Strength of Materials-II

Lecture 3: Transformation of Stress

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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
Chapter 8
TRANSFORMATION OF STRESS AND STRAIN; MOHR’S
CIRCLE
• Introduction
• Plane Stress
• Stress Transformation for Plain Stress + Ex. 8.1 and 8.2
• Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress + Ex. 8.3
• Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress + Ex. 8.4
• Absolute Maximum Shear Stress + Ex. 8.5

• Plain Strain
• Transformation of Strain in a Plane (Equations)
• Mohr’s Circle for Strain + Ex. 8.6
• Measurement of Strains: Strain Rosettes

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TRIAXIAL STRESS: Principal
Stresses and Principal Directions
For a general three-dimensional state of
stress at a point, it can be shown that:
there are three principal stresses, and the
corresponding principal planes are
mutually perpendicular.

There is no shear stress on the principal

planes.

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TRIAXIAL STRESS: Principal
Stresses and Principal Directions

That is 𝜎1 ≥ 𝜎2 ≥ 𝜎3

The principal directions are p1, p2, and p3

with 𝜎1 ≥ 𝜎2 ≥ 𝜎3

This is a state of triaxial stress with no shear

stress on any face.
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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress-
General Stress State
“The largest-magnitude shear stress acting in any
direction on any plane passing through the
point.”

Assume that we already know the principal

directions and the principal stresses at the point.

Consider the stresses on a plane whose normal n

is perpendicular to the p2 direction.

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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress-
General Stress State
Since there is no shear stress at all on the p2
face, the shear stress on the n-face has no p2-
component.
By summing forces on the free-body diagram,
we obtain a special case of Eqs. 8.5

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It is clear that Eqs. 8.30 locate the point N on
the Mohr’s circle

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The maximum shear stress in the p1p3 plane is
given by the radius of the circle

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The maximum shear stress in the p1p3 plane is
given by the radius of the circle

𝜎1 ≡ 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜎3 ≡ 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛

This shear stress is also the absolute maximum

shear stress at the point. Therefor

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This absolute maximum shear stress acts on
planes whose normal s bisects the 90° angle
between p1 and p3 directions.

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Stress transformations, like Eqs. 8.30, and
Mohr’s circles, like Fig. 8.21b, can be developed
for faces whose normal n lies in the p1p2 plane
or the p2p3 plane.

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As shown in Fig. 8.23, the use of
Mohr’s circle can be extended to
three-dimensional stress states by
drawing a separate circle through
each pair of principal stresses.

The absolute maximum shear stress,

given by Eq. 8.32, is the radius of the
circle that passes through the𝜎1 ≡
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 point and the 𝜎3 ≡ 𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 point.

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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress-
Plane Stress State
For plane stress state, 𝜎𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0
Since there is no shear stress on the z faces,
the z axis is one of the three principal
directions at a point.

In determining the absolute maximum shear

stress, the question, then, is whether the stress
𝜎𝑧 = 0 is the maximum principal stress
(𝜎1 ), the intermediate principal stress (𝜎2 ), or
the minimum principal stress (𝜎3 ).
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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress-Plane Stress State
A solid-line is drawn for the in-plane (i.e., xy plane) stress transformation
The dashed-line circles are for the p1p3 stress transformation, which leads to
the absolute maximum shear stress

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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress-Plane Stress State
A solid-line is drawn for the in-plane (i.e., xy plane) stress transformation
The dashed-line circles are for the p1p3 stress transformation, which leads to
the absolute maximum shear stress

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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress-Plane Stress State
A solid-line is drawn for the in-plane (i.e., xy plane) stress transformation
The dashed-line circles are for the p1p3 stress transformation, which leads to
the absolute maximum shear stress

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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress-Plane Stress State

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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress-Plane Stress State

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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress-Plane Stress State

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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress-Plane Stress State
Only when the in-plane principal stresses have opposite signs is the maximum
in-plane shear stress also the absolute maximum shear stress

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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress-Plane Stress State
When both in-plane principal stresses are negative or when both are positive,
the absolute maximum shear stress acts on planes at 45⁰ to the free surface,
and the maximum in-plane shear stress is not the absolute maximum shear
stress.

Even though the z faces are stress free, they must be taken into account in
determining the absolute maximum shear stress.

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Solution: (a) Principal Stresses
Y (10, -10)
One of the principal stresses is -10

𝜎𝑧 = 0, since 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦 = 0

The other two principal stresses are

A
obtained from Mohr’s Circle.
10 C 20 𝜎 (ksi)

From triangle XCA, we get R

10
X (20, 10)

𝜏 (ksi) 23
Solution: (a) Principal Stresses
Y (10, -10)
All points on Mohr’s circle have 𝜎 > 0 -10

𝜎𝑧 = 0 is the minimum principal stress

𝜎𝑧 = 𝜎3 = 0
P3 (𝜎𝑧 =0, 0) A P1 (𝜎1 , 0)

10 C 20 𝜎 (ksi)
The intersection of Mohr’s circle with P2 (𝜎2 , 0)

the σ axis are p1 and p2. R = 11.18

𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑐 + 𝑅 = 15 + 11.2 = 26.2 ksi 10

X (20, 10)
𝜎2 = 𝜎𝑐 − 𝑅 = 15 − 11.2 = 3.8 ksi
20 + 10
𝜎𝐶 = = 15 ksi
2
𝜏 (ksi) 24
Solution: (a) Principal Stresses
𝜎1 = 26.2 ksi
Y (10, -10)
The three principal stresses are -10

𝜎1 = 26.2 ksi
𝜎2 = 3.8 ksi P3 (𝜎𝑧 =0, 0) A P1 (𝜎1 , 0)

ANS (a) C 𝜎 (ksi)

𝜎3 = 0 P2 (𝜎2 , 0)
10 20

R = 11.18

𝜎2 = 3.8 ksi
10
X (20, 10)

20 + 10
𝜎𝐶 = = 15 ksi
2
𝜏 (ksi) 25
Solution: (b) Max. In-Plane Shear Stress
𝜎1 = 26.2 ksi
S2
Y (10, -10)
The max. shear stress in the xy plane is -10
the shear stress at points S1

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑅 = 11.2 ksi

P3 (𝜎𝑧 =0, 0) A P1 (𝜎1 , 0)

ANS (b) 10 C 20 𝜎 (ksi)

P2 (𝜎2 , 0)

R = 11.18
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑠1 = 11.2 ksi
𝜎2 = 3.8 ksi
10
X (20, 10)
S1

20 + 10
𝜎𝐶 = = 15 ksi
2
𝜏 (ksi) 26
Solution: (c) Principal-Stress Element
𝜎1 = 26.2 ksi
S2
Y (10, -10)
As 𝑝3 ≡ 𝑧 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜎𝑧 < 𝜎2 < 𝜎1 ) -10

To orient the principal stress element

(p1p2p3 axes) relative to the xyz axes
we only need to relate p1 and p2 to x P3 (𝜎𝑧 =0, 0) A P1 (𝜎1 , 0)
and y axes.
10 C 20 𝜎 (ksi)
P2 (𝜎2 , 0)
From triangle XCA we get 2𝜃𝑥𝑝1
R = 11.18
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2𝜃𝑥𝑝1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 63.43° 𝜎2 = 3.8 ksi
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑠1 = 11.2 ksi
5 10
X (20, 10)
𝜃𝑥𝑝1 = 31.7° S1

20 + 10
𝜎𝐶 = = 15 ksi
ANS (c) 2
𝜏 (ksi) 27
Solution: (c) Principal-Stress Element
𝜎1 = 26.2 ksi
S2
Y (10, -10)
𝜃𝑥𝑝1 = 31.7° ANS (c)
-10

P3 (𝜎𝑧 =0, 0) A P1 (𝜎1 , 0)

10 C 20 𝜎 (ksi)
P2 (𝜎2 , 0)
2𝜃𝑥𝑝1
R = 11.18
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑠1 = 11.2 ksi
𝜎2 = 3.8 ksi
10
X (20, 10)
S1

20 + 10
𝜎𝐶 = = 15 ksi
2
𝜏 (ksi) 28
Solution: (d) Absolute Maximum Shear Stress
𝜎1 = 26.2 ksi
S2
Y (10, -10)
This Mohr’s circle corresponds to Case -10
III.

P3 (𝜎𝑧 =0, 0) A P1 (𝜎1 , 0)

10 C 20 𝜎 (ksi)
P2 (𝜎2 , 0)
2𝜃𝑥𝑝1
R = 11.18
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑠1 = 11.2 ksi
𝜎2 = 3.8 ksi
We need to construct a p1p3 Mohr’s 10
X (20, 10)
Circle S1

20 + 10
𝜎𝐶 = = 15 ksi
2
𝜏 (ksi) 29
Solution: (d) Absolute Maximum Shear Stress 𝜎1 = 26.2 ksi
S’ P1 P2 (xy) Mohr’s Circle
-10 P1 P3 Mohr’s Circle

P3 P2 P1
D C 𝜎 (ksi)
10 20

𝜏 𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 13.1 ksi

𝑚𝑎𝑥

10

𝜎1
𝜏 𝑎𝑏𝑠 = = 13.1 ksi ANS (d) S
𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝜎𝐶 = 13.1 ksi
𝜏 (ksi) 30
Solution: (d) Absolute Maximum Shear Stress
𝜎1
𝜏 𝑎𝑏𝑠 = = 13.1 ksi ANS (d)
𝑚𝑎𝑥 2

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