Name : Rizka Nurani Hutasoit

NIM : 4213141049

BESP 2021

The conclusion of the experiment study anatomy of flower and anatomy of fruits and seeds.

The first practicum is about flower anatomy, the purpose of this practicum is to find out
and analyze the petals, stamens and pistils in the flowers of spermatophyta plants. In this
practicum, the tools are razor blade, light microscope, preparate glass and cover glass as well as
materials consisting of Bunga Rosa sp. (ros), Lilium sp. (lilies) and Hibiscus rosasinensis L.
(hibiscus) flowers. To observe the anatomical part of the flower, each part of the flower that you
want to observe is cut crosswise using a thin razor and then the part you want to observe is placed
on an objective glass to be observed under a microscope.
The petal part of the flower consists of parenchyma cells. The color of the petals is the
result of chromoplasts containing carotenoids and vacuolar fluid which may contain flavonoids,
especially anthocyanins and various conditional modifiers such as the pH of the vacuole fluid. The
anticlinal walls of the petal epidermis may be corrugated or internally grooved. The outer wall
may be convex or papillary. In tagetes papillae, the cuticle layer is thick and forms folds. The
stamens of a flower consist of an anther and a filament. The anther is divided into two parts
containing two pollen sacs. The anther wall has several layers of cells, two important layers are
the endothesium (located just below the epidermis) and the tapetum (bordering the locules / sari
spaces). Connectivum on the stamen is part of the stamen that connects the right and left anthers.
The anatomical part of the pistil observed in this practicum is the ovule. The ovule/ovule is
attached to the ovary wall by the presence of a ovule stalk/funiculus which contains a bundle of
ovule vessels consisting of a middle tissue (nucellus), surrounded by the inner and outer
integuments. The ovule / ovule is located in the area of the inner ovule wall, the ovule wall consists
of parenchymatous tissue, and vascular tissue protected by the pollen epidermis.
The second practicum is about the study of fruit and seed anatomy. The purpose of this
practicum is to identify and analyze the tissue that composes dried fruit and fleshy fruit and
recognizes and analyzes the tissue that composes seeds. The tools used are the same as the tools
in the flower lab. While the ingredients used consisted of Capsicum frutescens L. fruit (cayenne
pepper), Phaseoulus vulgaris fruit (beans), Zea mays L. fruit/seed (corn) and Arachis hypogaea
seed (peanut). In dried fruit, the epicarp consists of epidermis and hypodermis tissue. The
mesocarp consists of parenchyma tissue. The endocarp consists of sclerenchyma. In fleshy fruit,
the pericarp is thick and juicy and can be divided into three layers. Colored exocarp; Mesocarp is
thick and endocarp is a membrane. On the inside there are seeds. An example of a dried fruit is the
fruit of Phaseoulus vulgaris (beans) and an example of a fleshy fruit is the fruit of Zea mays (corn).
Seeds have anatomical parts, namely carancula, seed coat, endosperm, cotyledons,
plumule, radicle. Seeds develop from ovules (ovules). Seeds consist of a partially developed
sporophyte, an embryo; endosperm (sometimes absent); and a protective coat, seed coat or testa.
Embryos vary in developmental patterns, levels of differentiation and size. The embryo consists
of a root axis, a cotyledon or cotyledon and a first shoot meristem. Seed coats vary in structure,
related to the state of the ovule such as the number and thickness of the integuments and the pattern
of vascularization and development of the integuments. The seed coat plays a role in the protection
of the embryo. Germination inhibition is caused by the impermeability of the seed coat to water,
oxygen or both. Food reserves are stored in the endosperm or perisperm, called albuminous and
those that do not have food reserve tissue are called exalbuminous. In most seeds, the proportion
of food reserves stored in the embryo or outside the embryo varies. The difference between dicot
and monocot seeds is that dicot seeds have two cotyledons while monocot seeds have one
cotyledon.