3 Types of Muscle of Tissue:

 Skeletal Muscle
 Smooth Muscle
 Cardiac Muscle
SKELETAL MUSCLE
- Generally located in skeletal muscles
- These are the specialized tissues that attached to the bones and allows movement
- Together with the skeletal muscles and bones are called MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM, or also known as LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
- Generally speaking, skeletal muscle is grouped into opposing pairs such as the biceps
and triceps on the front and back of the upper arm. 
- As to its striations, present in skeletal muscle tissue. They are striated since the tissues
looks striped when viewed under microscope.
- Another term is VOLUNTARY. Skeletal muscles are under conscious control which
is why they are also known as voluntary muscles.
- As to their nucleus, they are multinucleated (many nuclei)
- To their functions, they are responsible in the movement of bones and joints. Also,
they are responsible in the maintenance of posture.

SMOOTH MUSCLE
- Located in hollow viscera walls and blood vessels. In short, they are located in
various internal structures including the digestive track, the uterus and blood vessels
such as veins and arteries.
- Smooth muscle is arranged in layered sheets that contract in waves along the length
of the structure. 
- As to their striations, there is no striations present.
 - In their nucleus, smooth muscle is single nucleated.
- As to their control, it is involuntary because the motion of smooth muscle happens
without our conscious awareness
- As to their function, they are responsible in viscera movement, the peristalsis, and
vasoconstriction in blood vessels.

CARDIAC MUSCLE
- Found and specific in heart walls.
- There are also striations present.
- Also, they are single nucleated
- As to their control, they are involuntary since the heart contracts and relaxes without
our conscious awareness.

NERVOUS TISSUE
 Receives stimuli from the environment and internal signals, which produce relay
functionality. This functionality is dependent on synapses, which serve as the site for the
physiological relay or signals. It is composed of a variety of cells including the neuron,
the functional unit of the nervous system.

- It is the main tissue of our nervous system.

- It monitors and regulates the different functions of the body.
- Nervous tissue consists of two cells: nerve cells or neurons and glial cells, which
helps transmit nerve impulses and also provides nutrients to neurons.
- Brain, Spinal Cord, and nerves are composed of nervous tissue, they are specialized
for being stimulated to transmit stimulus from one to another part of the body rapidly.

 Classification of neurons is based on:

1. Function – We have the sensory neuron, the interneurons and motor neuron. The
sensory neurons are responsible for transmission of signals from the environment or
other parts of the body to the Central Nervous System (CNS). Interneurons are for
the integration and processing of signals. Motor neurons command the effector
organs.
- The sensory nerves or sensory neurons are responsible to generate impulses or
signals in the contrasting directions from another type of nerves known as the motor
neurons. The sense neurons gather information such as pressure, pain, temperature,
etc from the sensors that are present in the muscles, skin and other internal organs
which in turn redirect it back to the brain and spinal cord. These sensory nerves have
 the potential of communicating information relating to motion. Damage to the
sensory nerves can cause numbness, pain, tingling sensation and hypersensitivity.
- The primary function of interneurons is integration. They carry sensory
information and regulate motor activity. More interneurons are activated when a
response to stimuli is required to be complex. Interneurons are utilized in all higher
functions, including learning, memory, cognition, and planning.
- Motor neurons or motor nerves are responsible to send signals or impulses all the
way from spinal cord and brain to all the muscles of the body. The impulse enables
humans to carry out basic activities such as talking, walking, drinking water, blinking
eyes, sitting, sleeping, etc. Damage to the motor neurons can cause muscle weakness
or shrinking of the muscles. The nerve that passes from the lower back to the
buttocks is known as the sciatic nerve (longest nerve found in our body). The
sciatic nerve enables the complete leg to move which is a collection of various
nerves. A few of these motor nerves function in the hamstring, feet, thighs, and feet.

2. A number of processes. Neurons can be categorized into unipolar (one process),

bipolar (two processes), and multipolar (multiple processes).
- The 3 categories are all types of nerve cells that are responsible in transferring
information throughout animal bodies.
- Neurons use electric impulses and chemical signals to transmit information between
CNS and the rest of the body.
* A unipolar neuron only has one nerve process extending from the cell body: an
axon that extends into dendrites. Unipolar neurons only occur in invertebrates, such
as flies, and are not present in humans. In invertebrates, unipolar neurons play a role
in the glands and muscles
* A bipolar neuron has two distinct structures extending from the cell body. One is
an axon, and the other is a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are uncommon and only occur
in a few specific areas within the body. These include:
- the olfactory epithelium, which is nerve tissue that runs along the nasal cavity and
plays a role in smell
- the retina, a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye that receives light signals
* Multipolar neurons are the most common type of neurons in the human body. They
are present throughout a person’s CNS, including the brain and associated nerves in
the autonomic nervous system. A multipolar neuron has the highest number of
structures extending from the cell body. There is only one axon, but each cell has
many dendrites, making it easier for the neuron to exchange information.
3. The length of signal relay – Interneurons is small neurons (connector) whose axons
are contained within a specific area of the brain whereas the projection neurons
(excitatory) have long axons projecting to distant targets or other brain regions.
4. Chemical messenger – Neurons can be differentiated regarding chemicals used to
transfer impulses from one part of the body to another such as cholinergic (e.g.,
acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter), adrenergic (e.g., epinephrine and
norepinephrine), dopaminergic (e.g., dopamine), and serotonergic (e.g., serotonin).
- Cholinergic neurons provide the primary source of acetylcholine to the cerebral
cortex, and promote cortical activation during both wakefulness and rapid eye
movement sleep.
- Adrenergic neurons are exclusively found within the sympathetic branch of the
autonomic nervous system, specifically within postganglionic fibers. These fibers
innervate a large variety of visceral organs and are responsible for subconscious
regulation of basic physiological functions
- Dopaminergic. Although their numbers are few, these dopaminergic neurons play
an important role in the control of multiple brain functions including voluntary
movement and a broad array of behavioral processes such as mood, reward,
addiction, and stress.
- Serotonergic neurons are located in the raphe nucleus are the unique resource of
the neurotransmitter serotonin, which plays a pivotal role in the regulation of brain
development and functions.
 CELL MODIFICATIONS
- Apical (Surface or luminal) modifications:
> Cilia >Microvilli
> Flagella > Stereocilia
CILIA
- Cilia are projections and a type of organelle seen on the apical surface of epithelial
cells. In many locations, they beat in a coordinated fashion. This assists in the
movement of material over the epithelial surface in a manner parallel with the surface
of the epithelium.
- Can be found in the respiratory tract and the female reproductive tract. In the
respiratory track, cilia helps to sweep mucus containing germs, dust, pollen and other
debris away from the lungs. In the female reproductive tract, this cilia helps to sweep
sperm in the direction of the uterus
FLAGELLUM
- Flagellum is primarily a motility organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis.
- NOTE: Both cilia and flagella are found in the numerous types of cells. For instance,
the sperm of many animals the algae even the ferns have flagella.
- Prokaryotic organisms may also possess a single flagellum or more (pwede silang
magkaroon ng iisang flagellum lang or madaming flagella.)
- MONOTRICHOUS organism is having a single flagellum at one pole.
- Amphitrichous- when one or more flagellum located on both ends of the
organism
- Lophotrichous- when are several flagella at one end of the cell
- Peritrichous- when the flagella are distributed around the cell
NOTE: Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain structures known as cilia and flagella.
These extensions from the cell surface aid in cell movement. They also help to move
substances around cells and direct the flow of substances along tracts. Cilia and flagella are
formed from specialized groupings of microtubules called basal bodies
MICROVILLI
- Microvilli are cell surface modifications which increase surface area of a cell without
significantly increasing the size of the cell. Microvilli are often seen in organs where
the epithelium plays a primary role in the absorption of molecules
STEREOCILIA
- Stereocilia are actin-based protrusions on auditory and vestibular sensory cells that
are required for hearing and balance. They convert physical force from sound,
head movement or gravity into an electrical signal, a process that is called
mechanoelectrical transduction.