Electronic structure of atoms

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Periodic table of the elements

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 Electronic structure

Hydrogen atom (Bohr model)

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 Electronic structure

Particles

Proton – positive charge

Neutron - neutral charge
Electron – negative charge

Number of protons = number of electrons

Mass of protons + mass of neutrons represents almost all the mass of atoms

Mass of electrons relatively negligible

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 Electronic structure

Atomic mass = mass (in grans) of the Avogadro number of atoms

6,022 x 1023

The Avogadro number of atoms means a mol of atoms

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)

Each element has its own molar mass, normally indicated in the Periodic
Table of the Elements

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 Electronic structure

Maximum number of electrons in each quantic level

N = 2n2

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 Electronic structure

Examples

Hydrogen (Z = 1, mass = 1): 1 electron in first level

Nitrogen (Z = 7, mass = 14): 2 in first level + 5 in second level
Argon (Z = 18, mass = 40): 2 in first; 8 in 2nd; 8 in 3rd

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Electronic structure

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 Electronic structure

If number of electrons diferente from number of protons there is a charge

This means we have an ion

Cation if more protons than electrons

Anion if more lectrons than protons

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 Electronic structure

Example of an ionic substance – NaCl

Na atom looses 1 electron, becoming Na+ ion

Cl atom receives 1 electron, becoming Cl- ion
Both ions have the last level saturated with electrons

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 Electronic structure

Examples for CsCl and NaCl

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 Chemical bonding

Types of chemical bonding

Ionic bonding

attraction of oppositely charged ions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bonding

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 Chemical bonding

Types of chemical bonding

Covalent bonding

sharing electrons to attain stable electron configurations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond

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 Chemical bonding

Types of chemical bonding

Covalent bonding

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 Chemical bonding

Types of chemical bonding

Metallic bonding

sharing of free electrons among a structure of positively charged ions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bonding

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Molecules

Examples:

H2
H2O
FeCl2
ZnSO4

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 Chemical compounds

Nomenclature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry

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 Chemical compounds

Acid - acid is a substance capable of donating a proton

Base - base is a substance which dissociates in aqueous solution to form hydroxide ions OH-

Salt - salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of cations and anions

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 Chemical compounds

Acids nomenclature:

From less oxidised to more oxidised:

ends in –ydric, -ous, -ric

Examples:

Sulphydric acid – H2S

Sulphurous acid - H2SO3
Sulphuric acid – H2SO4

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 Chemical compounds

Salts nomenclature:

From less oxidised to more oxidised:

ends in –ide, -ite; -ate

Examples:

Calcium Sulphide – CaS

Calcium Sulphite - CaSO3
Calcium Sulphate – CaSO4
In portuguese:

Sulfureto de cálcio
Sulfito de cálcio
Sulfato de cálcio

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 Chrystallography

The way atoms are arranged in space

Bravais lattice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravais_lattice

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Chrystallography

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 Chrystallography

Metals

Body centered cubic - Li, K, Na, V, Ta

Face centered cubic - Cu, Ag, Al, Ca, Pt
Hexagonal close packed - Zn, Co, Cd, Mg, Be, Ca

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 Chrystallography

Metals – number of atoms per unit cell

Body centered cubic – 1 + 8 x 1/8 = 2

Face centered cubic - 6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8 = 4
Hexagonal close packed – 2 x 6 x 1/6 + 2 x 1/2 + 3 = 6

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