SCIENCE

NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Nervous System controls and coordinates all body function. This system
monitors internal and external stimuli such as touch, smell, sound, blood
pressure, and body position.

Neuron- the structural and functional unit of the nervous system, also known as
the conducting cell.
Neuroglia- supportive cell also known as glial cell.
 Astrocyte- supply nutrients to neurons.
 Ependymal Cell- produce cerebrospinal fluid (a protective cushion).
 Microglia- helps in removing debris and bacteria from the CNS
 Oligodendrocyte- is in the Central Nervous System (CNS)
 Schwann Cell- is in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Sensory Neuron- carry sensory impulses to the spinal cord or to the brain.
Motor Neuron- carry motor impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the target
muscles.
Associative Neurons (Interneurons)- the neuron that connects sensory and
motor neurons.
Synapse- the contact between the two neurons.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)- an autoimmune disease that involves demyelination of
nerve fibers.
Central Nervous System (CNS)- primarily controls intelligence, sensory, and
motor activities involving muscle tone, balance, and coordination.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- consists of all the nervous outside the brain
and the spinal cord.
Brain- the control center of the human body.
 Forebrain- the largest part of the brain, it houses the nerve center that
controls motor and sensory functions, intelligence, personality, memory,
and understanding of language.
 Frontal lobe- responsible for personality, judgement, abstract
reasoning, social behavior, language expression, and voluntary
movement.
 Temporal lobe- enables us to hear our favorite songs and recall
memories from the past.
 Parietal lobe- interprets and integrates sensory inputs.
 Occipital lobe- enables us to interpret visual stimuli from our
surroundings.
 Midbrain- relays information from the sense organs.
 Hindbrain- has the pons, the medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum.
 Pons- connects the cerebellum with the cerebrum and links the
midbrain to the medulla oblongata.
 Medulla Oblongata- influences heartbeat, breathing, and blood
vessel functions.
 Cerebellum- responsible for the coordination of voluntary muscle
movements, maintenance of balance, and muscle tone.
Brainstem- is what the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata are
collectively called.
Spinal cord- a cylindrical structure enclosed by the vertebral column.
 Spinal Reflex- involuntary movements.
 Spinal Nerves- the nerves arising from the cord.
Reflex- an involuntary reaction in response to stimuli (singular: stimulus)
transmitted to the CNS.
 Reflex Arc- a pathway of neurons by which reflex occurs.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- The reproductive system is essential for the creation of new individuals and
the survival of the species.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- Three main functions of the male reproductive system are secretion of male
sex hormones, production of male sex cells, or gametes, and sustenance and
transfer of sperm cells to the location of fertilization.
Testes- the main male reproductive system.
Scrotum- contains the testes, it consist of connective tissues and smooth muscles.
Sperm- the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual
reproduction.
 Head- contains a nucleus that stores the male chromosomes.
 Acrosome- a protective cap that is part of the head.
 Midpiece- contains mitochondria, which supply energy to the tail.
 Tail- helps propel it forward with a snakelike motion.
Epididymis- a long duct system where the sperm continues to mature.
Ejaculation- the forceful expulsion of the semen.
Semen- a thickened- milky fluid that is expelled from the penis during sexual
activity.
Seminal Vesicles- secrete 60% of the total volume of the semen, which includes
fructose.
Fructose- the energy source of the sperm.
Prostate Gland- comprises 20% of the semen’s total volume, helps neutralize the
acidic environment in the female reproductive tract.
Bulbourethral Glands- secrete mucus-rich fluid into the urethra during sexual
intercourse.
Glans Penis- the sensitive head of a penis.
Prepuce- a foreskin that covers the glans penis.
Testosterone- the major male sex hormone secreted by the interstitial cells of
testes.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- T he three main functions of the female reproductive system are secretion of
female sex hormones, production of female sex cells called ovum (plural:
ova), and sustenance of life by providing the site for fertilization.
Ovum- produced by an ovary located in the pelvic cavity.
Oogenesis- the formation of an egg cell or ovum.
Primary Oocytes- the two million immature egg cells of a human female at birth.
Ovulation- discharged of mature ovum from the ovary.
Zygotes- formed when a fertilization takes place.
Uterus- a small, pear-shaped muscular organ situated between the urinary bladder
and the rectum.
Endometrium- the membrane lining of the uterus.
Cervix- the narrow opening of the uterus.
OVARIAN CYCLE
Follicular Phase- occurs when the egg has been released from the ovary.
Luteal Phase- the lining of the uterus continues to thickens, happens after
ovulation and before menstruation.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
- A process that occurs due to the shedding of the endometrial lining.
28 Days- the duration of a menstrual cycle
Menstrual Phase- starts from the fifth day of the cycle, occurs when fertilization of
the ovum fails.
Proliferative Phase- the estrogen level rises.
Secretory Phase- the progesterone level rises as the estrogen level decreases.
Estrogen- a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and
regulation of the female reproductive system.
Progesterone- an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in
the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species.