Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
ARASOF-Nasugbu Campus
R. Martinez St., Brgy. Bucana, Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines 4231
Cellphone No.: +63 917 107 2200
E-mail Address: cte.nasugbu@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Teacher Education – Bachelor of Physical Education Program

PEd 112  Learning Activity No. 01-2022
RESEARCH ACTIVITY
First Semester, Academic Year 2022-2023

Name : Fenol Mecaela E. Date :

Program/Year Level : BPEd 1102 Date Submitted :

1. Mechanical Properties of the Bones

• The mechanical properties of bone are fundamental to the ability of our skeletons to support
movement and to provide protection to our vital organs. As such, deterioration in mechanical
behavior with aging and/or diseases such as osteoporosis and diabetes can have profound
consequences for individuals' quality of life. Modulus Bone can be considered to consist
primarily of collagen fibres and an inorganic matrix, and so on a simple level it can be analysed
as a fibre composite. Composites are materials that are composed of two or more different
components. They are commonly used in engineering and industry where the combination of the
two materials creates a composite with properties that are superior to those of the individual
components. The Young’s Modulus of aligned fibre composites can be calculated using the Rule
of Mixtures and the Inverse Rule of Mixtures for loading parallel and perpendicular to the fibres
respectively. Tensile and Compressive Strength As mentioned previously, bones such as the
femur are subjected to bending moments during normal loading. These create both tensile and
compressive stresses in different regions of the bone. There is a large variation in measured
values of both the tensile and compressive strength of bone. Different bones in the body need to
support different forces, so there is a large variation in strength between them. Additionally, age
is an important factor, with strength often decreasing as a person gets older. Elasticity Bone
mineral is a ceramic material and exhibits normal Hookean elastic behaviour, i.e. a linear stress-
strain relationship. In contrast, collagen is a polymer that exhibits a J-shaped stress-strain curve.
(See the TLP Elasticity in Biological Materials. Typical stress-strain curves for compact bone,
tested in tension or compression in the wet condition, are approximately a straight line. Bone
generally has a maximum total elongation of only 0.5 - 3%, and therefore is classified as a brittle
rather than a ductile solid. Fracture Toughness In contrast to the findings for tensile and
compressive strength and modulus, the values of toughness in the transverse direction are
generally higher than those in the longitudinal direction. This is due to the presence of the
cement lines in the microstructure. These are narrow regions around the outermost lamellae in
the osteons, and they form the weakest constituent of bone. Crack propagation parallel to the
osteons can occur much more easily through these regions and this significantly decreases the
fracture toughness of cortical bone in the longitudinal direction. If a crack is propagating
perpendicular to an osteon it will change direction when it reaches a cement line, thus blunting
the crack. This is illustrated in the animation below.

2. Strength and Stiffness of a Bone

• Bone strength is determined by bone geometry, cortical thickness and porosity, trabecular bone
morphology, and intrinsic properties of bony tissue. Bone strength is indirectly estimated by
bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
ARASOF-Nasugbu Campus
R. Martinez St., Brgy. Bucana, Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines 4231
Cellphone No.: +63 917 107 2200
E-mail Address: cte.nasugbu@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Teacher Education – Bachelor of Physical Education Program

• The structural stiffness is a measure of the resistance to deformation under the applied load, and
the structural strength is the load required to cause the whole bone to fail. These data are
represented in a “load-deformation curve” (in contrast to the “stress-strain curve” of a material
test).

3. Different types of loads acting on Bone

• compression pressure ends of bones together to cause widening and shortening

• compression source muscles, weight bearing, gravity or external forces
• compression stress/strain maximal stress on the plane perpendicular to the applied load
• tension pulls or stretches the bone to cause lengthening and narrowing
• tension source usually pull of contracting muscle tendon
• tension stress/stress maximal stress on the plane perpendicular to the applied load
• shear force applied parallel to surface, causing internal deformation in an angular direction
• shear source compressive or tension force application or external force
• shear stress/strain maximum stress on the plane parallel to the applied load
• bending force applied to the bone having no direct support form the structure
• bending source weight bearing or multiple forces applied at different points on the bone
• bending stress/strain maximum tensile forces on the convex surface of the bent member and
maximum compression forces on the concave side
•torsion twisting force
• torsion source force applied with one end of the bone fixed
• torsion stress/strain maximum shear stress on both the perpendicular and parallel to axes of
bone with tension and compression forces also present at an angle across the surface
• compression can cause - patellar pain fractures to the vertebrae (contact sports, gymnastics)
• compression risk for fractures
hyperlordotic posture (exaggerated lumbar curve in spine)
• compression can cause
patellar pain fractures to the vertebrae (contact sports, gymnastics)
• compression risk for fractures
hyperlordotic posture (exaggerated lumbar curve in spine) osteoporosis
• tensile loading can cause - avulsion fracture ankle inversion sprain
- increased risk for factor tensile loading osteoporosis shear loading can cause
- Spondylolisthesis (vertebrae slip over one other)
- epiphyseal fractures
- epiphyseal fractures may produce irreversible damage to the growing cells, resulting in
growth disturbance
increased risk shear - contact sports

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
ARASOF-Nasugbu Campus
R. Martinez St., Brgy. Bucana, Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines 4231
Cellphone No.: +63 917 107 2200
E-mail Address: cte.nasugbu@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Teacher Education – Bachelor of Physical Education Program

4. Ligaments and its functions

• A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold
structures together and keep them stable.
• Ligaments often connect two bones together, particularly in the joints: Like strong, firmly
attached straps or ropes, they stabilize the joint or hold the ends of two bones together. This
ensures that the bones in the joint don’t twist too much or move too far apart and become
dislocated.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
ARASOF-Nasugbu Campus
R. Martinez St., Brgy. Bucana, Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines 4231
Cellphone No.: +63 917 107 2200
E-mail Address: cte.nasugbu@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Teacher Education – Bachelor of Physical Education Program

5. Types of joints

•Ball-and-socket joint
•Synovial joint
•Hinge joint
•Pivot joint
•Cartilaginous joint
•Fibrous joint
•Condyloid joint
•Saddle joint
•Synarthrosis •Amphiarthrosis
•Plane joint
•syndesmosis
•Knee
•Hip
•Diarthroses
•Gomphosis
•Pivot
•Ankle
•Shoulder joint

Ball and socket joint. Permitting movement in all directions, the ball and socket joint features
the rounded head of one bone sitting in the cup of another bone.
Synovial joints are flexible, movable, can slide over one another, rotatable and so on. These
joints are found in our shoulder joint, neck joint, knee joint
Hinge joints are like door hinges, where only back and forth movement is possible. Example of
hinge joints is the ankle, elbows, and knee joints.
Ellipsoidal joints, such as the wrist joint, allow all types of movement except pivotal
movements.
Cartilaginous joints are partly movable joints comprising of symphysis or synchondrosis joints.
Fibrous joints are joints in which bones are joined by dense connective tissue that is rich in
collagen fibers.
Condyloid joint. The condyloid joint allows movement, but no rotation. Examples include your
finger joints and your jaw. Pivot joint.
Saddle Joint - In this joint one bone is turned inward and the other is turned outward.
Synathrosis
synarthroses: allow very little, if any, movement · amphiarthroses: allow a small amount of
movement · diarthroses: freely moving.
Amphiarthrosis
These joints allow little mobility and are mostly cartilaginous joints. These are found in joints
between vertebrae.
Planar joints have bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces.
Syndesmoses are slightly movable joints (amphiarthroses). They are comprised of bones held
together by an interosseous membrane.
Knee
The knee joint provides flexion to the legs and absorbs some of the force of running and walking.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
ARASOF-Nasugbu Campus
R. Martinez St., Brgy. Bucana, Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines 4231
Cellphone No.: +63 917 107 2200
E-mail Address: cte.nasugbu@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Teacher Education – Bachelor of Physical Education Program

Hip
Extension of the hip joint occurs when the femur moves backwards, which happens in the
preparation for a kick in football, or in the back leg as a gymnast.
Diathroses
These are freely movable joints and are synovial joints. They provide maximum mobility to body
parts and are mostly found in the limbs.
Gomphosis
are also immovable joints. They are found where the teeth articulate with their sockets in the
maxilla (upper teeth) or the mandible (lower teeth).
Pivot
It is formed by a central bony pivot, which is surrounded by a bony-ligamentous ring. E.g.
proximal and distal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint.
Ankle
Our ankle joint is known as the talocrural region. This is responsible for the motion of our feet at
the ankles.
Shoulder Joint
Joints such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee are remarkable specimens of biological design—
self-lubricating, almost frictionless, and able to bear heavy loads.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6053074/#:~:text=The%20mechanical
%20properties%20of%20bone,for%20individuals'%20quality%20of%20life.
https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/bones/bone_mechanical.php
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12730800/#:~:text=Bone%20strength%20is%20determined
%20by,%2Dray%20absorptiometry%20(DXA).
https://teambone.com/education-basic/biomechanics-of-bone/#:~:text=The%20structural
%20stiffness%20is%20a,%E2%80%9D%20of%20a%20material%20test).
https://quizlet.com/484911696/different-types-of-loads-acting-on-bone-flash-cards/
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19089.htm#:~:text=A%20ligament%20is%20a
%20fibrous,together%20and%20keep%20them%20stable.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525790/#:~:text=Ligaments%20often%20connect
%20two%20bones,far%20apart%20and%20become%20dislocated.
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