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Escalator Human Factors
Escalator Human Factors
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Lutfi Al-Sharif
University of Jordan
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1
Accidents caused Accidents caused
solely by bad by bad design and
design (e.g., harsh Design passenger
stopping that behaviour (e.g.,
causes passenger gap between
falls) Passenger escalators that
Behaviour teenager falls into)
Accidents caused
solely by lack of Maintenance,
maintenance (e.g., Inspection and
no regular testing Operation
of safety devices)
Some examples of these are given below: What this model emphasises is the fact that
preventing passenger accidents involves
1. Accidents caused by poor maintenance: addressing all three areas and not just one.
If for example the over-speed There is a limit to what the escalator design can
detection/protection device in an escalator achieve on its own, and there is a need to address
is not maintained or tested properly, this all three areas in order to successfully reduce or
would lead to an over-speed situation and even eliminate accidents.
consequential passenger falls and injuries
(regardless of the escalator design or It is worth noting that passenger behaviour is
passenger behaviour). composed of and it is influenced by two items:
2. Accidents caused by poor design and bad 1. Passenger awareness (immediate): This
passenger behaviour: Some escalators in is the short term awareness of the
shopping centre are located in an atrium passenger during the journey. It is
with a gap between the two escalators. influenced by items such as audible
Teenagers are sometimes tempted to try announcements (e.g., hold onto the
to jump from one escalator to the adjacent handrail) or signs (e.g., fold the baby
2
push-chair). On the other hand Table 1: Types and percentage of risky
passenger concentration can be behaviour.
distracted by commercial advertising.
Type of risky Percentage of total
Thus signage can have a positive as well
behaviour risky behaviour
as a negative impact on passenger
awareness. Reading on escalator 12.8%
Gets off escalator 10.3%
2. Passenger education (long term): this backwards
aspect is a long tem aspect and it Stands on left hand 8.5
1
involves educating the passenger into the side
hazards on the escalators and the correct Person causes 8.5
behaviour. An example of this is an obstruction
education program that has been running Rests baggage on 7.1%
for more than 10 years in the USA, handrail
whereby school children are educated
into the correct behaviour on lifts and Walks/runs up/down 6.5%
escalators (The safe-T rider programme). escalator and comes off
again
As an example of accident prevention models a
model for reducing passenger falls on escalators
and mitigating the post fall effects is shown in The types of behaviour above can lead to
Figure 2. It shows what can be done to prevent passenger accidents. For example, reading on an
the fall in the first place and what can then be escalator implies that the passenger is distracted
done to mitigate the post fall injury. and is not holding onto the handrail, thus
Examples of the design elements that increasing the risk of passenger falls.
would reduce the risk of falling are reducing the
angle of incline (e.g., 30 degrees is preferable to
35 degrees) and reducing the speed (0.5 m/s is 4. HAZARDS ON ESCALATORS
preferable to 0.75 m/s). The types of injuries on escalators are covered by
One of the most important items in different scenarios.
reducing the probability of passenger falls is
ensuring the escalator stops in a smooth manner • Entrapments: These fall into the following
(e.g., using intelligent braking systems). This is categories: entrapment between two
discussed in detail in [3]. consecutive steps; between the step and
the skirt; between the step and the comb;
under the handrail or at the handrail entry
3. RISKY PASSENGER BEHAVIOUR point.
A study by Human Reliability Associates was • Falls (falls from escalator; falls on
carried out for London Underground in May 1993. escalator): Falls could then lead to cuts
The study used a video camera to record and bruises, entrapments or both.
passenger behaviour on the escalators. Analysis • Crushing/shearing by/inside the escalator
of the recordings was used to record ‘passenger step-band (e.g., falling inside the machine
risky behaviour’ [4, 5, 6 & 7]. due to a step collapse).
• Crushing under other passengers.
One of the main findings of the study was to • Fire on escalator.
identify main types of risky passenger behaviour, • Electrocution from escalator.
as shown in Table 1 below.
It is worth noting that the condition of over-speed
is not considered a risk in itself as it will lead to
one of the above risks.
1
The standard practice on London Underground is for
passengers to stand on the right hand side and walk on the left
hand side.
3
Passenger falls on escalators,
can be addressed by:
Escalator Passenger
design awareness
Lighting at
landings
4
Falls are also dangerous because they can lead
to entrapments (a passenger falling on a step tries
4.1 Escalator Falls to cushion his/her fall by using his/her hands,
Falls are the highest source of minor injuries on whereby a finger gets entrapped between the step
escalators, and of particular importance are the and the skirting), as the following example shows:
so-called cascade/avalanche falls.
“A five-year-old girl was injured when she
In order to reduce the effect on passengers, fell on a department store escalator in
measures can be taken to: Chubbuck, Idaho, U.S.A. in late
• Prevent the fall in the first place, or December. She apparently fell backward
and caught her hand between the steps
• Mitigate the post-fall injury.
and skirt, losing two fingers. The escalator
It has been shown that 2.5% of all stops on was dismantled and the fingers were
London Underground escalators lead to a retrieved and reattached by doctors
passenger fall. It has also been recorded that (Source elenet, 13/1/2005).”
three fatalities in the last 50 years on London
Number of flat steps
Underground were caused by cascade falls (two
of which were football crowd related). It is believed that the number of flat steps at the
upper and lower landings has an effect on the risk
of falls. They provide the passenger with time to
adjust his/her stance prior to the steps forming.
4.1.1 Falls on escalators (including runaway
The European escalator standard, EN115,
escalators)
requires two flat steps at each landing (three
Falls on escalator are a major source of injuries steps where the rise is more than 6 m). Public
for passengers. Passengers fall on escalator for a service escalators are specified with five steps at
number of reasons, such as: the upper landing and four steps at the lower
landing.
1. Tripping while walking up or down.
2. Falling due to the escalator stopping Angle of incline
suddenly. It is also believed, based on circumstantial
3. The escalator getting into a runaway 3
evidence , that increasing the angle of incline
situation and over-speeding. As a increase the probability of passenger falls.
consequence passengers fall on each
other and end up in a pile at the lower Mitigating the post fall injury
landing of the escalator. A number of measures can be taken to mitigate
4. Falling due to the handrail suddenly the post fall injury, as follows:
stopping on an up moving escalator (a
passenger holding onto the handrail • Softer treads would reduce the severity of
would be pulled ‘backwards’). In these cuts and bruises. These are usually
situations passenger sometimes get made of a certain type of polymer.
confused and report that the handrail Polymer treads have been considered on
‘reversed’ direction. London Underground, but currently do not
5. A piece of luggage falling and hitting a meet the fire code requirements
passenger causing him/her to fall. (flammability test, smoke and fumes).
6. Misuse of wheelchairs on escalators (a • The smart-step from Thyssenkrupp
wheelchair user trying to ride the addresses this problem (a fibre glass
escalator in his/her wheelchair by holding reinforced polymer step).
onto both handrails, and then losing grip • Intermediate landings (wave escalator):
causing the wheelchair to fall and knock The wave escalator is an escalator that
off other passengers). has one intermediate landing formed by a
7. Falling due to the wallpaper illusion: It series of flat moving steps. It is given the
has been proposed that the visual impact name ‘wave’ due to its shape.
of the step cleats on passengers coupled
2
with the brightness of the Aluminium
could lead to the so-called wallpaper
illusion that causes passenger to get
disorientated and lose balance [1]. 3
It is believed that this was shown to be the case in a Marks &
Spence store in Southend-on-Sea that contains two
escalators: one inclined at 35 degrees and the other at 30
degrees. The staff noticed that there were more falls on the 35
2
Most escalator steps are of the one piece die cast Aluminium degree escalator. However, no documented evidence has
type. been found to corroborate this.
5
Avalanche Falls accelerating downwards. Attempts by passengers
Avalanche falls are a particularly dangerous to stop it by pressing the stop switch are futile, as
example of falls. They take place when one the escalator is already ‘electrically’ stopped; and
passenger loses balance and falls, causing a is in fact mechanically under gravity. The
second passenger to fall causing a third escalator accelerates to dangerously high speeds
passenger to fall and so on, leading to a human (speeds as high as 2 m/s have been reported).
pile at the lower landing of the escalator. Passengers get to the lower landing falling on
Avalanche falls can sometime be initiated by each other and forming a ‘human pile’. Once a
falling luggage. significant number of passengers have been
‘thrown’ off the escalator, the escalator starts
Runaway Situations slowing down until it stops under friction.
Runaway situations are one main source of falls In cases where the heavily loaded
on escalators. A runaway situation takes place escalator is moving upwards, the escalator slows
when a heavily loaded escalator accelerates down to a standstill and then reverses direction
downwards exceeding its rated speed and and accelerates downwards in the same
causing a passenger pile at the lower landing. An sequence of events discussed above for the case
example of a runaway situation was the accident of the down moving escalator.
at the CN Tower in Toronto that took place in In certain cases the cause of the runaway
1988. The following is an excerpt from the news is not a defective braking system, but a
item in the press (shown from Elevator World mechanical shearing of the top shaft of the
December 1988 below): escalator. The sequence of events however is
similar.
“Nine children were taken to the hospital If the problem is not detected by
after being in a human pile-up on an operational staff, what happens sometimes is that
escalator at the base of Toronto’s CN the escalator is left in service (in a stationary
Tower, but were quickly released. condition) following he accident. New passengers
Staff-Sergeant Doug Ecklund of arriving find the escalator stationary and think that
the Metro Police said witnesses reported it is in service as a fixed staircase. Once enough
that the escalator seemed to accelerate passengers board the stationary defective
before halting after the emergency stop escalator is starts moving downwards under
button was pushed. He said an adult gravity, repeating the sequence of events above.
pushed the button after becoming
concerned about congestion at the base The following are examples of runaway incidents:
of the escalator.”
• Toronto CN Tower, December 1988
Runaway situations take place when the braking (down)
system of the escalator is not properly adjusted • MARTA (Metropolitan Atlanta, Rapid
and cannot bring the loaded escalator to rest. Transit Authority), Atlanta, Georgia,
When the escalator stops unloaded or lightly U.S.A. Escalators locked off to prevent
loaded, the friction in the escalator is sufficient to free-wheeling during crowded conditions
stop it. However, when the escalator is heavily (Elevator World 1997).
loaded with passengers (as is the case during • London Underground, London, United
rush hours or following major events such as Kingdom, Oxford Circus Station,
football matches or concerts) the braking system Escalator number 4, August 1999
is unable to stop the loaded escalator when the (sheared top shaft).
stop button is pressed. Passengers are reported •
th
18 January 2000, Nashville International
as saying: “I pressed the stop switch a number of Airport, U.S.A.
times but the escalator did not stop!” Tests • Newcastle, England, United Kingdom,
carried out after the accident do not reveal the Metro escalator, May 1st, 2001 (up).
problem, as the escalator is stopped with no load • Newcastle, England, United Kingdom.
on it, and friction is sufficient to bring it to rest. Metro escalator, February 9th 2002
What happens during a runaway situation (down).
is outlined here. A down-moving heavily loaded • London Underground, London, United
escalator is given a command to stop (either by Kingdom, Waterloo Station, 2002.
someone pressing the stop switch or by a
• Anaheim, California, baseball fans May
spurious safety device trip). The motor is then
7th 2002, 15 passengers with minor
disconnected from the source of supply by the
injuries (down).
tripping of the main contactors. By taking the
• Coors Field Stadium (Denver, Colorado,
power away from the motor, the escalator is left to
U.S.A.) 9/7/2003, 20 injured.
move freely under gravity. As the braking system
is ineffective the escalator and its load start
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• Raffles City Shopping Centre, Singapore, ‘riding’ onto the handrail and then falling
May 2003, (up), 1 person hospitalised. into the void.
• Escalator reversed direction, Xinzhuang
Station, Shanghai, China, number one A nine-year-old boy with a developmental
subway line (38 people injure) (up). disorder died as a result of a fall from an
escalator on 21st September 2002. The
Handrail initiated falls incident occurred in a Brooklyn, New York
The handrail plays in important role in passenger mall.
balance and safety. When a handrail slips or
stops it can become a cause of passenger falls, The handrail on an escalator at a
and hence the design of the handrail drive system shopping center in the St. Louis suburb of
must ensure high reliability. The following is an Belleville allegedly caught a seven-year-
example of a fall caused by a malfunctioning old girl's clothing as she stood on a
handrail drive system. second-story balcony. The girl fell at least
18 feet, sustaining a broken arm and
Moorgate Escalator number 2 (London other injuries. The girl was reportedly
Underground, United Kingdom), standing near the escalator when she
24/9/1995: A male passenger suffered a leaned over the balcony rail (source:
cut over his left eye and his partner elenet, January 2005).
sustained a bruised left ankle when they
fell after the handrail ‘started to move in It is interesting to note that the Norway Technical
the opposite direction’ whilst travelling in Regulations under the Planning and Building Act
the up direction. Two other passengers 1997 has a requirement related to the open
fell over but they were not injured. spaces next to escalators [9]:
One protection measure that has been proposed “When an escalator is located in an open
is to detect the speed of the handrail and stop the transit area such that the height of fall
escalator in case of handrail slippage or stoppage. may be large, the possibility of falling from
A study conducted by London Underground into the escalator's balustrade shall be
handrail caused accidents concluded that it is prevented.”
more effective to improve the traction system (V-
4
grooved handrail ) than install under-speed
handrail detection systems [8]. The study found 4.2 Entrapments
that no accidents were recorded on the escalators By definition an escalator has a moving platform
that were fitted with V-groove profiled handrail. next to stationary components and this gives rise
On escalators fitted with a standard profile to the risk of entrapment. Entrapment can affect
handrail one in every three handrail slippages human limbs, footwear, personal articles, pets’
resulted in a passenger accident (i.e., fall). In this paws and loose clothing. In extreme cases,
case prevention is definitely better than cure. entrapments can result in amputations.
4
The V profile refers to the profile of the handrail and its track, A Human Reliability Associates’ study in 1993 for
as opposed to plain handrails, sometimes referred to as C (in London Underground concluded that the brush-
reference to eth shape of the handrail.
7
guard (deflector device) reduced the number of knowledge on the passenger side of where the
passengers that kept their feet within 2 cm of the stop switch was (and probably the bad location
balustrade by 90% and signage of the stop switch by the designer).
8
Once the asset management team becomes d) Adjustment to the maintenance regime
aware of a cause for concern, they need to take (medium term). It is important that the
swift action to mitigate against any risk to the maintenance regime be adjusted in accordance
public. This can take the form of: with the findings of the investigation. This could
include recommendations of extra inspections and
• In the most extreme of cases, the checks during routine maintenance. It is also
asset can be withdrawn from service. possible that adjustments to the incident reporting
This is normally only taken if a serious forms/procedures are needed.
risk of injury is present such as step
collapse or over-speeding. e) Component modifications and re-design (long
• They can restrict the operation (e.g., term). The lessons learnt from the incident and
restricting the hours of operation; the resulting investigations should then be fed
restricting the direction of travel back into component modifications on existing
especially if the hazard identified is escalators or revision of the complete design for
more prominent in one direction of new escalators.
travel).
• High level of staff supervision can be The issue of public service escalator management
put in place (e.g., operational staff in and long term planning is discussed in more detail
attendance around the asset to in [2].
ensure correct usage).
• Passenger awareness measures can
be taken, to ensure that passengers 5.1 Balancing the risk of decisions
follow a certain behaviour pattern or The five steps outlined above for managing
are aware of the hazard identified. incidents/accidents could apply to any
This can be done via signs or audible asset/facility used by the public (e.g., lift, building,
announcement (e.g., encouraging railway station, fairground ride).
passengers to hold onto the handrail). Risk assessment and common sense has
to be used in taking the various decisions and it is
c) Necessary inspections and analysis important to always balance the risk resulting from
(short term). Once the immediate the decision against the risk from the
decision has been taken to mitigate any unsatisfactory asset. For example, withdrawing
risks to the public, inspection and an asset(s) from service could present more risk
analysis are necessary to inform the to the public than the perceived risk of a failed
management as to the following: component.
It is always important to act swiftly. Once
• How widespread is the problem within regulatory authorities get involved, things can get
the fleet of assets? very complicated.
• How advanced is the problem where
it does exist?
• How much time is available for 6. CONCLUSIONS
remedial works before a dangerous Escalator Passenger accidents can be caused by
situation takes place? three factors: Escalator design; escalator
maintenance, inspection and operation; and
Regular inspections will be necessary if the passenger behaviour. The passenger accident
problem is found to be widespread within the fleet. model is based on understanding the effect of
The frequency of such inspection needs to be three parameters on passenger accidents and
tailored to the criticality of the failure, ease of addressing them to reduce/eliminate passenger
detection and time taken to failure (e.g., in case of accidents. Every accident can be attributed to
a crack: time between initiation of crack until full one or a combination of more than one of these
failure). The first pass of inspection will give an three factors. Merely addressing escalator design
idea of the size of the problem. The frequency of is insufficient to address passenger accidents.
inspections will start to drop as more information An overview of the main examples of risky
becomes available and more permanent passenger behaviour has been discussed, such
measures are put in place. as reading while traveling, facing the wrong
Technical analysis of the failure will run in direction of travel and standing on the wrong side.
parallel with the inspections. The results from the The main hazards on escalators are: falls on
analysis can be used to enhance/adjust the escalators, falls from escalators, entrapments,
nature/frequency of the inspections as necessary. crushing/shearing inside escalator, fire on
escalator and electrocution on escalator. The first
9
four of these have been discussed in detail and [4] “Investigation into the causes of
examples given. passenger accidents on escalators”
An escalator accident management model R93/06 Human Reliability Associates, May
has been presented and comprises five stages: 1993.
Alarm raised; operational decision taken; [5] “Investigation into the causes of
inspection and analysis; adjustment to passenger accidents on escalators”
maintenance and inspection; and component and R93/06, Human Reliability Associates, May
general design modification. It is important to 1993: Technical Report number 1: Analysis
follow these steps in dealing with any accident in of Accident data.
order to reduce or eliminate accidents. [6] “Investigation into the causes of
passenger accidents on escalators”
I strongly believe that there is no such a thing as a R93/06, Human Reliability Associates, May
freak accident….only an accident waiting to 1993: Technical Report number 2:
happen or be prevented! Ergonomic Analysis
[7] “Investigation into the causes of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT passenger accidents on escalators”
The contents of this paper were first delivered in a R93/06, Human Reliability Associates, May
lecture to the Lift Technology M.Sc. students at 1993: Technical Report number 3:
the University of Northampton during a residential Behavioural Analysis.
th
weekend on Friday 28 January 2005. [8] “Escalator handrail related passenger
incidents”, Author: Colin Greatrex, LE-RP-
BIOGRAPHIAL NOTES 5033 A2, July 1999, London Underground
Lutfi Al-Sharif received his B.Sc. in Electrical Ltd.
Engineering from the Jordan University in 1987, [9] Norway Technical Regulations under the
his M.Sc. in Automatic Control in 1990 and his Planning and Building Act 1997, 22
Ph.D. in Automatic Control in 1992 from UMIST January 1997 No. 33: Regulations
(Manchester, United Kingdom). concerning requirements for construction
After working for 17 years in the areas of works and products for construction works
manufacturing, transport and consultancy he (§9-63:4).
formed the London based vertical transportation
consultancy Al-Sharif VTC Ltd (www.al-
sharif.co.uk) in 2002. Dr. Al-Sharif is also
currently Assistant Professor in the Department of
Mechatronics Engineering in the Jordan
University, Amman, Jordan.
He is a Corporate Member of the IET,
Chartered Electrical Engineer, Co-Author of the
CIBSE Guide D 2005, Vice Chairman of the
CIBSE Lift Group, Member of the Executive Team
of the IET's Building Electrical Technology
Professional Network and Member of the BSI
Sub-committee MHE 4/3/2. He has more than 30
published papers in the area of vertical
transportation systems.
10