Vapour Power Cycles

544 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
1
Q1
Boiler Turbine WT(=W out)
(Q in)
Condenser
Cooling
water
4
Wp 3 Q2(= Q out)
(= W in)
Feed pump
543
dharm
\M-therm\Th12-1.pm5
VAPOUR POWER CYCLES 545 546 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
T
p
1
1 1
4 1 11 p1
p1 Superheated steam
Dry saturated steam

4
Wet
steam
3 3 p2 2 2 2
p2 2 2 2
s
v
(b)
(a)
1
1
p1
4 2
2
2
p2
3
s
(c)
dharm dharm
\M-therm\Th12-1.pm5 \M-therm\Th12-1.pm5
Condenser pressure
(c)
dharm dharm
60 bar, 380ºC
65 bar
400ºC 1
Turbine WT
Q1 Boiler
0.1 bar, 0.9 dry
2
70 bar
4
Q2
Saturated liquid 3
Wp
0.09 bar
dharm dharm
1(360ºC)
5
p1 = 20 bar
3 2
p2 = 0.08 bar
5
p 1 = 80 bar
4
3
2
p2 = 0.1 bar
dharm dharm
5 35 bar
1
3 0.2 bar 2
dharm dharm
dharm dharm
l 1
p1
2
p2
p3 m 2
3
n q
0 v
v1 v2
l
1
2
m
3 2
dharm dharm
p
T
p1 1
1
Loss of work due
to incomplete
expansion
2 (2 bar) 2
p2
p3 2 (1.1 bar) 2
3 3
v
v2 s
(b)
(a)
dharm dharm
p
T
1 1
p1
(10 bar) Loss of work due 10 bar
400º C to incomplete
expansion
p2 0.9 bar
2 2
(0-9 bar)
0.3 bar
p3 3 2
3 2 Constant volume line
(0.3 bar) V s
Superheater O T
Turbine Wout
1 kg 1
2 3 O
(1 – m1) Condenser
(1 – m1 – m2)
1 kg
Boiler m1
6 1 (1 – m1) kg
m1 4 m2 2
m2 5 (1 – m 1 – m2) kg
(1 – m1 – m2) (1 – m1 – m2) 3
4
H.P. heater (1 – m )
1
L.P. heater
1 – m1
6
s
1 kg 5
m1 m2 Pump
(a) (b)
dharm dharm
dharm dharm
T h
1 (400 ºC) 1 (400ºC)
30 bar 1 kg 1 kg
7 1 kg
2 2
5 bar
(1–m) kg
6 m kg
5
(1 – m)kg 7
0.1 bar 5 3
6
4 3
(1 – m) kg 4
s s
(b)
(c)
1 kg 1
Power output
Turbine
30 bar, 400ºC
Boiler 2
(1 – m) kg
5 bar m kg
3 0.1 bar
Condenser
Heater
6
7
4
5
Pump
1 kg Pump (1 – m)kg
(a)
dharm dharm
1 kg
0 T u r b i n e
30 bar,
400 ºC
1 3 bar 0.04 bar
2
m1
(1 – m1)
Heater Drain cooler
1 kg
1 kg
130 ºC (1 – m1)
m1
m1
Hot well
(a)
h0 0
h1 1
Saturation line
h2 2
dharm dharm
1 kg
Turbine
0 1– m1– m2
1 1 – m1 1– m1– m2 0
2 3
m1, h1 Condenser
m2, h2
hf3 1
hf2 hf4 hf3
1 kg 2
1 kg
hf1 3
Heater-1 m1 m1 m2 Drain cooler s

(H.P.) Heater-2
(L.P.)
dharm dharm
1 kg T u r b i n e
0 1
2
1 – m1 3
1 – m1 – m2 4
1 – m1 – m2 – m 3
m1 , h 1 m2 , h 2 m3 , h 3
m 1 + m2 + m 3 Condenser
1 2 3 hf4 1 kg, hf4
1 kg
hf2 hf3 hf5

Drain cooler
m1, h f1 (m1 + m2), hf2 (m 1 + m 2 + m 3), hf3
(a)
0 1kg
(b)
dharm dharm
dharm dharm
T h
2 1
3 2
3 4
3
4
5 3
5
5 5
6 6 6 6
s s
46
44
70 bar
42
30 bar
40
14 bar
38
36
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Reheat pressure
Throttle pressure
dharm dharm
T h
1 3
T1 T3
p1 Increase in 3
1 T3
6 work done
due to T1
reheating
p2 2 Saturation
2 line
p1
p2 4
p3
5 7 4 p3
7
s s
dharm dharm
h(kJ/kg)
Superheat line
250 C
3
2960
1
2920
Saturation line h
2660 T
2
1 1 3 550 C
3
2
2335
4 2
2125
4
s (kJ/kg K)
4
4
s s
T-s diagram h-s diagram
dharm dharm
Reheater
1 410 C 3
1 400 C
2 3
Turbine
2
x4 = 0.935
Condenser
s
(a) (b)
h1= 3250
1
h (kJ/kg)
Saturation line
h2= 2170
2 x2 = 0.83
dharm dharm
VAPOUR POWER CYCLES 583
T h
1
3 1 3 600°C
150 bar
40 bar
2
2
5 4
0.1 bar
h 5 4
s s
3 T = const.
1
2
Condenser
pressure
4
s
Steam
Feed water
Out in
Condensate
Steam
b
b
a, b : Ideal
Feed water a, b : Actual
a
Path line
dharm dharm
Mercury Mercury electric Steam electric

turbine generator Steam
generator
turbine
Superheater
Mercury Steam
generator condenser
Mercury condenser or
Steam generator
Mercury feed pump Water feed pump
dharm dharm
Mercury
cycle
Steam
cycle
s
T
m kg
450 ºC
4.5 bar
Hg 1
k
216.9ºC n 0.04 m m
1 kg
200.4ºC bar 1
15 bar
H2O
4
3
0.04 bar 2 2 2
dharm dharm
dharm dharm
60 bar, 450°C
3- supply
1 kg 1
Turbine
2
0.07 bar Alternator
Boiler
(1–m) kg
3 bar m kg
3
n
Feed 4 Water
heater Out
4
Condenser
5 Pump 5 Pump
T h 60 bar
1 (60 bar, 450°C)
1
h1
60 bar 3 bar
2
h2
2 0.07 bar
h2
2
5 2
h3
2 3
4 h3
3 3 3
s s
dharm dharm
Superheater Reheater
1 80 bar 7 bar
3
(1–m) kg
H.P. L.P.
2
Boiler
7 bar 4
1 kg
m kg Condenser
(1–m) kg
2
80 bar 7 bar
Feed heater 0.4 bar

7 bar
h (kJ/kg)
80 bar 7 bar
0.4 bar
350°C
3170
1 3
2985
(1–m) kg
1 kg
2555
2520
2
s (kJ/kg K)
dharm dharm
h 80 bar
7 bar
1 470°C
h1
3 350°C
h3
0.035 bar
h2
2
h4 4
Superheater
80 bar, Reheater
470°C 3- supply
1 1 kg
(1–m) kg 3
H.P. L.P.
Boiler
Alternator
4 0.035 bar
1 kg
(1–m) kg
80 bar m kg 2
7 bar
Condenser
6 6 5 5
(1–m) kg
Regenerator
dharm dharm
Superheater
(1–m1) kg Reheater
3- supply
150 bar
1 40 bar 3
2
(1–m1) kg 40 bar
H.P. L.P.
Boiler
4 m2 kg Alternator
40 bar m1
1 kg 5 (1–m1–m2) kg
5 bar 0.1 bar
150 bar Closed feed
2
heater
(1–m1)
5 bar 6 (1–m1–m2) kg
150 bar P3 m1 kg P2 (1–m1) kg P1(Pump)

Open feed heater
h 150 bar
40 bar
3
h3
1
h1
(1–m1) kg
5 bar
h2 2 4 (1–m1–m2) kg
h4
0.1 bar
h5
5
s
dharm dharm
Superheater
70 bar,
1 kg 450°C Reheater
1 kg 3- supply
1 25 bar,
2 1 kg 3 420°C
H.P. I.P. L.P.

4
4 1 kg
5 0.07 bar
1 kg
m kg (1–m) kg
Feed water (1–m) kg
heater
(open type) 7 Condenser
8 6
(1–m) kg
9
P-2 (Pump) P-1 (Pump)
70 bar
T h 25 bar
1 (470°C) 3 (420°C)
1 3
10 bar
70 bar
1 kg 2 2 2 0.07 bar
25 bar
2 4
4 4
9 4
m kg
8
7 10 bar
(1–m) kg
6 5
0.07 bar 5 5
s 5 s
dharm dharm
dharm dharm
dharm
\M-therm\Th12-4.pm5

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Vapour Power Cycles

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544 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

Dry saturated steam

0.1 bar, 0.9 dry

1 (400 ºC) 1 (400ºC)

Heater-1 m1 m1 m2 Drain cooler s

hf2 hf3 hf5

m1, h f1 (m1 + m2), hf2 (m 1 + m 2 + m 3), hf3

Mercury Mercury electric Steam electric

Mercury feed pump Water feed pump

Feed heater 0.4 bar

150 bar P3 m1 kg P2 (1–m1) kg P1(Pump)

H.P. I.P. L.P.

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