Individual Psychology - Subjective perception shape behavior and  Not loving yourself

Alfred Adler (1870-1937) personality o Feeling helpless

Life Highlights
- Sickness in childhood (rickets and pneumonia)
o Forced himself to do sport
- Parents’ favorite; mothers’ until the arrival of
a new baby.
- Strove to the top of his class when advised to
apprentice in shoemaking.
- Studied medicine--ophthalmology general
medicine neurology and psychiatry.
o Influenced by the death of his younger
brother.
- Relationship with Freud (hostile)
- Popularity in America
Individual Psychology
- Proposed by Adler and it “fashioned an image
of human nature that did not portray people as
victims of instincts, biological forces, and
childhood experiences.”
o In contrast with Freud’s theory.
o Adler’s view, a person is a victim in
his biological side and childhood
experience.
- Uniqueness of individuals is the center, and
Freud’s proposed universality brought about
by biological motives and goals was rejected.
- Presents a more optimistic view of people.
- Emphasized people as being motivated by
social interest, that is, a feeling of oneness with
all humankind.
o Social interest is a concept
- Influenced a lot of theorists but is unpopular.
Main Tenets
- Behavior Motivation: Striving for success or
superiority
- Personality is unified and self-consistent
(definition of personality)
- The value of human activity must be seen from
a social interest viewpoint.
- Style of life develops from a self-consistent
personality structure.
- Creative power molds people’s style of life.
Concepts
Striving for superiority
- Single motivating force in the personality
- Gives unity and coherence
- Involves the desire to be competent and
effective in whatever one strives to do.
- Begins with feelings of inferiority
o Motivating force in all behavior
o Normal condition of all people
o Source of all human striving
o Necessary to strive for success
- Compensation
o Motivation to overcome inferiority
o Satisfies the need to overcome the
sense of inferiority and strive for
increasingly higher levels of
development.
Inferiority feelings are normal but inferiority complex
is not
Inferiority Complex
- The belief that one is vastly inferior to
everyone else.
- Condition that develops when a person is
unable to compensate for normal inferiority
feelings.
- Characteristics
o Having poor opinion to oneself
o Being unable to cope with the
demands of life.
Inferiority Complex affects how a person functions
- Causes
o Organic Inferiority
 Having defective parts or
organs of the body.
o Spoiling
 Experience in school of not
being the center of attention
compared to individuals’
homes.
 Can shock the child and let
them believe they have some
personal deficiency.
o Neglecting
 Having indifferent, neglectful
or hostile parents ( in extreme,
abuse)
 Development of feelings of
worthlessness, anger, and
view others with distrust.
- Parental influence on Personality
Development
o The first 2 years of life are important
in the formation of the adult
personality.
o We can also associate the last two
causes of inferiority complex to
parental influence.
- Problem Behaviors in Parenting
o Pampering is giving children too much
attention.
o Robs the child of independence.
 o Neglect giving too little attention on o Subjective perceptions of reality that  Creates personal
children guides or shapes the manner of superiority goal
o Result in cold and suspicious attitudes striving for success (against social
o As adults, they may be incapable of o No real existence but is real to the interest)
warm personal relationships person which influences behavior  Parental authoritarianism
 Become doubtful of other - Fictional finalism  Strive for power and
people’s intention. o Idea that there is an imagined or personality and
The more inferior we see ourselves, the stronger our potential goal that guides our behavior personal superiority.
striving for superiority o Future expectations - Styles of Life
Superiority Complex o Teleological o Unhealthy
o Condition that develops when a person Unity and Self- Consistency of Personality  Dominant
overcompensates for the normal Ways where unity and self- consistency is operated  Getting
inferiority feelings 1. Organ dialect  Avoiding
o Exaggerated opinion of one’s abilities - Deficient organ expresses/communicates the o Healthy
and accomplishments. direction of the individual’s goals.  Socially useful
- Increases tension 2. Conscious and Unconscious - The Ruling (dominant) type
- Manifested by the individual and the society - Harmony between the two o Aggressive, dominating people who
interdependently - Social interest have little social interest or cultural
- The ultimate goal (oriented towards the future) o Innate potential to cooperate with perception.
- Initial Definition other people to achieve personal and o Aggression may be directed to others
o Compensation for general feeling of societal goals or to the self
weakness or femininity (masculine o Gauge in judging a person’s worth o They don’t care about the people
protest) o Initially dominance when not yet around
- Later Definition recognized - The getting type
o The urge towards perfection or o Natural condition o Most common
completion that motivates people  Binds ties due to inferiority o Dependent people who take rather
Subjective Perceptions through joining groups. than give
- May kanya-kanyang pagtingin sa bagay-bagay o Origin - The Avoiding type
depending on where they are or state in  Nurturance of parents o People who try to escape life’s
whatever context.  Mother’s role as caretaker problems and engage in little socially
- Fictions (social interest building) constructive activity.
o Story that we tells ourselves according  Pampered vs. o Strive for superiority
how we perceive the situation that we neglected - The Socially useful type
are looking at.  Father’s role of being o People with a great deal of social
emotionally detached interest and activity
o Cooperates with others
 o Copes with problems believing that they are more  Constructing obstacles
o Acts in accordance with their needs superior than they really are.  Least severe
Creative power  “Yes, but... or If only…”  Tayo gumagawa ng
- Makes each person a free individual. o Aggression sariling obstacles so
- Ability to create an appropriate style of life  Depreciation we can have an
- People actively shapes their life  Tendency to excuse.
- Law of low doorway undervalue other Applications
Maladjustments people’s - Family constellation
- Perceived as due to underdeveloped social achievements and o Birth order
interests overvalue one’s own  First-Born
o Too concerned of self and little care (criticism and gossip)  Subjected to
for others  Accusation excessive attention
- Characteristics of neurotics  Tendency to blame from their parents and
o Goals are too high (unrealistic) others for one’ thus to pampering.
o Live in their private world failures and to seek  Tend to be more
o Rigid and dogmaFtic revenge; let other intelligent,
- External factors of maladjustments people suffer more achievement-
o Exaggerated physical deficiencies than they do. oriented, conforming
(exaggerated inferiority feelings  Self-accusation and affiliative.
o Pampered style of life  Self-torture and guilt;  Oriented toward the
 Feeling unloved w/o parents devaluing the self to past and show a high
o Neglected style of life inflict suffering on degree of concern
Safeguarding tendencies others. with power-desire to
- Protective devices that enable people to hide o Withdrawal exercise authority,
inflated self-image and maintain their style of  Moving backward lead, or protect and
life.  Similar to regression help others.
- Conscious and shield from public disgrace  Humihingi ng  Middle-Born
- Overly rigid tendencies lead to self-defeating sympathy from otehrs  Develop a strong
techniques  Standing still superiority striving
o Excuses  Avoiding thus becoming the
 Most common safeguarding responsibility highest achievers
tendency  Hinahayaang  Apt to be
 Protects a weak but artificially mangyari ang bagay competitive,
inflated sense of self-worth bagay ambitious, and often
and deceive people into  Hesitating surpass the first-born
 Compulsive behavior
 in achievement and
motivation.
 Last-Born
 Pampered resulting in
being spoiled,
dependent, w/o
personal initiative, w/
strong inferiority
feelings
 More sociable, also
strives for excellence
and superiority.
 Only-Child Goal of assessment: determine the person’s style of life
 Tend to be more like and appropriateness of it
other children, enjoy
the center of attention
 Tends to mature
sooner and to adapt
adult like behaviors
earlier in life.
Assessment
o Early Recollections
 Earliest memories, whether
real events or fantasies, are
assumed to reveal the primary
interest of life.
 Memories of danger
or punishment:
tendency toward
hostility
 Birth of sibling:
continued sense of
dethronement
 Memories of one
parent: preference of
that parent
 Improper behavior:
warning to not repeat
the behavior
 Believed that recollections of
early experiences are shaped
by present style of life
o Dream Analysis
 Dreams involve feelings
about a current problem and
what we intend to do about it.
 Manifestation of style of life
and unique to everyone.
- Psychotherapy
o Analyzed patients’ verbalizations and
behavior
o Relaxed and informal during therapy
compared to Freud.
o Used humor and warmth; observed
everything
 Believed that the way the
body is used indicates
something about a person’s
style of life.
o Purpose: Enhance courage, lessen
feelings of inferiority, and encourage
social interest
o Psychopathology is seen as the lack of
courage, exaggerated feelings of
inferiority, and underdeveloped social
interest
o Therapist acts as a congenial co-
worker and it is essential that
moralistic preaching is refrained
o Therapeutic relationship is important
 Subjective experience makes
psychotherapy difficult;
challenging client’s view by
shifting the responsibility
from the therapist to the self.
 Did therapy with children in
front of an audience to make
everyone see th importance of
everyone’s attitude change
Strengths and Criticisms
Strengths
- Simplicity and its applicability even at present
- Adler’s theory has encouraged researchers to
develop several social interest scales
- Individual psychology is sufficiently broad to
encompass possible explanations for much of
what is known about human behavior and
development
- The theory is high on its ability to guide action
Criticisms
- Methodological limitations of case study in
Adler’s researches
- Causal explanation of early recollection and
style of life (and vice versa) is not established
- Lack of precise operational definitions (e.g.,
goal of superiority, creative power)
- Specifics of forming styles of life are not clear
Freud’s criticism of Adler’s propositions
- Oversimplified concepts
Dimensions for Concept of Humanity
- Determinism VS Free Choice (we choose
what we want to be)
- Pessimism VS Optimistic
- Causality VS Teleology (people act as they do)
- Conscious VS Unconscious
 - Biological Influences VS Social Influences - Jung believed that each of us by repressed - Through the ego, we establish a sense of
- Uniqueness (individuality) VS Similarities experiences but also certain emotionally toned stability in the way we perceive ourselves
Individual Psychology experiences inherited from our ancestors. - The ego bases its perceptions and behaviors
- The self is responsible for shaping personality Psychic Energy on:
- Optimistic view of people (social interest) - Basis of Jung’s system o Attitudes
- Behavior is shaped by the future - Libido o Functions
- Conscious is at the core of personality o Diffuse and general life energy (not
- Denied universality of biological motives and limited to sexual desire) Psychological Types
goals o Fuels personality - Union of two basic attitudes and four functions
- Personalities are shaped by unique social - Psyche
environments and interactions o Personality Attitudes
- Motivation Principles of Psychic Energy
- Predisposition to act or react in a characteristic
o Social influence - Inspired from physics.
direction:
o Superiority/success 1. Opposition principle
o Extroversion
o Focused on the uniqueness of each a. Every concept has an opposite
 Orientation toward the
person b. Conflict between opposing concepts is
external world or other people
Analytical Psychology necessary to generate energy
 Outward psychic energy
Carl Jung (1875-1961) 2. Equivalence Principle
- Parent’s oddities a. Total amount of psychic is fixed Extraverted people are not necessarily loud rather, they
- Religious family background b. Continuing redistribution of energy tend to have an orientation toward the external world
- Medical Background within a personality or other people which may lead them to a tendency to
o Studied medicine and worked in i. Transfer of energy in an area be more sociable and comfortable being outside.
psychiatric hospitals. of equal psychic value when
- Freud’s influence energy in another area o Introversion
o Extreme isolation after fallout with weakens.  Orientation toward one’s own
Freud 3. Entropy Principle thoughts and feelings
- Women in Jung’s life a. Tendency to equalize energy within a  Inward psychic energy
o Emma Jung (wife) system (equilibrium) - One is more dominant while the other remains
o Antonia “toni” Wolff i. Ideal and is never achieved influential
Became aware of his own no. 1 (extraverted and in tune Levels of the Psyche - How we collect energy and comfort level
with the objective world) and no. 2 (introverted and Functions
Ego
directed inward to the subjective world) personalities.
Analytical Psychology - One’s conscious mind - Different and opposing ways of perceiving the
- Rests on the assumption that occult - Selects perceptions, thoughts, feelings and objective external and subjective internal
phenomena can and do influence the lives of memories that may enter consciousness world.
everyone.
Non-rational (Perceiving)
 - Functions: accept experiences without
evaluation.
- Sensing: reproduces an experience through the
senses; individual’s perception of sensory
impulses
- Intuiting: perception beyond the working of
consciousness; creative (hunch or intuition)
Rational (Judging)
- Functions: making judgments and evaluations
about experiences; concerned with organizing
and categorizing experiences.
- Thinking: conscious judgment of whether an
experience is true or false; logical intellectual
activity that produces a chain of ideas
- Feeling: evaluation expressed in terms of like
or dislike, pleasantness or unpleasantness,
stimulation or dullness.
Personal Unconscious
- Includes perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and
memories that have been put aside but may be
easily be retrieved
- May also include person’s life history that has
been repressed or forgotten
- Unique to each person
- Complexes
o Core or pattern of emotions,
memories, perceptions and wishes in
the personal unconscious organized
around a common theme
(power/status, mother)
 Having a God complex is
similar to having a identity and social identity.
power/status complex, which
politicians of dynasties may - Made up of primordial images w/in the
have the tendency of having. collective unconscious
o May conscious or unconscious - A universal thought from or predisposition to
o More observed by others respond to the world in certain ways.
o Not just from personal experiences but - Efforts to deny or destroy the archetypes put us
also ancestral experiences. at a greater risk of becoming unbalanced or
one-sided
Collective Unconscious - The main source of archetypal material is
dreams
- Deepest level of the psyche
- Containing the accumulation of inherited 4 Major Jungian Archetypes
experiences of human and pre-human species
- Human’s innate tendency to react in a
particular way whenever their experiences
stimulate a biologically inherited response
tendency
- Shared and extends across persons
- Actively influence people’s thoughts,
emotions, and actions.
- Biologically inherited response tendency may
be compared to the concept of phylogenetic
endowment of Freud.
The Persona
- Outside of the ego seemingly protecting it
- Public self
- Social role that one assumes in society and
one’s understanding of it.
- One’s mask that one wears to adjust to the
demands of society.
- Represents a compromise between one’s true
Archetypes
The Shadow
 - Dark side of our personalities
- Morally objectionable tendencies
- Encompasses those unsocial thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors that we potentially
possess and other characteristics that we do not
accept
- Opposite side of persona
o Refers to the desires and emotions that
are incompatible with or social
standards and ideal personality.
- Source of vitality, spontaneity, creativity, and
emotion.
- Confronting shadow increases the possibility
of widening the boundaries of ego
consciousness and of integrating otherness.
- The shadow, in terms of morality, does not
conform to society's standard of morality. This
is the reason why people keep the shadow in
the dark.
The Anima and Animus
- Anima
o Feminine aspects of the male psyche
o Great mother archetype is its
derivative
o Wiser version
- Animus
o Masculine aspects of the female
psyche
o The wise old man archetype is its
derivative
- Existing because they have lived together for
centuries
- If one exhibits only the traits of one’s assigned
sex, the other traits remain unconscious,
undeveloped and primitive.
The Self o Beginning of logical and verbal
thinking
- Represents by Mandala o Addressing the self in the third person
- The central archetype - Dualistic (elementary)
- Represents the striving for unity of all parts of o Ego acts as a perceiver
the personality  Divided to subjective and
- Organizes and harmonizes all the archetypes objective
and their expressions. o Consciousness becomes continuous
- Ultimate goal is self-realization. lands.
o When the parts of personality are
united because it means that we Youth (puberty to middle life)
understand ourselves.
- Strive to gain psychic and physical
Stages of Development independence from parents, find a mate, raise
a family, and make a place in the world.
- Jung compares the stages of life to the Sun’s - Difficulty
journey through the sky, with the Brilliance of o Overcome the natural tendency to
the sun representing consciousness. cling to the narrow consciousness of
childhood (avoid problems)
- Conservative principle
o The desire to live in the past
Middle Life
- Psychic energy is turned from the objective to
the subjective.
Childhood
- Moving from extraverted goals of youth and
Three substages: moving in the introverted direction of
expanded consciousness.
- Anarchic (baby) - Psychological health is enhanced by looking
o Consciousness is primitive and cannot into the future with hope and anticipation,
be verbalized surrendering the lifestyle of their youth, and
o Consciousness are like islands discovering new meaning in their middle life.
(disconnected).
- This stage has great importance to Jung’s self-
- Monarchic (toddler) realization concept.
o The start of the development of the - Achieving success objectively (e.g.,youth
ego
appearance, prestige) is not the focus anymore.
Old age
- Jung believed that death is the goal of life
- Establishing new goals and meaning of life
Self- realization (individuation)
- Psychological rebirth
- Condition of psychological health resulting
from the integration of all conscious and
unconscious facets of the personality
- Process of integrating the opposite poles into a
single homogenous individual
- People are more in touch with the external
world during the youth stage.
Step towards self-realization
1. Confront the unconscious
o Brings the unconscious to the
conscious;
o Balance between the conscious and
unconscious.
2. Dethrone persona
o Public self is not the genuine self
o Accept the genuine self that the
persona is covering
3. Accept our dark sides
o Bringing each aspect of personality
into harmony with other aspects
4. Accept our Anima and Animus
o Most Difficult
o Greatest change in self-image
particularly for males.
o Opens a new sources of creativity and
serves as a final release from parental
influences
5. Transcend
o Innate tendency toward unity or
wholeness in the personality.
o When one transcends, they are able to
integrate the self within.
Applications
Assessment
- Word association test
o Projective technique
o A person responds to a stimulus word
with whatever comes to mind
- Symptom Analysis
o Focuses on symptoms reported by
patient and attempts to interpret the
patient’s free association to those
symptoms (catharsis).
o For treatment
- Dream Analysis
o Series of dreams are perceived as
prospective and compensatory.
o The interpretation is believed to
uncover unconscious conflicts.
Myers- Briggs type Indicator
- Self- report inventory
- Based on Jung’s Psychological types
- 16 personality types were created
- Currently, its validity and reliability are still
questioned.
Active Imagination
- Reveals archetypal images from the
unconscious and starts with any impression
until it moves.
- Compared to dream but in a conscious state
(clearer and reproducible)
Psychotherapy
- Goal of Jungian therapy: help neurotic patients
become healthy and to encourage healthy
people to work independently toward self-
realization.
- Four approaches:
1. Confession of pathogenic secret
2. Interpretation, explanation, and
elucidation
3. Education of patients as social beings
4. Transformation (for therapist) to help
patients
- Jungian therapy is designed to bring together
the conscious and unconscious parts of the
mind to help a person feel balanced and whole.
Strengths
- Jung is the only modern personality theorist to
make a serious attempt to include such a broad
scope of human activity within a single
theoretical framework.
- Contributions:
o Word association test
o Influenced other theorists (e.g.,
Maslow, Adler, Erikson, Cattell)
o Introversion-Extroversion
personalities
Criticisms
- Case study research (life history)
- Mysticism (lack of scientific evidence)
- Lacking in internal consistency, practicality,
and parsimony
 - Its application is limited only to those
therapists who subscribe to basic Jungian
tenets.
The dimensions for a concept of humanity is on the
middle:
- Determinism VS Free Choice (Mysticism)
- Pessimism (archetypes) VS Optimistic
- Causality VS Teleology (past and future is
important to him)
- Conscious VS Unconscious
Biological Influences VS Social Influences
Uniqueness VS Similarities
Psychoanalytic Social Theory
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
- Hostile to father, idolized mother
- Unhappy child (not the favorite and discord
between her parents)
- Left home (against his father’s will) to become
a physician
- Relationships with men
o Oskar Horney
o Affairs
o Erich Fromm
- Moved to the US where she saw the difference
(attributed to culture) between German and
American clients
- Early feminist (Issues with Freud)
- Self- analysis by examining diaries.
Horney’s Criticisms of Psychoanalysis
1. Rigid adherence to psychoanalysis would lead
to stagnation in theoretical thought and
practice.
2. Objection to Freud’s ideas on feminine
psychology.
3. Stressed psychoanalysis to move beyond the
instinct theory and emphasize cultural
influences in shaping personality.
- Recognized Freud’s Insights
Psychoanalytic Social Theory
- Posits that social and cultural conditions,
especially childhood experiences, are largely
responsible for shaping personality.
o Sees childhood experiences as a part
of culture and has a leading role in
shaping personality.
- The totality of early relationships molds
personality development
- Two guiding principles (instead of pleasure
principle)
o Safety/security
o Satisfaction
- No stages of development
o Child relationship is the key feature,
contrary to Freud, later attitudes are
believed to be coming from character
structure, not repetitions of infantile
attitudes (fixations)
Impact of childhood Experiences
- Childhood is believed to be:
o The age from which most traumatic
events arise.
o Dominated by the safety need.
o The phase when people can withstand
trauma as long as they feel wanted,
and loved, and secured.
- A difficult childhood (patterns) leads to
neurotic needs which becomes the child’s
means to gain feelings of safety.
- “People who rigidly repeat patterns of
behavior do so because they interpret new
experiences in a manner consistent with those
established patterns.”
Ways of undermining a child’s security
1. Obvious preference for one sibling over
another
2. Unfair punishment
3. Erratic behavior
4. Promises not kept
5. Ridicule
6. Humiliation
7. Isolation of the child from peers
- Experience of these leads the child to be in
state of helplessness that induces neurotic
behavior.
Impact of Culture
- Horney acknowledged genetic factor but
emphasized cultural influences on personality
development
Repressing Hostility towards Parents
- The more helpless children are, the less they
dare to oppose or rebel against their parents.
o More fearful they become, the more
they will repress hostility.
- Dishonest expressions of love
o Repress hostility to maintain even that
love.
- More guilt feelings, more repressed hostility.
- Experience of these leads the child to be in a
state of helplessness that induces neurotic
behavior.
Basic Anxiety
- Pervasive feelings of loneliness and
helplessness
“A feeling of being isolated and helpless in a
world conceived as potentially hostile.”
“a feeling of being small, insignificant,
helpless, deserted, endangered, in a world that
is out to abuse, cheat, attack, humiliate, betray,
envy”
- Can also lead to hostility
- “nutritive soil” that helps neurosis to develop
- Foundation of Neurosis but not neurosis
- Developed from repressed hostility as it leads
to profound feelings of insecurity and a vague
sense of apprehension.
Self-Protective Mechanisms
- Reflect the neurotic trends
- Defend against basic anxiety
- Interaction with other people is necessary
4 general ways of protecting the self against basis
anxiety
1. Securing affection and love
o “If you love me, you will not hurt me.”
o Purchasing love
2. Being submissive
o “If I give in, I will not be hurt.”
o Self is seen as unselfish and self-
sacrificing
Neurotic Needs
o Avoid doing anything that may
antagonize others
o Comply to others wishes
3. Attaining power
o “If I have power, I will not be
harmed.”
o Compensation through success or
sense of superiority
o Power: tendency to dominate others
o Prestige: tendency to humiliate others
o Possession: tendency to deprive
others.
4. Withdrawing
o “If I don’t become attached or
involved, I will not be hurt.”
o Developing independence from others
by detaching emotionally becoming
aloof, not seeking out people, blunting
or minimizing emotional needs.
Characteristics of Self- Protective Mechanisms
- Defense against pain, but not a pursuit of well-
being
- Powerful and intense
- Not necessarily an indication of neurosis but
becomes unhealthy when people feel
compelled to rely on them.
- Defend against basic anxiety  Motivation to
seek security
Compulsive drives
- “only way to resolve basic anxiety”
- Compulsively using one self-protective
mechanism instead of using various
mechanism.
1. Affection and Approval
a. Indiscriminately pleasing others
2. A Powerful Partner
a. Overvaluation of love and a dread of
being alone or deserted
3. Power
a. Control others and avoid feelings of
weakness or stupidity
4. Exploit Others
a. Basis of evaluation is how they can
use others; fear to be exploited by
others
5. Prestige (Social Recognition)
a. Trying to be first, important, or attract
attention
6. Personal Admiration
a. Need to be admired for what they are
than for what they possess; inflated
self-esteem fed by the approval of
others
7. Ambition and Personal Achievement
a. To be the best and defeat others to
confirm superiority
8. Self-sufficiency and Independence
a. Strong need to move away from
people; getting along without others
9. Perfection and Unassailability
 a. Strive for perfection; dreading
mistakes and personal flaws, and
desperately attempt to hide them
10. Restrict One’s Life within Narrow Borders
a. Strive to remain inconspicuous, to
take second place, and be content with
very little; downgrade abilities and
dread making demands from others.
Neurotic Trends
Moving Towards people (Compliant Personality)
- Affection and Approval
- A Powerful Partner
- Restrict One’s life within Narrow Borders
- Compulsion when its neurosis
- “Look at me. I am so weak and helpless that
you must protect and love me.”
- Likely to see themselves as loving, generous,
unselfish, humble, and sensitive to other
people’s feelings, but it is their way of
manipulation to satisfy their need for affection
and approval.
- Rejection is terrifying that efforts to please
increase.
Moving Against People (Aggressive Personality)
- Power
- Exploit Others
- Prestige
- Personal Admiration
- Ambition and Personal Achievement
- “Look at me. I am strong and powerful. I can
protect myself from anything or anyone.”
- Domineering and controlling behaviors are
manifested.
Characteristics:
- Driven to surpass others
- Judges everyone in terms of the benefit that
they will receive
- No effort to appease others
- Can be highly successful
- Low intrinsic motivation
- May appear confident, tough, or ruthless
- Seldom admit mistakes
Moving Away from People (Detached Personality)
- Self-sufficiency and Independence
- Perfection and Unassailability
- Restrict One’s Life within Narrow Borders
- “Look at me. I don’t need other people. I can
satisfy my own needs.”
- Satisfying needs by compulsively putting
emotional distance between themselves and
other people attaining autonomy and
separateness.
- Suppress or deny feelings to others
- They find associating with others an
intolerable strain
- Belief in hidden greatness to be recognized
o Automatic recognition
o Self-deceptive: they think that they are
unique, different, and apart from
everyone.
o Intense need for privacy
Characteristics:
- Build their own world and refuse others to be
close
- Values freedom and self-sufficiency
- May appear aloof and unapproachable
- Fears to need other people
- Uses reason, logic and intelligence to avoid
intimacy
Adler’s Influence (Style of life)
Complaint and Aggressive
- Other people are a necessity
Dominance of a Trend
- Determines neurotic behaviors manifested
- Two are repressed or manifested lesser
- Repressed trends push for expression leading
to conflict
Intrapsychic Conflicts
- Basic incompatibility of the neurotic trends
- Core of neurosis
o Leads to rigid and inflexible behaviors
and attitudes regardless of suitability
to situations
- The processes originate from interpersonal
experiences.
o As processes become a part of the
belief system, they develop a life of
their own separate from interpersonal
conflicts.
- Two intrapsychic conflicts
o Idealized Self-image
o Self-hatred
Idealized Self- Image
- An attempt to solve conflicts by painting a
godlike picture of oneself.
 - Self-image of:
o Compliant
 good and saintly
o Aggressive
 strong heroic, omnipotent
o Detached
 wise, self-sufficient,
independent
Three aspects:
1. Neurotic search for glory
- Drive toward actualizing the ideal self
- Elements:
o Perfection (Tyranny of the “shoulds”)
 An attempt to realize
unattainable idealized self-
image by denying the true self
and behaving in terms of what
we think we should be doing.
o Neurotic ambition (to high goals)
o Drive toward a vindictive triumph
(gumaganti)
2. Neurotic claims
- Seeing the self as special and entitled to be
treated in accordance with their self-image.
- Normal desire
3. Neurotic pride
- Loudly proclaiming pride to protect and
support the idealized self-image
- Realistic self esteem
Self-Hatred
- When realized that the real self does not match
the insatiable demands of their idealized self,
the self is hated and despised.
Six major ways of self-hatred expression:
- Relentless demands on the self
- Merciless self-accusation (blaming the self)
- Self-contempt (self-criticizing joke)
- Self-frustration ( Taboos against enjoyment)
- Self-torment or Self-torture (inflict harm to
self)
- Self-destructive actions (physical or
psychological; conscious or unconscious)
Externalization
- A way to defend against the conflict caused by
the discrepancy between an idealized and a
real self-image projection to the world.
- Alleviates anxiety but does not lessen the gap
between the idealized and real self-image.
- Excuses
Feminine Psychology
- Revision of psychoanalysis to encompass the
psychological conflicts inherent in the
traditional ideal of womanhood and women’s
roles.
- Believed that psychic differences between
sexes are due to cultural and social
expectations, not anatomy.
Freud vs. Horney
- Oedipus Complex
o Agreed with Freud of its existence but
saw it as the neurotic need for love, not
biological in nature, and that the goal
is security, not intercourse
- Penis envy vs. Womb envy
o Claimed that there is no reason for
women to be envious; male’s envy of
pregnancy and motherhood
o Denial of equal rights, minimized
opportunities for women and
downgrading their efforts to achieve is
a manifestation of womb envy (to
retain “natural superiority” of men.
- Masculine protest
o also agreed with Freud of its
existence; pathological belief that men
are superior to women
- Flight from womanhood
o Women denying femininity and can
lead to sexual inhibitions.
Applications
Assessment
Free Association
- Did not probe the unconscious
o Believed that patient could distort or
hide aspects of their inner lives or
falsify feelings of remembered events
- Focused on visible emotional reactions that
could explain attitudes toward other people
o Attitude or feeling is from a deeper
preexisting attitude
- Uncovering patients’ early experiences and
emotions like peeling onion layers
Dream Analysis
- Represented attempts to solve problem in
either a constructive or neurotic way.
- Dreams are believed to be revelations of the
true self
 - Shows attitude that may differ from self-image
- Can be explained within the context of the
patient’s conflict
Self-report Inventories
- Later researchers made tests to measure the
neurotic trends
o Horney-Coolidge Type Indicator
(HCTI)
o Horney-Coolidge Tridimensional
Inventory
Psychotherapy
- Help patients gradually grow in the direction
of self-realization
- Patients are convinced that their neurotic
solutions are correct, and they are reluctant to
surrender them (resistance).
- To have patients give up their idealized self-
image, relinquish their neurotic search for
glory, and change self-hatred to an acceptance
of the real self.
Strengths
- Clear portrayal of neurotic personality
- Commonsense appeal (nakikita sa paligid
natin)
- Impact on Erikson and Maslow
Criticisms
- Lack of current research to support
assumptions
- No clear picture of self-realization
- Denial of biological instincts
- Middle-class American culture perspective
Concepts of Humanity
- Determinism (no control on our behavior) VS
Free Choice
- Pessimism VS Optimistic
- Causality VS Teleology
- Conscious VS Unconscious
- Biological Influences VS Social Influences
- Uniqueness VS Similarities
Personology
Henry Murray (1893-1988)
- Experienced maternal rejections which is
different from Freud’s concept of Oedipal
complex
- Medicine and sensitivity to patients’
psychology
- Carl Jung’s influence
- Harvard Psychological Clinic: focused on
studying personality
o Thematic Apperception Test
- World War II: Director of Assessment for the
Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
- Death: “series of failures and unfulfilled
promises [and] could not escape the feeling
that he had not quite made the grade”
Principles of Personology
1. Personality is rooted in the brain.
a. The individual’s cerebral physiology
guides and governs every aspect of the
personality.
2. People act to reduce physiological and
psychological tension.
a. Not a tension-free state but having a
satisfying feeling.
b. A tension-free existence is itself a
source of distress.
3. Individual’s personality continues to develop
over time and is constructed of all the events
that occur during that person’s life.
a. The study of person’s past is of great
importance.
4. Personality changes and progress; it is not
fixed or static.
a. Each person is unique.
5. Every individual is unique, but he/she has
similarities among all people.
- An individual human being is like no other
person, like some other people, and like every
other person.
Divisions of Personality
Id
- Repository of all innate impulsive tendencies
and concern with behavior.
- It provides the energy and the direction of
behavior.
- Also contains desirable impulses such as love
and empathy
- Strength or intensity varies from person to
person
- Problem of controlling and directing the id is
not the same for all people
- Primitive, amoral, and lustful impulses
Superego
- The internalization of the culture’s values and
norms by which we come to evaluate and
judge our behavior and that of others.
 - Prevents occurrence of socially unacceptable - Consciously reasons, decides, and wills the - It energize and direct our behaviors-that is,
impulses and expresses acceptable needs direction of behavior they activate behavior in direction to satisfy
appropriately. the needs.
- Not rigidly crystallized but continues to Ego is not the slave of id, superego and the reality but
developed throughout life organizes our behaviors coming from the id impulse Types of Needs
- Not in constant conflict with the id whether good or bad.
Primary vs. Secondary needs
(complements the id) Ego plan courses of action and it suppress unaccepted
- Ego-ideal id impulses and promote accepted id impulses 1. Viscerogenic (Primary) needs
o Includes one’s goals and ambition pleasure. - Arise from internal bodily states and include
- Shaped not only by parents and authority those needs required for survival
figures, but also by peer group and culture It is called the arbiter of the two contenders (id and - Food, water, air, harm avoidance, sex,
- Imposed on children at an early age by their superego) and may favor one over the other or both sentience
parents and authority figures 2. Psychogenic (Secondary) needs
A strong ego can mediate effectively between the - Arise indirectly from primary needs;
- Greater complexity and sophistication as we conflicts between the two, but a weak ego leaves the
grow older. emotional and psychological needs
personality a battleground. - Achievement, affiliation, dominance,
Ego exhibition, nurturance, etc.
- The rational governor of personality, and - Concerned with emotional satisfaction
conscious organizer of all behaviors. Reactive vs. Proactive needs
- More active in determining behavior compared Needs Theory
to Freud’s concept. 1. Reactive needs
- Id-Superego arbiter - Needs are the motivators of behavior - Needs that involve a response to a specific
o Extreme favoring of the: - Results from studying normal male Harvard object.
 id: life of crime university students. - Harm avoidance
 superego: life of inflexibility Needs
2. Proactive needs
o Managing conflict between the id and - Needs that arise spontaneously
superego - It is a physicochemical force in the brain that - Hunger, thirst
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perceptual abilities. https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp
effectively
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 weak ego: personality - may arise either from internal processes such
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becomes a battleground
- Conflict is evitable - Hunger or thirst, or from events in the Characteristics of Needs
o Harmony: integrates the id and environment.
superego - Arouse a level of tension that the organism Prepotency
tries to reduce by acting to satisfy them. - Urgency with which they impel behavior.
Fusion of needs
 - Complementary needs
Subsidiation
- One need activated to aid in satisfaction of
another need
Press
- Influence of environment and past events on
current activation of need
Thema
- Combination of press and needs which brings
order to personality
Stages of (Childhood) Development Complex
- Murray’s childhood developmental stages
- Normal pattern of childhood development that
influences adult personality
- Fixations
o Extreme manifestations in a stage
Claustral Stage
- Secure, serene, dependent fetus in the womb
o People may occasionally wish to be
reinstated.
1. Simple Claustral Complex
- Experienced as a desire to be in a small, warm,
dark places that are safe and secluded.
- People with this complex:
o Dependent on others, passive, and
oriented towards safe familiar
behaviors that worked in the past.
- Insupport form
o Feelings of insecurity and
helplessness
- Anti-claustral or eggression form
o Need to escape from restraining
womb-like conditions
- Remaining under the blankets instead of going
out of bed
Oral Stage
1. Oral Succorance Complex
a. Combination of mouth activities,
passive tendencies, and the need to be
supported and protected.
b. Kissing, sucking, hunger for affection
2. Oral Aggression Complex
a. Combines oral and aggressive
behaviors
b. Biting, spitting, shouting
3. Oral Rejection Complex
a. Desiring seclusion and avoiding
dependence.
b. Vomiting, being picky with food, and
fearing oral contamination.
- Reminiscent of Adler and Horney personalities
Anal Stage
1. Anal Rejection Complex
a. Preoccupation with defecation, anal
humor and feces-like material
b. Aggression is a part of this
c. Dirty and disorganized
2. Anal Retention Complex
a. Accumulating, saving, collecting
b. Cleanliness, neatness, order
Urethral Stage
1. Urethral Complex
a. Excessive ambition, distorted sense of
self-esteem, exhibitionism,
bedwetting, sexual cravings, and self-
love
b. Also called Icarus complex
i. Aiming too high and shattered
by failure
Genital (or Castration) Stage
1. Castration Complex
a. Fear of the penis being cut off which
grows out of childhood masturbation
and parental punishment.
Assessment
1. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Ambiguous pictures depicting simple scenes
where test takers have to compose stories
which may let the person project their feelings
onto characters
- Device for assessing unconscious thoughts,
feelings, and fears
2. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Assessment
Program
- Use of TAT and Rorschack Inkblot test for
placement of soldiers in dangerous jobs
- Situational tests were administered
- Pioneer attempt to employee selection
Strengths
- List of needs has a continuing value
o Research
o Clinical diagnosis
o Employee selection
- Influenced modern study of personality
o Impact on assessment
Criticisms
- Unpublished works
- Only some of the needs in his theory are
experimented on
- Vague procedure of his Harvard study leading
it to be though as unscientific
- Overly complex list of needs and their overlap
- Relation of needs to personality and how it is
developed.
Concepts of Humanity
- Determinism vs. Free Choice
- Pessimism vs. Optimism
 - Causality vs. Teleology
- Conscious vs. Unconscious
- Biological vs. Social Influences
- Similarities vs. Uniqueness
Identity Theory (Life Span Approach)
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
- Brought up by his biological mother and
stepfather
o Identity crisis because of longing to
find out his father.
- Biological father became his lifetime concern
- Traveled as an artist and wanderer when he
was 18
- Trained in psychoanalysis and was analyzed
by Anna Freud
- Relationship with wife and children
- Focused on research.
o Research on American Indians where
he saw symptoms related to a sense of
alienation which cannot be explained
by psychoanalysis. The sense of
alienation observed seem to result to a
lack of clear self-image.
Identity Theory
Extended Freud’s theory in three ways:
- Elaborated Freud’s stages by suggesting that
personality develops over the entire lifespan
- Placed greater emphasis on the ego (than the
id) which he believed to be an independent part
of personality
- Recognized the impact of cultural and
historical forces to personality
Ego
- positive force that created a self-identity
(sense of “I”)
- Center of personality that helps us adapt to the
various conflicts and crises of life and keeps us
from losing our individuality to the leveling
forces of society
o Unifies personality and guards against
indivisibility
o Person’s ability to unify experiences
and actions in an adaptive manner
- Partially unconscious organizing agency that
synthesizes the past, present, and future.
Childhood
- Weak, pliable, and fragile
Adolescence
- The ego begins to take form and gain strength
3 Aspects of the Ego
- These change rapidly during adolescence
Body Ego
- Way of seeing our physical self as different
from other people (satisfaction)
Ego Ideal
- Image of ourselves in comparison with an
established ideal (satisfaction of personal
identity)
Ego Identity
- Image that we have of ourselves in the variety
of social roles we play.
Society’s Influence on Development
- Society shapes the ego
o Child-rearing practices of every
culture and family shape personalities
of individuals depending on the needs
and values of their culture.
Stages of Psychosocial Development
Basic Points of the Psychosocial Stages
1. Growth takes place according to the
epigenetic principle
- Ego development
o Follows the epigenetic principle
 In each stage, the ego
develops at its proper time.
 One stage emerges from and
built upon a previous stage
but does not replace the
earlier stage.
- Human is governed by a sequence of stages
that DEPEND on genetic/hereditary factors.
- Social and environmental factors CONTROL
THE WAYS in which the stages are
REALIZED.
2. Interaction of opposites in every stage of life
- Necessary conflict in each stage
- Syntonic: Trust
- Dystonic: Mistrust
3. Conflict produces an ego quality or ego
strength called BASIC STRENGTH
- Helps to move to the next step
4. Too little basic strength at any one stage
results in a core pathology for that stage
- Opposite of the development of the basic
strength
 5. Includes the biological aspect of human
development
- Physiological/biological elements affect
psychosocial development
6. Events on earlier stages do not cause later
personality development, rather, ego identity
is shaped by multiplicity of conflicts and
events
- Include the past, present, and future events
7. Each stage is characterized by an identity
crisis
- Identity crisis
o Not a catastrophic event, but an
opportunity for either adaptive
(healthy) or maladaptive (protection)
adjustment
o Turning point
 Crucial period of increased
vulnerability and heightened
potential
 Adolescence in particular
Stages of Psychosocial Development
1. Infancy ( Trust Vs. Mistrust)
Mode: Psychosexual stage equivalent
Oral sensory stage: total dependence on the primary
caregiver for survival, security and affection.
- Time of “incorporation”: taking in of
information through the sense organs
o Modes of incorporation
 Receiving and accepting
what is given
 Social context (training in
interpersonal relationships):
infants get, and someone
needs to give them (primary
caregivers attention to their
needs leads to the
development of trust and
mistrust which is the first
psychosocial crisis)
- Success of this crisis → hope (includes both
the painful and pleasurable experiences):
persistent feeling of confidence
- Maladjustment → withdrawal (avoidance of
interaction and building of deep interpersonal
relations)
2. Early Childhood (Autonomy VS. Shame
and Doubt
- Anal-Urethral-Muscular mode: development
of a variety of physical and mental abilities
o Toilet training: psychosocial than
biological control is developed
particularly holding on (loving or
hostile) and letting go (destructive
rage or relaxed passivity)
- Contradiction period:
o Stubborn rebellion vs. meek
compliance
o Impulsive self-expression vs.
compulsive deviance
o Loving cooperation vs. hateful
resistance
- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
o Choice: first time for children and they
continue to try
o Do parents (society) allow them to
express and do things themselves?
o Development of autonomy and shame
and doubt from the allowance given
by society for them to move.
- Shame: feeling of self-consciousness (being
looked at and exposed)
- Doubt: feeling of not being certain (something
remains hidden and cannot be seen)
- may develop from mistrust and lead to
difficulties in the next stages if WILL is not
developed
- Compulsion is inadequate will
3. Play Age (Initiative vs. Guilt)
- Locomotor-genital stage: motor and mental
abilities continue to develop, and they can
accomplish more on their own.
- Strong desire to initiate to do activities
- Oedipal relationship is described as the
lifelong power of human playfulness.
o Guilt: developed when displays of
initiative are inhibited or punished.
o Parents’ guidance through making
them understand situations can help in
acquiring awareness of permissible
behaviors (and not).
- Will develops to Purpose: courage to envision
and pursue goals favored.
- Inhibition: too much guilt
4. School Age (Industry vs. Inferiority)
- Latency: exposure to new social influences
- Diversion of energies to learning the
technology of their culture and the strategies of
social interactions
- Industry: a means to get praise and satisfaction
when completing tasks
o Attitudes and behaviors of parents and
teachers determine children’s
perceptions of themselves as they
develop their skills
 Start of the formation of the
self -based on
COMPETENCE (confidence
to use abilities to solve
problems and the foundation
of co-operative participation
in productive adult life)
 Origin of ego identity [self-
images
o Willingness to remain busy with
something and finish a job
- Inferiority: may develop from guilt and
scolding, ridicule and rejection behaviors of
parents and teachers.
- Inertia: Regression
5. Adolescence (Identity vs. Identity
Confusion)
- Puberty (genital maturation): a person must
gain a firm sense of ego identity at the end of
this period.
- Has a minor role psychologically
o Important as it triggers expectations of
adult roles that are essentially social
and can be filled only through a
struggle to attain ego identity.
o EGO IDENTITY does not begin or
end in adolescence.
- Ascendance of identity confusion vs. identity
confusion
o Adaptive phase: Period of trial and
error
 Looking for new roles to help
discover identity
- Social latency: postponement of a lasting
commitment to an occupation, a sex partner, or
an adaptive philosophy of life.
- 3 identity domains:
o Occupational
o Sexual
o Ideological
- Two Sources of identity
o Affirmation or rejection of childhood
identifications
o Historical and social contexts (family
and peer’s influence)
- Proper ratio of identity and confusion can help
develop FIDELITY
o Having faith in some sort of
ideological principle.
o Having the ability to freely decide
how to behave
o Having trust in peers and adults who
give advice
o Having confidence on a choice of an
eventual occupation.
Historical and social contexts (family and peers’
influence): includes encouraging conformity to certain
standards which may intensify identity confusion
Fidelity: trust learned in infancy is basic to this
strength.
- Developed through the proper ratio of identity
and confusion
- Identity confusion: a syndrome of problems
o Some amount is necessary for growth
Characteristics:
- Divided self-image
- Inability to establish intimacy
- Sense of time urgency
- Lack of concentration on required tasks
 - Rejection of family or community standards
Identity confusion: a syndrome of problems
- Most popular as identity crisis
o May last for years and can result in
either greater or lesser ego strength
Characteristics
- Divided self-image
- Inability to establish intimacy
- Sense of time urgency
- Lack of concentration on required tasks
- Rejection of family or community standards
Extreme confusion can lead to role repudiation
1. Diffidence : extreme lack of self-trust
(hesitation to express the self)
2. Defiance: act of rebelling against authority
- Some amount is necessary for growth
- Behavioral manifestations:
o Leaving home
o Joining groups
o Rebelling
6. Young Adulthood (Intimacy vs. Isolation)
- Genitality: acquisition of ability to fuse
identity with the identity of another while
maintaining individuality
- Adulthood vs adolescence
o Mutual trust and stable sharing of
sexual satisfactions
- Intimacy: ability to fuse identity with another
without the fear of losing it.
o Ability and willing ness to share
mutual trust (entails maturity)
o Development of LOVE
 Mature devotion that
overcomes basic differences
between men and women
 Retention of identity
 Commitment, sexual passion,
cooperation, competition, and
friendship
 Enables a person to cope
productively in the last two
stages
- Isolation: incapacity to take chances with
one’s identity by sharing true intimacy
o Extreme isolation: EXCLUSIVITY
 Block one’s ability to
cooperate, compete, or
compromise which are
necessary for intimacy.
7. Middle Adulthood (Generativity vs.
Stagnation)
- Procreativity: instinctual drive to perpetuate
the species, caring for offspring, and work
productively (assumption of responsibilities).
- Generativity: establishing and guiding the next
generation
o Procreation of children, production of
work, and creation of new things and
ideas that contribute to the building of
a better world.
o Satisfies the need to instruct
o Intimacy not just with partner
- Care: Widening commitment to take care of
persons, products, and ideas one has learned to
love for
o Not a duty but a natural desire
emerging from generativity and
stagnation
- Stagnation
o Self-absorption
o Too self-indulgent
- Rejectivity: unwillingness to take care
o Self-centeredness, pseudospeciation
(others are inferior)
o Responsible for destruction, hatred
and wars
8. Old Age (Integrity vs. Despair)
- Generalized sensuality: taking pleasure in a
variety of physical sensation
o Greater appreciation of the traditional
lifestyle of the opposite sex.
- Integrity: feeling of wholeness and coherence,
“I-ness”, despite diminishing physical and
intellectual powers
o Difficult to maintain when losing
those powers
- Wisdom: informed and detached concern with
life itself in the face of death
o Maintaining integrity with the reality
of health decline.
- Despair: to be without hope
 o Disgust, depression, contempt for - Incomplete description of maturity
others, non-acceptance of finite - Seem to be gender-biased
boundaries of life - Ego identity seems to be for the privileged
- Disdain: reaction and feeling in an increasing Concepts of Humanity
state of being finished, confused, and helpless - Determinism (culture) vs. Free Choice
Assessment - Pessimism vs. Optimism
Play Therapy - Causality vs. Teleology
- Provide toys and observed how children - Conscious vs. Unconscious
played with them - Biological Influences vs. Social Influences
Anthropological Studies - Uniqueness vs. Similarities
- Immersion to cultures
Psycho-historical Analysis
- Study of individual and collective life with the
combined methods of psychoanalysis and
history
- “fundamental beliefs are a product of one’s
historical time which are influenced by
exceptional leader experiencing a personal
identity conflict”
- Disciplined Subjectivity:
o Subject’s viewpoint as his own
Psychological Tests
- Ego-Identity Scale
- Ego-Identity Process Questionnaire
- Loyola Generativity Scale
Strengths
- Acknowledgment of the development
throughout the lifespan
- Guides action
- Identity crisis concept
- Impact of cultural, social, and historical forces
are incorporated
Criticisms
- Ambiguous concepts (lack of precision)
- Lack of data due to dependence on ethical
principles