FORENSIC 1: PHOTOGRAPHY Primary ways of using photography in police

INTRODUCTION TO POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY work

● as a means of identification
PHOTOGRAPHY ● as a method of discovering, recording,
= —It was derived from two Greek words: phos and preserving evidence
(light) and graphos (draw/chart/sketch). ● as away to present, in the courtroom,
= —A science or an art of obtaining images on a an impression of the pertinent
sensitized material by the action of elements of a crime
electromagnetic radiation or rays through the ● as a training and public relations
use of a camera and its accessories and the medium for police programs.
chemical process involved therein.
Forensic Photography
The process of photographing crime scenes or Infra-red photography
Elements of Photography
any other objects for court presentation. The art or process of photographing or
● Images
recording unseen objects by means of infra-red
● Sensitized materials
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY light.
● Light
Photomacrography
● Camera
Photographing objects directly enlarged on the
● Chemical
negative and magnified from one to nine
times.
Police Photography
The science which deals with the study of the
principles of photography and the preparation
of photographic evidence and its application to
police work.

Uses of Photography in Police Work

● Identification
● Communication and microfilm files
● Evidence
● Offender detection Ultraviolet photography
● Court Exhibits The art or process of photographing or
● Reproduction or copying recording unseen objects by means or
Photomicrography
● Personnel Training ultra-violet lights or filters. It involves two
The art of photographing minutes objects
● Crime and fire prevention hazard methods: ultraviolet lamp and ultra-violet
when magnified by means of a microscope and
● Public relations
enlarge from 10 times and up. filter.

Microphotography
A very small photograph as encountered in
microfilming or with the use of microfilm.
X-ray photography
The process of photographing or recording the
internal structure of the body.
Astrophotography
It is a specialized type of photographyIt is a
specialized type of photography that entails
recording images of astronomical objects and
large areas of the night sky.
Flash photography
Applied to the technique whereby exposures
are made with illumination from one or more
Photographs.
Mugshot photography
It is usually used for personal identification
which is the first use of photography in police
work.
Thermo photography
A kind of photo where we use laser beam
radiation using laser beam film.
Aerial photography
A kind of photography applied for photo
mapping.
Underwater photography
Photographing things underwater
Night photography
Technique used to capture images at night.
Panoramic photography
It involves using specialized equipment or
software that captures images with elongated
fields of view. It is sometimes known as wide
format photography.
Principles of Photography
= A photograph is the mechanical and
chemical result of photography.
= To produce a photograph, light is needed
aside from sensitized materials.
= Lights reflected or radiated by a subject must
reach the sensitized materials while all other
lights must be excluded.
= The exclusion of all unwanted and
unnecessary lights is achieved by placing the
sensitized material inside a camera.
= The amount of light on the sensitized
material after exposure is not immediately
visible to the eyes.
= To make the formed image visible, it must
undergo the development process.
= The visual effect that results from the
chemical processing is dependent on the
quantity and quality of the exposing light.
= More light will yield an opaque or black
shade on the sensitized material after
development.
= Too little light will produce a transparent or
white shade.
= The varying shade of gray will finally form
the complete image.
EVOLUTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Aristotle (347-322 BC).
—A famous Greek philosopher who invented
the first pinhole camera that was known later
as Camera Obscura (Italian word for darkroom
chamber) which is literally translated as
Darkened Fox.
CAMERA OBSCURA
Alhazen (965-1039).
—He found out that light entering a small hole
on the wall or shuttered window of a darkened
room cast an upside down picture of the scene
outside onto the opposite wall.
—He was considered to be the one invented
the camera.
Jean Baptiste Forta
—He made used of the Camera Obscura and
replaced the hole with a lens which made the
image brighter and sharper.
—He was the one who introduced the lens.
LENS
Louise Jacques Mande Daguerre (1838-1839)
—He invented the principle that Silver plate
photograph and using the Daguerro type that
produces one of a kind picture on metal which
Johann Henrich Schulze was presented by French Scientific Academy.
—A German scientist (Anatomist) discovered —He invented the Daguerro type in Paris.
the Silver Nitrate when he exposed it to light
and it turned purple. DAGUERROTYPE
—He discovered that the evening action was
not due to heat but light.
—He finally concluded that Silver Nitrate is
sensitive to light and capable of producing
images. Mathew B. Brady
—When the American Civil War broke out, he
Thomas Wedgewood (1802) was able to preserve the scene with the use of
—He discovered that Silver Chloride is more a camera.
sensitive than Silver Nitrate and thus, more MATHEW B. BRADY
capable of recording and producing images.
Joseph Nicephore Niepce
—By 1822, he claimed some success, achieving
what he called Points De Vue – smart images
made by the Camera Obscura with more than
eight hours exposure.
—He took the world’s very first photograph
called Heliography.
William Henry Fox Talbot (1839)
—He is the Father of Modern Photography.
—He invented the Calotype which produces a
negative picture on paper. The light on the
image was recorded as dark and dark as light.
CALOTYPE

Ferrotype
Maddaox (1884)
—He successfully introduced the plate with
gelatin. The roll film came and new brands of
cameras with different lens and mechanism
were placed in the market.

An image of a
latticed window in
Lacock Abbey in 1835
Daniel Barbaro
by Talbot is a print
—He introduced the use of the lens in the
from the oldest
camera.
photographic
negative in existence.
Sir Isaac Newton (1666)
Andre Adulphe Eugene Disperi
—An English Philosopher, Mathematician and
—He popularized the small cheap portrait
Physicistbwho discovered and proved that the
wherein anyone could afford a picture of
strongest light is white light.
John F.W. Herschel himself or herself.
—He defended his theory by allowing a white
—He coined the word Photography.
light (sunlight) to pass through a prism thus
refracting and diffracting the light onto its
Frederick Scott Archer
component parts.
—He pioneered the wet collodian process
which took the place of the Collotype known
as colodian type process.
Ambrotype
Nadar Abel Niepce de Saint-Victor
—He took the first Aerial photographs of Paris —He introduced a process of negatives on
from a free balloon in 1858. glass using albumen as a binding medium.

Louis Desirie Blanquart-Evard

—He introduced a printing paper coated with
albumen to achieve a glossy surface.

D.O. Hill and Robert Adamson

Used photographic portraits in printing.

Sir William Abney

—He discovered the use of Hydroquinone as a
developing agent in 1880 in England.
George Eastman
—Introduced the use of roll film made of
celluloid materials for use by a portable
camera.
Aloh Roemer (Denmark)
—He measured the speed of light in 1676.
James Clark Maxwell.
—A British scientist who discovered the
wavelength structure of light after 20 years of
research.
—Color photographs could be formed using
red, green and blue filters.
Odelbercht
He first advocated the use of photography for
the identification of criminals and the
documentation of evidence and crime scenes.
Alphonse Bertillon (1882)
—He initiated anthropometric measurements
for personal identification and was also
involved in various means of documentation by
photography which developed into a fine
science of Criminalistics when he
photographed crime scenes and formulated a
techniques of contact photography to
demonstrate erasures on documents.

Wilhelm Roentgen (1895)

—He discovered X-ray photography which later
become the basis of Radiograph used by the
doctors in measuring the heartbeat and to see
the other structure of the body.
Dr. R.A. Reis (1902), enlarged to the required size in a larger camera
— A German scientist who contributed heavily on a rigid stand.
to the use of photography in forensic science
and established the world’s earliest crime
laboratory that serviced the academic
community and the Swiss police.

Victor Baltazard (1910)

—He developed a method of photographic
Comparison of bullets and cartridge cases
D.A. Woodward (1857)
which act as an early foundation of the field of
First constructed an enlarger.
ballistics.

Edwin H. Land (1947) Griffin and Sons

—He introduced Polaroid – one-step
They made the
photography.
simple daylight
enlarger.

Gabriel Lippmann (1908)
—He won the Nobel Laureate in Physics for his
method of reproducing colors photographically
based on the phenomenon of interference,
also known as Lippman plate.
Wothly
—He made a few improvements to
Woodward's solar camera, and exhibited Steven Sasson
portraits almost at life size. Wothly's solar An American
camera was a monstrosity! The condenser had Electrical Engineer
a diameter of 1 metre. The heat of the who invented the
condensed rays of sun was such that one had digital camera.
to have water troughs built in.

Draper (1840)
—First ever reference to an enlarging process
can be attributed to Draper. In 1840 he wrote:
"Exposures are made with a very small camera IMPORTANT DATES
on very small plates. They are subsequently 16th century
—Italian scholars used the camera as a
drawing apparatus. Instead of using a
darkroom, they used box with a lens and
placed a mirror.
17th century
—Camera Obscura was built-in with convex
lens.
—A plate was placed on the market that could
reproduce all colors in equivalent shades of
gray.
1907
—Lumiere color process was introduced. A
panchromatic film was used but with blue,
green and red filter.
1839
—The birth year of modern photography, the
1935
year when the Science of Photography became
—Color process came
a public knowledge.
out together with
electronic flash.
1850
—The year when photography was already
well-developed. It was used as an art
concerned with landscape, portraiture and
1960
architectural presentation.
—LASER was invented making possible
Holograms – tri-dimensional pictures.
1835
—The year when colored films, sensitized
materials and different brands of cameras
came in different types and model sold in the
market.

1859
—In the United States, one of the earliest
applied Forensic Science was in photography. It
1800 was used to demonstrate evidence in a
—Thomas Wedgewood and Humphey Davy California case. Enlarged photographs of a
produced photograms. signature were presented in a court case 1970
PHOTOGRAM involving forgery. —Colored photography has matured as an
artistic medium.
1890
—Full corrected lens were introduced. 1981
—Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to
1906 use a charge-coupled device for imaging,
eliminating the need for film. The Sony Mavica
saved images to disk, the images were
displayed on television, and the camera was
not fully digital.

1988
—Arrival of true digital cameras.

1990
—-Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first
commercially available digital cameras.