = HCV – Heat of steam formed during combustion
or
LCV = [HCV – 0.09 H x 587] Kcal/Kg

3. Which fuel has the highest heating value?

The fuel with highest calorific value is Hydrogen, which has a calorific value of
150 KJ/g.

4. What is LHV and HHV?

Lower heating value refers to the amount of heat produced by complete

combustion of a hydrocarbon without taking into account the heat contained in
combustion products if not returned to pre-combustion temperature. With the addition of
the heat of vaporization of the water content in the fuel, the higher heating value equals
the lower heating value.

Page Number
Name: Laguiab, Jamil Mansor M.
Yr/Crs/Sec: 4BSABE-A Date: May 25, 2022

5. How do you calculate LHV of biomass?

To calculate the LHV you must subtract the heat of vaporization of H 2 O from the
HHV. Water has a vaporization heat of 41,422 J/mole (41.4 KJ/mole). To accurately
apply this to a specific sample, the ultimate analysis values of C, H, and O must be
known in order to determine how much water is produced during combustion. Most
biomass has the C-ratio formula CH1.4O0.6 and burns according to
CH1.4O0.6 + 1.05 (O2 + 3.76N2) ==> CO2 + 0.7 H2O + 4 N2

It has a molecular weight of 23 and a heating value of 21 kJ/g (bone dry and
minus the ash, Dry-Ashfree, DAF). DAF biomass has a hydrogen fraction of 1.4/23 =
0.061, so the heat left in the H2O(steam) will be (.061X41.4) 2.52 kJ/mole.

The LHV of biomass is then ~ 21-2.5 = 18.5 kJ/mole or 1.03 kJ/g, ~ 12% less
than the HHV.

6. What does heat value indicate?

Heat value indicates the amount of heat obtained when fuel or some other
substance of a specific unit quantity is combusted.

7. What is the heating value of LPG?

The heating value of LPG is 46 to 51 MJ/Kg.

8. What is the difference between heating value and calorific value?

By definition the two term is basically the same. The heat value of a fuel is the
amount of heat released during combustion, whereas the calorific value of a fuel or food
is the amount of energy contained in it, as measured by the heat produced by complete
combustion of a specified quantity of it. The only difference is the unit system used.

9. How do you calculate the heat value of methane?

Example calculation of the heat value of methane:

Calculate the calorific value of methane if it burns according to the equation
CH4(g)+2O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(l),ΔH=−890.0kJ
Calorific value : heat energy produced by specific amount of food or fuel
CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O
16 g of CH4 is producing = 890 KJ
1.0 g of CH4 is producing = 890/16 = 55.625 KJ or 13.29 Kcal

Page Number
Name: Laguiab, Jamil Mansor M.
Yr/Crs/Sec: 4BSABE-A Date: May 25, 2022

Calorific value = 13.28 Kcal/g

Heating value = 55.625 Kj/g

10. How do you calculate heat supplied by combustion of fuel?

For the calculation of combustion heat:

a) Divide  the number of moles of vaporized water by the number of moles of
combusted fuel.
b) Find the product of the heat of vaporization of water and the mole ratio.
c) To obtain heat of combustion, add the result to the lower heating value of the
fuel.
OR

Use the equation Q = mc ΔT to calculate the amount of heat released in a

chemical reaction, where Q is the heat energy transferred (in joules), m is the mass of
the heated liquid (in kilograms), c is the liquid's specific heat capacity (joule per kilogram
degrees Celsius), and ΔT is the temperature change of the liquid (degrees Celsius).

Page Number