1.

0 OBJECTIVES OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK

1. To investigate and analyze the stress systems in thin and thick cylinders.
2. To compare stress systems or distributions between thin and thick cylinders.
3. To determine the behaviour of thick and thin cylinders in open ends condition and
closed ends condition.

2.0 HYPOTHESIS

The analysis of the stress distribution in a thin or thick-walled cylinder is of considerable

practical importance in pressure vessels and gun barrels. Strain gauges mounted on various
radius and at different alignments throughout the cylinder wall provide the measurement of
the strains. Thus, stress distribution throughout the wall of a cylinder subjected to an internal
pressure could be analyzed.

2.1 Hypothesis of Thick Cylinder

Figure 1: Cylinder under Internal Pressure

Figure 1 shows a hollow cylinder, which is subjected to a uniformly distributed internal

pressure P. The figure details an element of material at some radius r, contained within an
elemental cylinder. Due to the design of the SM1011 Thick Cylinder the longitudinal stress &
may be ignored (ie o = 0) and only a bi-axial stress system be considered. Hence the stress
formulas are shown below and Figure 2 shows the variations of radial stress σ and hoop stress
o,, throughout the cylinder wall.

Maximum σR, occurs at the inner radius (R1) i.e. = P (where P = Internal Pressure)
 Minimum occurs at the outer radius (R2) i.e. σR = 0

Maximum σH, occurs at the inner radius (R₁) i.e. σR =P

(1)

Minimum σH, occurs at the outer radius (R) i.e.

(2)
where

Figure 2 :Stresses variation throughout a cylinder thickness

Now for a cylinder under internal pressure P (MPa) and free from axial loading
(σ = 0), the maximum shear stress will occur at the inner radius.

i.e. Maximum shear stress, = 1/2x (difference of the two principal stresses).

(3)
3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 APPARATUS
cylinder
Mechanical
Handwheel
Pressure Gauge

Pump

Figure 1 SM1007 apparatus for thin cylinder

Mechanical
Pressure Gauge

cylinder

Handwh
eel
Figure 2 SM1011 apparatus for thick cylinder

3.2 PROCEDURES

Experiment 1- Thin cylinder with Open End

1) Tighten the handwheel until it touches the cylinder.
 2) Choose OPEN ENDS CONDITION from EXPERIMENTS menu options in SM1007
software. Then connect SM1007 unit by selecting CONNECT to SM1007 from the
same menu.
3) Close the pump release valve and set the readings to zero by selecting ZERO ALL
GAUGES from the EXPERIMENTS menu option.
4) Pump the handle slowly until pressure of around 0.5 MPa and take the first set of
readings into the data table by selecting RECORD GAUGE READINGS from the
EXPERIMENTS menu option. Then, display the data table by selecting DATA
TABLE in the RESULTS menu. Wait a few seconds between pumps for the gauges to
stabilize.
5) Increase the pressure carefully in 0.5 MPa increment, record the readings into the data
table until the pressure reached a value of 3MPa.
6) Repeat the procedure 2 to 5 for another 2 sets of data
7) Disconnect the communications between PC and the apparatus by selecting
DISCONNECT THE SM1007 from the EXPERIMENT menu option.

Experiment 2- Thin cylinder with Closed End

1) Open the pump release valve and carefully unscrew the handwheel enough to set up
the closed ends condition.
2) Choose CLOSED END CONDITION from EXPERIMENTS menu options in
SM1007 software. Then connect SM1007 unit by selecting connect to SM1007 from
the same menu.
3) Close the pump release valve and set the readings to zero by selecting ZERO ALL
GAUGES from the EXPERIMENTS menu option.
4) Pump the handle slowly until pressure of around 0.5 MPa, you may need to pump
several times as the oil pushes the piston outward.
5) Take the first set of readings at into the data table by selecting RECORD GAUGE
READINGS from the EXPERIMENTS menu option. Then, display the data table by
selecting DATA TABLE in the RESULTS menu. Wait a few seconds between pumps
for the gauges to stabilize.
6) Increase the pressure carefully in 0.5 MPa increment, record the readings into the data
table until the pressure reached a value of 3MPa.
7) Repeat the procedure 2 to 6 for another 2 sets of data.
 8) Disconnect the communications between PC and the apparatus by selecting
DISCONNECT THE SM1007 from the EXPERIMENT menu option.

Experiment 3- Thick cylinder

1) Ensure the cylinder is at zero pressure by checking that the hand wheel turns freely
and the pressure gauge reads zero.
2) Select ZERO READINGS to zero the pressure and strain signals.
3) Increase the pressure to 6 MPa, wait a few seconds to allow the pressure and strain
readings to stabilize. Then, select TAKE READING to take current readings to the
data table.
4) Take data from data table of strain distribution, stress distribution and principal stress
by selecting STRAIN DISTRIBUTION, STRESS DISTRIBUTION and PRINCIPAL
STRESS from the EXPERIMENTS menu.
5) Select GRAPH to draw a graph of strain distribution and stress distribution through
the cylinder wall. Experimental hoop strains are shown by green circles, experimental
radial strains by blue circles and theoretical measurements by white circles.
6) Repeat the procedure 1 to 5 for another 2 sets of data.
7) Disconnect the communications between PC and the apparatus of SM1011.

4.0 EXPECTED RESULTS

 4.1 EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR THIN CYLINDER
Table 1: Thin cylinder with open ends
Reading Pressure Hoop Long Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge
(MN/𝒎 )𝟐 stress stress 1 2 3 4 5 6
(MN/𝒎𝟐) (MN/𝒎𝟐)

Table 2: Thin cylinder with closed ends

Reading Pressure Hoop Long Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge
(MN/𝒎𝟐) stress stress 1 2 3 4 5 6
(MN/𝒎𝟐) (MN/𝒎𝟐)

6
 HOOP STRESS VS HOOP STRAIN
30

25
hoop stress (MN/m^2)

20

15

10

0
100 200 300 400 500
Hoop strain

Graph 1: hoop stress vs hoop strain for closed end condition

HOOP STRESS VS HOOP STRAIN

45

40

35
hoop stress (MN/m^2)

30

25

20

15

10

0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Hoop strain

Graph 2: hoop stress vs hoop strain for open end condition

 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR THICK CYLINDER

Table 3: strain distribution for thick cylinder

Gauge no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Radius (mm) 28.0 28.0 36.0 36.0 45.0 45.0 56.0 56.0 63.0 63.0 18.5 75.0 75.0

Strain
Theory

Strain Distribution Throughout Cylinder Waall

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Series 1 Series 2

Graph 3: Strain Distribution Throughput Cylinder Wall

Table 4: stress distribution for thick cylinder

Cylinder pressure: 6.00 (MN/𝑚2)
 Radius(mm) 18.5 28.0 36.0 45.0 65.0 63.0 75.0
Stress
distribution

Stress Distribution Throughout Cylinder Waall

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Series 1 Series 2

Graph 4: Stress Distribution Throughout cylinder wall

The maximum principal stress is the hoop stress at inner surface,1=

The minimum principal stress is the radial stress at the inner surface, 𝜎2=

The maximum sheer stress is =

5.0 CONCLUSION

From the report above we observe the strain in a thin cylinder both experimentally and
theoretically, using the apparatus and through calculations using the Mohr's circle. The report
show and explains internal pressure and complex stresses in a thin cylinder using the
experiment and the calculations.