If 𝑏 is any number such that 𝑏 >

0 (𝑏 ≠ 1) and 𝑥 > 0, then,

𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is equivalent to 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Note: The inverse of an exponential

function is the logarithmic function,
and vice-versa.
Examples: Exponential Logarithmic
Function Function
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 log 3 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 22−4𝑥 log 2 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 − 4𝑥
 First Law: Product Law log 𝑏 𝑀 + log 𝑏 𝑁 = log 𝑏 𝑀𝑁
Second Law: Quotient Law 𝑀
log 𝑏 𝑀 − log 𝑏 𝑁 = log 𝑏
𝑁
Third Law: Power Law log 𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑛log 𝑏 𝑀
Fourth Law log 𝑏 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛
Fifth Law log 𝑏 1 = 0
Sixth Law 𝑏 log𝑏 𝑀 = 𝑀
Change of Base log 𝑀 ln 𝑀
log 𝑏 𝑀 = =
log 𝑏 ln 𝑏
 Expanding a Logarithmic Expression

𝑎. ) log 2 6𝑥 3 = log 2 6 + log 2 𝑥 3 (First Law)

= log 2 2(3) + 3 log 2 𝑥 (First and Third Law)

= log 2 2 + log 2 3 + 3 log 2 𝑥 (First Law)

= 1 + log 2 3 + 3 log 2 𝑥 (Fourth Law)

 It is an equation that contains at least
one logarithmic expression.
Two Forms of Logarithmic Equations
1. If of the form: log 𝑏 𝑀 = log 𝑏 𝑁, thus,
𝑀 = 𝑁.
2. If of the form: log 𝑏 𝑀 = 𝑘 , (k ∈ ℝ),
then 𝑏 𝑘 = 𝑀.
Steps in Solving Logarithmic Equations
1. Use the properties of logarithms to
combine terms containing logarithmic
expressions into a single logarithm.
2. Write the equation formed in step 1 in
its equivalent form.
3. Solve for x.
4. Check the solution.
 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟐

If of the form: log 𝑏 𝑀 = 𝑘 , (k ∈ ℝ), then 𝑏 𝑘 = 𝑀.

log 4 2𝑥 + 4 = 2
42 = 2𝑥 + 4
16 = 2𝑥 + 4
2𝑥 = 16 − 4
2𝑥 = 12

Therefore, the solution set is {𝑥 = 6}.

𝑥=6
 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐)
If of the form: log 𝑏 𝑀 = log 𝑏 𝑁, thus, 𝑀 = 𝑁

𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (3𝑥 + 12)

𝑥 𝑥 − 1 = 3𝑥 + 12
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 12
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 12 = 0
𝑥−6 𝑥+2 =0
𝑥 = 6 or 𝑥 = −2
However, the 𝑥 = −2 is an extraneous solution, hence is rejected. Therefore, the solution set is {𝑥 = 6}.
 It is an inequality that contains at least one logarithmic function.

Case 1. if 𝑏 > 1, 𝑀 > 0, 𝑁 > 0, and log 𝑏 𝑀 > log 𝑏 𝑁, then, 𝑀 > 𝑁.
Case 2. if 0 < 𝑏 < 1, 𝑀 > 0, 𝑁 > 0, and log 𝑏 𝑀 > log 𝑏 𝑁, then, 𝑀 < 𝑁.

Examples:
3
a) log16 𝑥 > c.) log 4 𝑥 + 3 < log 4 (2𝑥 + 1)
2
b) log 2 𝑥 − 4 ≤ 5 d.) log 1 𝑥 + 5 ≤ log 1 (3𝑥 − 9)
2 2
 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒙 ≥ 𝟔

Case 1. if 𝑏 > 1, 𝑀 > 0, 𝑁 > 0, and log 𝑏 𝑀 > log 𝑏 𝑁, then, 𝑀 > 𝑁.

4log4 𝑥 ≥ 46

𝑥 ≥ 4096

Therefore, the solution set is {𝑥 ≥ 4096} or in interval notation [4096, ∞).

 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝟑 < 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏

Case 1. if 𝑏 > 1, 𝑀 > 0, 𝑁 > 0, and log 𝑏 𝑀 > log 𝑏 𝑁, then, 𝑀 > 𝑁.

𝑀<𝑁 𝑀>0 𝑁>0

𝑥 + 3 < 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥+3>0 2𝑥 + 1 > 0

𝑥 − 2𝑥 < −3 + 1 𝑥 > −3 2𝑥 > −1

1
−𝑥 < − 2 𝑥>−
2
𝑥>2
Therefore, the solution set is the intersection of the three inequalities 𝑥 > 2 ,or in interval notation (2, ∞).
 −𝟑
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 𝒙 > 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

Case 2. if 0 < 𝑏 < 1, 𝑀 > 0, 𝑁 > 0, and log 𝑏 𝑀 > log 𝑏 𝑁, then, 𝑀 < 𝑁.

1 −3
0 < 𝑏 < 1; 0 < < 1 1
5 𝑥<
5
𝑥>0
𝑥 < 125

Therefore, the solution set is 0 < 𝑥 < 125 or in interval notation 0,125 .
Be back at 9:40AM
 Ritcher Scale (𝒓)

The Richter scale 𝑟, used in measuring the magnitude of an earthquake, is defined by the formula
𝐼
𝑟 = log
𝐼0
where 𝐼 is the Intensity of an earthquake and 𝐼0 is the standard intensity.
 𝑰
Using the Richter scale 𝒓 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 , what is the magnitude of an earthquake
𝑰𝟎
with 1,000 times intensity as the standard one?

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐼 = 1000(𝐼0 )
1000 𝐼0
𝑟 = log
𝐼0
𝑟 = log 1000
𝑟=3

∴ The magnitude of the earthquake is 3.0

 Loudness of a Sound

The intensity of a sound in decibels or commonly known as loudness is given by the formula
𝐼
𝑑 = 10 log
𝐼0
where 𝐼 is the Intensity of the sound being measured, and 𝐼0 is the intensity of a standard sound.
 Determine the rating of a normal voice which is 12,000 times as intense
as the standard one.

𝐼
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐼 = 12,000(𝐼0 ) 𝑟 = 10 log
𝐼0
12000 𝐼0
𝑟 = 10 log
𝐼0
𝑟 = 10 log 12000

𝑟 ≈ 40.92

∴ The range of the normal voice is approximately 41 decibels.

1. In 1995, Island of Marinduque had a population of 17,000. since 1995 the island has
increased 2% per year. What was the population in 2005?
2. James put P1000 into a bank savings account. The account accrues an 7% interest rate
compounded annually. How much money is in the account after 6 years?
3. Express each logarithmic equation in its equivalent exponential equation and vice-versa:
a. 63 = 216 c. log 7 7 = 1
1
1
b. 3 = 𝑛
4 d. log 2 = −6
64
4. Solve each logarithmic equation:
a. log 𝑛 36 = 2 c. log 2 𝑥 2 = log 2 (4𝑥 − 4)
b. log 𝑛 27 = 3 d. log 3 (4𝑥 + 1) = log 3 (3𝑥 − 2)
5. Expand the given logarithmic equation 4 log 𝑥 − 2 log 2𝑥 − 3 − log 𝑥 − 1 + log 5.
1. Solve each logarithmic inequality:
a. log 3 3𝑥 − 2 < 2
b. log 5 3𝑥 − 1 < 1
c. log 1 𝑥 + 1 > log 1 (2 − 𝑥)
3 3
2. Determine the magnitude of an earthquake with 2,000 times intensity as the standard one.
3. Determine the rating of a normal voice which is 15,000 times as intense as the standard one.
• Accomplish Seatwork #1 and Seatwork #2 located in the assignment tab of
this channel.
Deadline: Today, October 17, 2022, 11:59PM

• Quiz #1 for Finals

When: Monday, October 24, 2022, 7:30AM to 8:30AM
What: Logarithmic Functions, Logarithmic Equations, Logarithmic
Inequalities and its Applications
Where: via MS Forms