Assignment 4

B10102010 ⾼翊瑛

Part 1 Three Sagittal Diagrams: For EACH of the following manners of articulation: stop,
fricative, and a ricate, draw a complete sagittal diagram for any consonant of your
choice.

a) [t]: alveolar stop voiceless

b) [z]: alveolar fricative voiced

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c) [θ]: interdental a ricate voiceless

Part 2 Transcribe the following Mandarin sentence with IPA: 「語⾔學既⼈⽂⼜科學」.

[yˇ jɛnˊ ɕɥœˊ tɕiˋ ʐənˊ uənˊ joʊˋ kʰɤˉ ɕɥœˊ]

Part 3 Exercise 15 from CH 2: Compare the careful speech and rapid speech
pronunciations, and then name the process.

Careful speech Rapid speech Process

a)  in my room [ɪn maj rum] [ɪm maj rum] Homorganic nasal
assimilation
b)  I see them [aj si ðɛm] [aj siəm] Deletion
c)  I see him [aj si hɪm] [aj siəm] Deletion
d)  within [wɪθɪn] [wɪðɪn] Voicing assimilation
e)  balloons [bəlunz] [blunz] Deletion
f)  popsicle [pʰɑpsɪkhʰəl] [pʰɑpskəl] Deletion
g)  sit down [sɪt dawn] [sɪɾawn] Flapping
h)  sandwich [sændwɪtʃ] [sæmwɪtʃ] Homorganic nasal
assimilation
i)  Scotch tape [skɑtʃ tʰejp] [kʰɑtʃ stejp] Metatheses
j)  protection [prowtʰɛkʃən]
̥ [pərtʰɛkʃən] Vowel reduction
k)  Toronto [tərɑnow] [tranə]
̥ Deletion, vowel
reduction
l)  Pam will seat you [pʰæm wɪl sit ju] [pʰæml ̩sitʃju] Deletion,
palatalization

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Part 4 Exercise 1-6 from CH 3

1. List the minimal pairs.

The minimal pairs

Meanings
(the evidence is marked as bold)
(a) (f) iglumut, iglumit To a house; from a house
(b) (n) ukiaq, ukiuq Late fall; winter
(c) (l) aiviq, aivuq Walrus; she goes home
(d) (g) aniguvit, anigavit If you leave; because you leave
(e) (j) aglu, iglu Seal’s breathing hole; (snow) house
(h) (k) pinːa, panːa That one up there; that place up there
(i) (m) ani, ini Female’s brother; place, spot
2. Are [i] and [i],̥ [u] and [u̥] phonemes or allophones?

Datas Phonemes or allophones

[I] f) kamwɔkiti̥
Phonemes
i) poki

j) pil

k) apid
[i]̥ a) pisan
̥

d) kisa
̥

f) kamwɔkiti̥
[u] g) uduk
Phonemes
l) ludʒuk
[u]̥ b) tup
̥ uk̥ ta

c) pu̥ko 

e) sup̥ wo

Word initials Word nals Before a consonant Between a consonant Between

and a vowel two
vowels
[i] X V V X X
[i]̥ X X V X X
[u] V X V X X
[u̥] X X V X X

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 3. Are [b] and [β], [d] and [ð], and [g] and [ɣ] phonemes or allophones?
Useful datas Phonemes or allophones
[b] a) br n 
 Allophones
b) bako 

c) mbro 

d) krãmbo

t) byðɛt
[β] p) saliβo

q) noβi

r) aβe

s) ʃiβaw
[d] m) puðe
Phonemes
t) byðɛt

u) eʃaðo
[ð] e) dilys 

f) d ŋko 

g) duso 

h) taldepãn 

i) p nde 

j) dudze
[g] v) biɣar
Allophones
w) riɣut

y) ʒuɣɛt
[ɣ] k) guteʒa 

l) ŋgwãn 

n) gat

o) l ŋg

x) agro

Word initials Word nals Before a consonant Between a consonant Between

and a vowel two
vowels
[b] V X V V X
[β] X X X X V
[d] V X V V X
[ð] X X X V V
[g] V V V V X

[ɣ] X X X X V

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ũ
ũ
ũ
ũ
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 4. Are [p] and [pʰ] phonemes or allophones?

Pairs Useful Meanings Explanation

datas
[p] and [pʰ] pʰul
Glue
They are minimal pair.

Pul Fire - phonemes

5. Are [b] and [b̤] phonemes or allophones?

Useful datas Phonemes or allophones

[b] a) bara
Phonemes
c) bina

e) bori

g) bais

i) bap
[b̤] b) b̤ari

d) b̤ir

f) b̤ɛd

h) b̤əs

j) b̤ag

Word initials Word nals Before a consonant Between a consonant Between

and a vowel two
vowels
[b] V X X X X
[b̤] V X X X X

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 6. Are [p] and [b], [t] and [d], [k] and [g], [tʃ] and [dʒ] phonemes or allophones?
Useful datas Phonemes or Allophones
[p] c)  asabaːp 
 Allophones
e)  paskwaːw 

j)  ospwaːgan 

p) pimiː
[b] c)  asabaːp

o) miːbit

t) waːbos

u) naːbeːw
[t] h)  tahki 
 Allophones
l) nisto
[d] b)  kodak 

n) adim

q) mide
[k] a)  niska 
 Allophones
b)  kodak 

d)  waskoːw 

e)  paskwaːw 

h)  tahki 

r) oːgik
[g] f)  niːgi

g)  koːgoːs

j)  ospwaːgan

m) tʃiːgahigan

r) oːgik
[tʃ] i)  namwaːtʃ 
 Allophones
k)  midʒihtʃij 

m) tʃiːgahigan

s) tʃiːmaːn
[dʒ] k)  midʒihtʃij 

v) miːdʒiwin

Word Word nals Before a consonant Between a consonant Between

initials and a vowel two
vowels
[p] V X V X X
[b] X X X X V
[t] V X X V X

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[d] X X X X V
[k] V V V V X
[g] X X X X V
[tʃ] V V X V X
[dʒ] X X X X V
General statement: The voiced consonantal segments appear between two vowels, while
those in elsewhere are voiceless.