3.1 T-BEAMS, Reinforced concrete floor systems normally consist of slabs and beams that are placed monolithically. As a result, the two parts act together to resist loads. In effect, the beams have extra widths at their tops, called flanges, and resulting T-shaped beams are called T-beams. The part of a T-beam below the slab is referred to as the web or stem. >» 3.1.1 T-BEAM GEOMETRY (NSCP 2015 SECTION 4063.2) * 406.3.2.1 For non-prestressed T-beams supporting monolithic or composite slabs, the effective flange width by shall include the beam web width by plus an effective overhanging flange width in accordance with Table 406.3.2.1, where h is the slab thickness and sy, is the clear distance of the adjacent web. Table 4063.21 Dimensional Limits for Effective Overhanging Flange Width for T-Beams 8h Each side of web Least of: Sw/2 1n/8 6h One side of web Least of: ‘Sy/2 1/12Table 406.3.2.1 Dimensional Limits for Effective Overhanging Flange Width for T-Beams 8h Each side of web Least of: Sw/2 In/8 6h One side of web Least of Sw/2 Le fAl2: sn be Figure: Effective Flange Width of T-beam3.1.2 MINIMUM FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT IN NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS (NSCP- 2015 SECTION 409.6.1) * 409.6.1.2 Asmin shall be the greater of (a) and (b), except as provided in Section 409.6.1.3. For a statically determinate beam with a flange in tension, the value of by shall be the lesser of by and 2b, @ — Fr byd 14 (b) 5, Pat Note: ACI Commentary R9.6.1.2. If the flange of a section is in tension, the amount of tension reinforcement needed to make the strength of the reinforced section equal that of the unreinforced section is approximately twice that for a rectangular section or that of a flanged section with the flange in compression. A greatet amount of minimum tension reinforcement is particularly necessary in cantilevers and other statically determinate beams where there is no possibility for redistribution of moments Thus, For statically determinate members with their flange in tension, by in the above formula is to be replaced with either 2by or the width of the flange by, whichever is smaller.2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF T-BEAMS: * CASE 1: whenaOMpy, @>t analyze asT—beamII. Analysis as T-beam Assume @ = 0.90 M, = 9c, (4-5) +00, (d-«-3) z= a=tt+z=__ c= ie f = 600 «if f, => 1000 MPa, tension controlled, @ = 0.90, assumption is ok! G+G=T 0.85 fA; + 0.85f/A2 = Asfy Ag = Check Agmin: Asmin Shall be the greater of (a) or (b): o.25v @Asmin = SME yd 14 (b) Asmin =~ bw fy* if & < 1000 MPa, transition region , assumption not ok! h-hy O= 065 + 0257009 d=c f= 600——* M, = 0¢, (4-5) + 0c, as) C+ =T 0.85/74, + O.85f/A2 = Agfy As Check Asin: ‘Agmin Shall be the greater of (a) or (b): 025K @ Asmin = Fy byd 14 (©) Asmin = F but’ 3.2.2 STEPS IN FINDING $M, OF A T-BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA A, AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES. Given: b, d, fé, fy,and As I. Solve for cy; o, = 000d > 600 + fy a= pity ifat; proceed to step Il II. Solve for: Ag = By 2 =C+, =T 0.85/24, + 0.85 fA, = Asp fy Asp = — = if A, > Asp; tension steel does not yield, 0 = 0.65 Ay = by t Ay = by 2 = By (a~t) = by ic - 8) d-c f = 600— C,+C,=T O.85f[A, + 0.85/42 = Asfs F —c 0.85 fi by t + 0.85f2by (Bic — t) = As 600-——if As S Agp; tension steel yields C=T 0.85 fc = Asfy Ac = __ ifAc< Ay; thena Ay; thena>t analyze as T— beam A, = byt Az = by 2 = by (a-t) My = G(d-5)+0(a-t-3 My = 0.85fb, t(d 5) + 085f.by 2(d-t -Z) Solve for 0: a=t+z=__ a iff, 1000 MPa, _ tension controlled, 9 = 0.90 iff, <1000MPa, transition region f-fy 0 = 065+ 025795 — 5 M, = OM, M, = —_LLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: Solution: From NSCP 2015 Table 406.3.2.1: Effective Flange width by is the smallest of: a. by + 16h = 250 + 16(120) = 2170 mm b. Dy + (Sw1/2) + (Sw2/2) = 250 + (3000/2) + (3000/2) = 3250 mm ec. Dy + Ey/4) = 250+ (5000/4) = 1500 mm Therefore, by = 1500 mmSolution: a. Balanced steel area _ 600d ___600(460) ~ 600+ f, 600+414 = 272.189 mm ob By = 0.85 for f = 20.7 MPa dy = By Cy = 0.85(272.189 ) = 231.361 mmSince ap > t; Zp = dy ~ t = 231.361 — 110 = 121.361 mm G+Q=T 0.85 fA; + 0.85f' Az = Asfy 0.85; (tby) + 0.85f2 (Zpby) = Asfy 0.85(20.7)(110)(900) + 0.85(20.7)(121.361)(310) = A,(414) Asp = 5806.431 mm?b. Nominal and ultimate balanced moment capacity May = Cyy1 + Coy2 t 1 n 2p Myy = 0.85f2(tb) (a 5) + 0.8562 Gaby) (a-t-2 Mny = 0.85(20.7)(110)(900) (+60 ->) 124361) +0.85(20.7)(121.361)(310) (460 —110- 2 My» = 896.989 kNm For Balanced condition, ® = 0.65 OMp» = 0.65(896.989) OM,» = 583.043 KNmc. Maximum steel area Since Amax > t; Thus, 3 d= 7 (460) = 197.143 mm max = B1Cmax = 0.85(197.143) = 167.572 mm = max — t = 167.572 — 110 = 57.572 mm Zmax C+ =T O.85flA1 + 0.852 = Asfy 0.85 fi (thy) + 0.85f! @maxbw) = Asfy 0.85(20.7)(110)(900) + 0.85(20.7)(57.572)(310) = Asp(414) Asmax = 4966.011 mm?d. Nominal and ultimate maximum moment capacity Mnmax = Crys + Coy2 t Mnmax = 0:85, (thy) (d ~ 5) + 0.85! maxbw) (d - ¢- 2#) 2 Mnmas = 0:85(20.7)(110)(900) (460 — *) +0.85(20.7)(57.572)(310) (460 —110- Mrmax = 806.340 kKNm aan) For Maximum condition, 800 — 800 — 414 fy = 0.65 + 0.25-———___ = 0.815 9=065+ 0.257 500-f, 1000 — 414 OMpmax = 0.815(806.340) OMymax = 657.167 KNmSolution: L Solve for @Mnmax 3,3 Cmax = 5d = 5 (470) = 201.429 mm By = 0.85 for f/ = 20.7 MPa Qmax = BiCmax = 0.85(201.429) = 171.215 mm b, = 820 ynSince dmax > ts Zmax = max ~ t = 171.215 — 100 = 71.215 mm OMpmax = OCrys + OCry2 OMpmax = 00-85, (thy) (a 5) + 00.852 Gmarby) (d —¢ ine) 800 — - fy = 0.65 + 0.25 800= 414 = 0.815 ® = 0.65 + 0.25 ————- 1000 — fy 1000 — 414OMnmax = 0.815(0.85)(20.7)(100)(820) (470 io 71. +0.815(0.85)(20.7)(71.215)(250) (470 - 100 - ; 25) OMymax = 579.239 kNm IL. Check moment capacity of flange @Myy Assume a = t = 100 mm a 3 8 7647 ~~ a5 187047 mm = 600 2=£ = 600470 47-647 1797 001 MP, he c.. 117.647 _ ~ *797.001 MPa f; > 1000 MPa, tension controlled, 0 = 0.90 a 100 OMny = OC, (d ~ 5) = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(100)(620) (470 - 5°) OMyp = 545.375 kNma Mp = 150kNm&M, = 120kNm My = 1.2Mp + 1.6M, = 1.2(150) + 1.6(120) = 372 kNm > OMpmax > My design as Singly Reinforced >My °8 : fs > 1000 MPa, tension controlled, @ = 0.90 Assumption is correct!Co = 0.85 flaby = Agf, (0.85)(20.7)(65.521)(820) = A,(414) Ag = 2283.407 mm? Flange is in compression, Asmin Shall be the greater of (a) or (b): 02s/f, ,_ 0: a0 (@)Asmin = = Le yd = eNO” (9 50)(470) = 322.822 mm? in 1.4 _ ® > (b) Asmin = 7 bw = 14 genyar = 397.343 mm Therefore, A, = 2283.407 mm?Mp = 1/SRNM& M, = 190KNm M, = 1.2Mp + 1.6M, = 1.2(175) + 1.6(190) = 514 kNm + OMymax > My design as Singly Reinforced >My, 1000 MPa, tension controlled, @ = 0.90 Assumption is correct! fa > fyrtherefore f, = fy C,=T OB5flaby = Asf (0.85)(20.7)(93.526)(820) = A,(414) Ag = 3259.381 mm?Flange is in compression, Asmin Shall be the greater of (a) or (b): 0.25. ie Pe 0.25V20.7 @) Asmin = wd = —-———_ (250) (470) = 322.822 mm? hy 414 14 (©) Asmin = Gd = 3 ie 1 (250)(470) = = 397,343 mm? Therefore, A, = 3259.381 mm? c. Mp = 195kNm & M, = 210kNm M,, = 1.2Mp + 1.6M, = 1.2(195) + 1.6(210) = 570 kNm > OMnmax >My, design as Singly Reinforced > M,>@OMyy, @>t analyze as T— beamAssume @ = 0.90 My = 06, (4-5) +00, (a—e-2) 570 x 10° = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(100)(820) (470 - =) + 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(z)(250) (470 — 100 - 3) Z=17.212mm a=t+z=100+17.212 = 117.212mm 117.212 —~ = 137.896 mm = 6002 == = 699 470= 137896 _ sas oro MP B= = 137896. . fs > 1000 MPa, tension controlled, @ = 0.90 Assumption is correct! fe > fytherefore f, = fy Q+Q= O.85f/A; + 0.85fA2 = Asfy 0.85 ,fitby + 0.856! zby = Asfy (0.85)(20.7)(100)(820) + (0.85)(20.7)(17.212)(250) = A,(414) |; = 3667.878 mm?Flange is in compression, Asmin Shall be the greater of (a) or (b): 0.25 fe 0.25¥20.7 (a) Asmin = Ee ha = = eaia —7, — (250)(470) = 322.822 mm? fy 14 14 (b) Agmin = = byd = —— (250)(470) = 397.343 mm2 hy 414 Therefore, A, = 3667.878 mm?Solution: 1. Solve for cp; _ 600d 600(600) &* 600+ F, — 600+ 345 ~ 390-952 mm @y = ByCy = 0.85(380.952) = 323.809 mm > t I, Solve for: 2p = dp — t = 323.809 — 100 = 223.809 mm G+Q=T 0.85/41 + 0.85/22 = Asfy 0.85 fe thy + 0.85f/2pby = Asp fy (0.85)(20.7)(100)(1500) + (0.85)(20.7)(223.809)(250) = A,,(345) Agy = 10503.564 mm? fa Ag = 67; (28)? = 3694513 mm? As A, = = 56.816 mm Bi (085Thus, d-c 600 — 56.816 = 600-— = 60 = 5736. fs a 0 a6 5736.243 MPa > 1000 MPa f; > 1000 MPa, tension controlled, @ = 0.90 fs > fy therefore f, = fy OM, = 0C.(d-5) : OM, = 00.85 fab, (d-5 OM, = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(48.294) (1500) (600 = OM,, = 660.584 kNm eet)C, = 0.85f,A,Solution: 1. Solve for cp; 600d 600(530) 600+ f, 600+ 415 Cy = 313.300 mm .( 0.05 B, = 0.85 ee — 28) = 0.85 —~7- G2 — 28) = 0.821 Qy = By Cy = 0.821(313.300) = 257.219 mm > t IL. Solve for: Zp = apy 257.219 — 120 = 137.219 mm G+GQ=T 0.85/41 + 0.85fA2 = Asfy O.B5 fi thy + 0.85f2Zpby = Aspfy (0:85)(32)(420)(500) + (0.85)(32)(137.219) (320) = A,,(415) Asp = 6810.492 mm? Ag = 107 (32)? = 8042.477 mm?As > Asp; tension steel does not yield, 6 = 0.65, f; # fy G+Q=T 0.85 fA, + 0.85 fl Ay = Ashe rps 0.85 f'tby + 0.85 fizby = A, 600——- ic d- 0.85 fe tby + 0:85/éby (Bre ~ t) = A, 600— S 530-¢ 0.85(32)(120)(500) + 0.85(32)(320)[0.821¢ — 120] = (8042.477 600 ——— c = 329.310 mm a= B,c = 0.821(329.310) = 270.364 mm a 70.364 = 120 = 150.364 mmOM, = 06, (4 5) +00 (a-t-3) OM, = 00.85f2tby (a - 5) + 00.85f2by (d-t-3) OM,, = 0.65(0.85)(32)(120)(500) (530 a =) + 0.65(0.85)(32)(150.364)(320) (530 —120- OM,, = 783.405 kNm 150.364 2 )C, = 0.85f,A,Solution: I. Solve for cp; 600d 600(580) cy = OO _ 800580) _ 600+ f 600-4345 ~ 968-254 mm = BiCy = 0.85(368.254) = 313.016 mm >t I. Solve for: 2p = Gy — t = 313.016 — 120 = 193.016 mm G+ =T O.85fA, + 0.85f'A2 = Asfy O.85fitby + 0.85f.zpby = Asp fy (0.85)(21)(120)(900) + (0.85)(21)(193.016)(400) = Ay, (345) Asp = 9582.418 mm? 4s = 127 (28)? = 7389.026 mm? A, Ay; thena>t analyzeasT—Beam Ac = Ay + zby 142813.108 = 108000 + z(400) Zz = 87.033 mm a=2z+t = 87.033 + 120 = 207.033 mm a _ 207.033 c=—= Bi 085 = 243.568 mmThus, 580 — 243,568 Se = 828.759 MPa < 1000 MPa 243.568 ~ 928.759 MPa d- fe = 600——* = 600 fs < 1000 MPa, transition region 9 = 065 +0252 1000 — f, 828.759 — 345 = 0.65 + 0.2555 = 0.835 Ss > fy therefore f, = f, t z om, = 0¢, (4-5) #06, (a- a) OM, = 00.85, tby (a = 3) + 00.85,22b, (a - 2-2) 120° OM,, = 0.835(0.85)(21)(120)(900) (s80 i >) + 0.835(0.85)(21)(87.033)(400) (s80 = 120~ oss) 2 OM, = 1053.157 kNm