Forensic Photography something which may not be visible with

the aid of human eye alone.

NOLIE Z. INGCAD
THE USE OF MAGNIFICATION
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY PHOTOMACROGAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY POLICE
Taking a magnified Taking a magnified
PHOTOGRAPHY
photograph of small photograph of small
The art and science of The application of the
object through attaching object by attaching an
reproducing image by principles of
a camera to the ocular of extended tube lens to
means of light through photography is relation
a compound microscope the camera.
some sensitized to the police work and
so as to show a minute Macrophotography
material with the aid of in the administration of
details of the physical
a camera, Lens and its justice. (Black & White
evidence.
accessories and the Photography.
chemical process
MICROPHOTOGRAPHY TELEPHOTOGRAPHY
required in order to
The process of reducing The process of taking
produce a photograph.
into a small strips of film photograph of a far
a scenario. It is first object with the aid of a
MUG SHOT PHOTOGRAPHY “MUGGING” - The
used in filmmaking. long focus and
process of taking of photograph of suspects.
Telephoto lens.
PICTURE PHOTOGRAPH
ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
A generic term is refers to all The mechanical and
o LIGHT - is an electromagnetic energy that
kinds of formed image while a chemical result of
travels in a form of a wave with the speed of
photograph is an image that Photography.
186, 000 miles per second.
can only be a product of
o CAMERA - a light tight box designed to
photography. A painting,
block unwanted or unnecessary light from
drawing, or photograph of
reaching the sensitized material.
someone or something.
o Lens - is the light gathering mechanism of
the camera that collect the reflected light
USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
coming from the object to form the image.
o PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION - Personal
o SENSITIZED MATERIAL - composed of a
Identification is considered to be the first
highly sensitized chemical compound which
application of photography is police work.
is capable of being transformed into an
o FOR COMMUNICATION - Photograph is
image through the action of light and with
considered to be one of the most universal
some chemical processes. (Film and Photo
methods of communication considering that
Paper).
no other language can be known universally
o CHEMICAL PROCESS - is the process
than photograph.
necessary for reducing silver halides into a
o FOR RECORD PURPOSES - Considered to
form so as a latent image and a positive
be the utmost used of photography in police
image be made resulting to what we called
work.
Photograph.
DIFFERENT VIEWS IN PHOTOGRAPHING WAVE THEORY - It is the theory that was
GENERAL VIEW MEDIUM VIEW transcribed from the motion of the water that if we
(LONG RANGE) (MEDIUM RANGE) observe a piece of log floating in the ocean and with
Taking an over-all view Taking of the photograph the force of the air would naturally will make the log
of the scene of the of the scene of the crime move up and down.
crime. It shows by dividing it into section.
direction and location This view will best view LIGHT: ITS NATURE, CHARACTERISTICS,
of the crime scene. the nature of the crime. SOURCES AND CLASSIFICATION
o LIGHT - is defined as an electromagnetic
CLOSE-UP VIEW EXTREME CLOSE-UP energy with the speed of 186,000 miles per
VIEW second. Its wave travel is said to be
Taking of individual Commonly designed in characterized in certain extent based on
photograph of the laboratory photographing velocity, wavelength and frequency of the
evidence at the scene using some magnification number of vibration of the wave per second.
of the crime. It is such as o Once light hits a certain medium, its action
design to show the Photomacrography and can be characterized as either:
details of the crime. photomicrography. o REFLECTED - once the light hits a
mirror and it bounce back.
o FOR PRESERVATION - Crime scene and o TRANSMITTED - when the light hits
other physical evidence requires photograph a transparent glass which would allow
for preservation purposes. Crime scene the light to pass through its medium
cannot be retain as is for a long period of and;
time but through photograph the initial o ABSORBED - when the light hits a
condition of the scene of the crime can be dark colored object and prevents it
preserved properly. from either bouncing or passing
o FOR DISCOVERING AND PROVING - through.
Photography can extend human vision in
discovering and proving things such as: ISAAC NEWTON (1666) - proved that the light which
Used of Artificial Light such as X-ray, men see as white light is actually a mixture of all
Ultra-violet and Infra-red rays to show colors of the spectrum. This is produced when we

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allow light to hit a glass prism. A rainbow array will
then be shown with colors red, orange, yellow, green,
blue and violet colors. The visible light is also said of
have a wavelength of between 400-700 Millimicrons.
TYPES OF LIGHT
o VISIBLE LIGHT - Is the type of light that
produces different sensation when reach the
human eye. It is the type of light, which is
capable of exciting the retina of the human
eye.
o INVISIBLE LIGHT - lights in which their
wavelength is either too short or too long to
excite the retina of the human eye i.e. X-ray,
Ultraviolet and Infra-red lights.
PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS (XUVI)
o X-RAY - Light with the wavelength between
.01 to 30 millimicrons. It is produced by
passing an electric current through a special
type of vacuum tube. It was incidentally
discovered by Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen. This
type of light works in the principle of shadow
photography.
o VISIBLE LIGHT - It refers to the type of
radiation having a wavelength of 400 to 700
millimicrons designed for ordinary
photographing purposes.
o INFRA-RED RAY - Considered as the
photographic rays with the longest
wavelength ranging from 700 to 1000
millimicrons. It is designed to take
photograph of over-written documents,
obliterated writing, and charred documents
or for black out photography. It is sometimes
referred to as heat rays.
LIGHT SOURCE
NATURAL LIGHT - are those light which come to
existence without the intervention of man.
 BRIGHT SUNLIGHT
 HAZY SUNLIGHT
 DULL SUNLIGHT
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT - Man-made light
CONTINUOUS RADIATION
 PHOTOFLOOD LAMP - is likewise known as
Reflectorized light or Spot light. It is a light
with a reflector at the back which focuses the
light to the object the common wattages of
this lamp is 500 watts.
 FLUORESCENT LAMP - are tube lamps in
which the walls are coated with fluorescent
powders with both ends is mounted with a
holder that serves as the reflector. This is
commonly used by everybody more than it is
used in photographing.
 INCANDESCENT BULB - are bulb with a wire
filament connecting two wires which sustain
the electrical charge that produces the light.
Everybody likewise commonly uses this
although it is more expensive in terms of
electrical consumptions.
SHORT DURATION TYPE
 FLASH BULB - are chemical lamps, as it
generate lights by the rapid combination of
metal in oxygen. The bulb can be used only
once as the bulb is busted when fired
electrically. There are thin filaments inside
the bulb with two electrical contacts. When
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the current flows through the filament, it
becomes incandescent and ignites the
explosive primer that ignites the aluminum
foil that burns, giving flash of tense light.
 ELECTRONIC FLASH - produces light by an
instantaneous electrical in charges between
two electrodes in a gas filled glass bulbs. The
electrical energy for the discharge is kept in
capacitor or condenser. It usually ranges
from 1/300 second and 1/5000 second, and
because of this, subject in fast motion can be
arrested or stopped in the photographs.
SENSITIZED MATERIAL - It refers to the film and
photographic paper that basically composed of
emulsion containing Silver Halides suspended in
gelatin and coated on a transparent or reflective
support.
PARTS OF THE SENSITIZED MATERIAL (BAE)
1. EMULSION - is that part of the film or
photographic paper which contains the
silver grains which is the one sensitive to
light. In a colored film this emulsion
surface can be composed of three layers
with filters intervening.
2. ANTI-HALATION BACKING - is the one
designed to hold back the light and
prevents halation.
3. BASE - Support the emulsion
TYPES OF FILM
 ACCORDING TO USE
o BLACK AND WHITE FILM
o COLORED FILM
ACCORDING TO SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY (BOPI)
 SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY - is the
responsiveness of the film emulsion to the
different wavelength of the light course.
o BLUE – SENSITIVE FILM - sensitive
to U.V. light and Blue Color.
o ORTHOCHROMATIC FILM -
Sensitive to U.V. Light up to the
green.
o PANCHROMATIC FILM - Sensitive to
U.V. Light up to red
o INFRA-RED FILM - Sensitive to all
colors and to infra-red light.
FILM SPEED - This refers to the degree of sensitivity
of the film to light.
 ASA (AMERICAN STANDARDS
ASSOCIATION) - this is expressed in
arithmetic value system. The bigger the
number the more sensitive the film is.
 DIN (DEUTCHE INDUSTRE NORMEN) -
expressed in Logarithmic value system. Used
in the same principle as the ASA.
 ISO (INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ORGANIZATION) expressed as combination
of ASA and DIN rating.
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER - It is that sensitized
material that will record the visible image in the final
development and become the photograph.
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS
 ACCORDING TO EMULSION USED (SILVER
HALIDES CONTENT)
o SILVER CHLORIDE PAPER
o SILVER BROMIDE PAPER
 o SILVER CHLOROBROMIDE PAPER - volume of air that will passed through the lends and
o VARIABLE CONTRACT PAPER reach the sensitized material.

 ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL FOCUSING - is that mechanism of a camera

CHARACTERISTICS designed to control the degree of sharpness of the
o WEIGHT object to be photograph. It is usually obtained by
 LIGHT WEIGHT - designed for estimating the distance from the camera and that of
high flexibility and when paper the object that will make a sharp or clear image.
thickness is not of
consideration. Intended for TYPES OF FOCUSING DEVICE:
purposes, which involves  RANGE FINDER (COINCIDENCE or SPLIT
folding? IMAGE TYPE)
 SINGLE WEIGHT - papers
used for small prints or which COINCIDENCE otherwise SPLIT IMAGE
are need to be mounted on known as SUPERIMPOSED FOCUSING - an
solid and fine details necessary IMAGE FOCUSING - single image in split or two
in the production. Used in object will appeared double parts once the object
ordinary photographic once the object is not in is not in focus the
purposes. focus, but moving the two parts of the
 DOUBLE WEIGHT - generally focusing adjustment this image has been
used for large prints because double image will coincide or united then the
they stand up under rough superimposed to form a object is already
treatment. single object. II focused. V

CAMERA - A light tight box with light gathering

device and a means of blocking unwanted or
unnecessary light from reaching the sensitized
material.
ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
 LIGHT TIGHT BOX – a box designed to keep
light out and serve as a frame to hold other
parts.
 LENS – designed to collect or to focus the
reflected light from an object to form an
image on the film.
 SHUTTER – designed to control the time
during which the light reaches the film
 HOLDER OF THE SENSITIZED MATERIAL –
located at the opposite side of the lens
designed to hold firmly the sensitized
material to prevent the formation of the
multiple or blurred image
 VIEW FINDER – designed to determine the
field of view of the camera or the extent of the
coverage of the given lens
OTHER PARTS OF A CAMERA
 VIEWING SYSTEM - Is that part of the
camera which provides the means of showing
to the photographer the entire scene coverage
that can be recorded in the sensitized
material.
 FILM ADVANCER - designed to transfer the
exposed film to the other side or to the take
up spool and the unexposed film will be the
opposite side of the lens for another
exposure.
 SHUTTER SPEED - is that part of the camera
which regulates the time exposure of the film
thus, affecting the amount of light reaching
the sensitized material. It is usually
expressed in a fraction of a second.
 LENS APERTURE - the ratio between the
diameters of the whole lens in relation to the
focal length of the lens. It is the light
gathering power of the lens. Otherwise
known as lens opening or relative aperture
and it is expressed in F-number.
f 2.8 f-4 f-5.6 f-8 f-11 f-16
The lower the f-number, the bigger the lens opening
and the bigger the lens opening the greater the
TYPES OF THE CAMERA
1. VIEW FINDER TYPE – it is considered as
the smallest and the simplest type of camera
2. SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA – it is a
type of camera best suited for police work
due to its interchangeability of the lens
3. TWIN LENS REFLEX CAMERA – A type of
camera with dual lens, one for focusing and
the other for forming the image.
4. VIEW OR PRESS TYPE – is considered the
biggest and expensive type of camera, used
for movie making
5. LENS
a. It is the image-forming device of the
lens that actually has a greater effect
on the quality of the image to be
formed.
b. A medium or system which converge
or diverge light rays passing through
it to form an image.
c. Can be a glass or transparent
material, which permit light to pass
through and change the direction of
light.
DANIEL BARBARO - first to introduce the use of
lens in the camera.
CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES
1. ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF IMAGE TO
BE PRODUCED
a. POSITIVE or CONVEX LENS
b. NEGATIVE or CONCAVE LENS
2. ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF
CORRECTIONS
a. MENISCUS LENS - lens that has no
correction.
b. RAPID RECTILINEAR LENS – lens
corrected of distortion
c. ANASTIGMAT LENS – correcting
astigmatism
d. ACHROMATIC LENS – correcting
chromatic aberration
e. APOCHROMATIC LENS – correcting
both astigmatism and chromatic
aberration

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INHERRRENT LENS DEFECTS a. DEVELOPMENT - Is the process necessary
1. SPHERICAL ABERRATION - Inability of the for reducing the silver halides to form the
lens to focus light passing the side of the image.
lens producing an image that is sharp in the
center and blurred at the side. ELON or HYDROQUENONE - used as main
2. COMA - Inability of the lens to focus light developing agents
that travels straight or lateral, thus making
it blurred while the light reaching the lens b. STOP BATH - normally composed of water
oblique is the one the is transmitted sharp. with little amount of dilute acetic acid that
3. CURVATURE OF FIELD - the relation of the serves as a means to prevent contamination
images of the different point are incorrect between the developer and the acid fixer.
with respect to one another. c. FIXATION - Is the process by which all
4. DISTORTION - Is a defect in shape not in unexposed silver halides are dissolved or
sharpness. removed from the emulsion surface and
5. CHROMATIC ABERRATION - Inability of making the image more permanent.
the lens to focus light of varying wavelength.
The lens refracts rays of short wavelength SODIUM THIOSULFATE - is the main fixing agent
more strongly than those of longer that dissolves unexposed silver halides.
wavelength and therefore bringing blue rays
to a shorter focus than the red. OTHER CHEMICALS USED:
6. ASTIGMATISM - is a form of lens defects in  ACETIC ACID or BORIC ACID - serves as
which the horizontal and vertical axis are neutralizer
not equally magnified. Inability of the lens to  SODIUM SULFATE - serves as the
focus both horizontal and vertical lines. preservative
7. Chromatic Difference of Magnification  POTASSIUM BROMIDE - restrainer or
8. FLARES - condition of the lens producing hardener
multiple images.  SODIUM BICARBONATE or BORAX
POWDER - serves as accelerator
LENS CHARACTERISTICS
1. FOCAL LENGTH – is the distance measured
from the optical center of the lens is set to
focus at infinite position. As according to
focal lenses may be classified as:
a. WIDE ANGLE or SHORT FOCUS -
with focal length not longer than the
diagonal half of the negative. Useful
in taking photograph at short
distance with wider area coverage.
b. NORMAL or MEDIUM FOCUS - with
focal length approximately equal but
not longer than twice the diagonal
half of the negative.
c. LONG or TELEPHOTO LENS - with
focal length longer than twice the
diagonal half of the negative. Best
used in long distance photographing
but with narrow area coverage.
d. ZOOM LENS - lens with variable
focal length or that which can be
adjusted continuously by the
movement of one or more elements in
the lens system.

2. RELATIVE APERTURE – the light gathering

power of the lens expressed in F-number
a. DEPTH OF FIELD – is the distance
measured from the nearest to the
farthest object in apparent sharp
focus when the lens
b. HYPERFOCAL DISTANCE - Is the
nearest distance at which when a
lens is focused with a given
particular diaphragm opening will
gives the maximum depth of field.

3. FOCUSING - is the setting of the proper

distance in order to form a sharp image. The
one that controls the degree of sharpness of
the object.

CHEMICAL PROCESS - The process of making the

latent image visible and permanent.

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