General Physics 1 Dimensional Analysis

Periodic Test - Reviewer - The technique of converting between units is

called dimensional analysis.
analysis
Measurement - The starting point for dimensional analysis is
- A measurement is made up of a number and a equality. A unit equality or conversion
unit equality
unit. There are two systems used for specifying factor is an equation that shows the
units of measure : English and Metric System equivalent amounts of different units.
English System : The English or British System Conversion of units
comprises units such as pound (for force), yard Time Length
(for length), and ounce (for volume). - 1 yr = 12 mo - 1 mi = 1.609 km
Metric System : The Metric System constitutes - 1 day = 24 hr - 1 in = 2.54 cm
units based in powers of 10, which makes it the - 1 hr = 60 min - 1 m = 1.09 yd
preferred system to be used in science. For - 1 wk = 7 days - 1 ft = 12 in
example, 1 km is equal to 10³ m. - 1 hr = 3,600 s - 1 yd = 3 ft
- 1 min = 60 s - 1 km = 1,000 m
- In 1960, the units of the metric system were - 1 m = 100 cm
streamlined by an international conference Mass - 1 cm = 10 mm
held in France. The conference then created - 1 km = 1,000 g
the SI,
SI which stands for Système international
Système International - 1 g = 1,000 mg Volume
d' unitès
d' unitès or the International System of Units. It - 1 kg = 2.2 lb - 1 L = 1,000 mL
is build upon a set of seven (7) metric units, - 1 ton = 1,016 kg - 1 mL = 1 cc or cm³
which are called the base units.
Temperature - formulas in converting temp.
The SI Base / Fundamental Units K = °C + 273 (°F - 32)
R = °F + 460 °C =
Physical Quantity Unit Name Symbol 1.8
°F = °C × 1.8 + 32
mass kilogram kg
length meter m Significant Figures
time second s - These are digits with certainty. It makes the
amount of substance mole mol measurements more accurate and precise.
temperature kelvin K Rules in counting significant figures
electric current ampere A
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
luminous intensity candela cd ex. 1.234 has 4 no. of SF
2. Zeroes between two nonzero digits are sig-
- In addition to these seven base units, other SI nificant
units can be made from combinations of the ex. 40570 has 5 no. of SF
base units. A combination of two or more base 3. Zeroes to the left of the first nonzero digit
units is called a derived unit.
unit are not significant.
ex. 0.0009 9 has 1 no. of SF
The Derived Units
4. If a number is greater than 1, all zeroes to
Physical Quantity Unit Name Symbol the right of the decimal point are significant.
area square meter m² ex. 7.00 has 3 no. of SF
volume cubic meter m³ 4005.0 has 5 no. of SF
density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m³ 5. If a number is less than 1, only the zeroes at
meter per second m/s
the end of the number and the zeroes
speed
between two nonsero digits are significant.
force newton N or kg•m/s²
ex. 0.02010
2010 has 4 no. of SF
energy joule J or N/m 6. The zeroes immediately to the left of an
power watt W or J/s unexpressed decimal point are not significant.
pressure pascal Pa or N/m³ ex. 400
4 has 1 no. of SF
quantity of electricity coulomb C or A/s
Scientific Notation
- To express very large or very small numbers
in a simpler way, they are usually written in
scientific notation (also known as standard
form).
- A number written in scientific notation has
two parts — a number from 1 to 9, and a power
of 10 in exponential form.
ex. 0.000123 can be written in scientific
notation as
-4
1.23 × 10
contains only the form of 10n , where
significant digits of n is the exponent
the original number, depending on how
and should only many decimal
contain numbers places you move.
from 1 - 9.
note: the sign of the exponent depends on
which way you move the decimal.
• Negative (-) exponent is used if you move
the decimal from Left to Right.
• Positive (+) exponent is used if you move the
decimal from Right to Left.
Precision and Accuracy
- Accuracy is the nearness of a measurement
to the true value. This refers to your ability to
get a measurement that is as close as possible
to the correct value.
- Precision is the closeness of several
measurements of the same property for a
given substance at a certain condition.
Scalar and Vector Quantities
- Physical Quantities can be classified as sca-
lars or vectors.
• A scalar is a quantity that can only be
described by its magnitude (numerical value
consisting of number and its unit), such as
time, mass, and temperature.
• A physical quantity characterized by both
magnitude and direction is called a vector.
vector
Some examples of vector quantities are
velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, and
electric field. Vector quantities are normally
denoted by a symbol with an arrow on top
such as A .
Adding Scalar Quantity
- Getting the sum of scalar quantities is easier
than getting that of vector quantities. For
example, to get the mass of three objects, you
only need to add their individual masses.
ex. 50 kg + 100 kg + 150 kg = 300 kg
Adding Vector Quantity
- The two ways in adding vectors using graphi-
cal representations are the parallelogram
method and the polygon method.
Graphical Method of Adding Vectors:
Parallelogram Method
The parallelogram method is useful if you
are adding only two vectors. Plot first the
two vectors (from tail to tail) to the cartesian
plane. Then draw two dashed lines (parallel
to the given vectors) to make parallelogram.
The resultant of this method is the line from
the origin to the opposite vertex of the
formed parallelogram.
example:

x x
xxxx
x x

Accurate and Precise Accurate but NOT

Precise

x
x
xx
x
x

x
x
Precise but NOT NOT Accurate and NOT
Accurate Precise
 Graphical Method of Adding Vectors:
The Polygon Method
The polygon method is also known as the
head-to-tail method. This is easy to use if
you want to add more than two vectors.
Draw first the vectos in the cartesian plane.
The tail of the first vector should be at the
origin of the cartesian plane. The next two
vectors should be drawn in a "head-to-tail"
manner, or from the head of the prior vector
connecting to the tail of the next vector. The
resultant of this method is the line from the
tail of the first vector (origin) to the head of
the last vector.
example:
- The graphical method in adding vectors is a
powerful tool when a visualization of the
resultant vector is neede. However, more
accurate results can be foung using the
method.
analytical method
Addition of Vectors Using the Analytical
Method
This method eliminates the chances for
human errors related to the measuring and
plotting of vectors when the graphical
method is employed.
- Vectors can be projected in both the x- and
y-axes. When plotted, these projections
become the components of the vector,
which are denoted by A x and A y . Using
trigonometry, the magnitudes of A x and A y
can be written as
A x = A cos θ
A y = A sin θ
This process is called resolving the vector.
- If you know the x and y components of the
vector, you can find its magnitude using the
Pythagorean Theorem.
A = (Ax² + Ay²)
- The direction of the vector (θ) can be
computed through
Ay -1 Ay
tan θ = θ = tan
Ax Ax
- After computing the vector components,
you can now find the resultant vector, which
is the vector sum of two or more vectors.
The x component of the resultant (R x ) is
simply the sum of the x component of the
vectors. It is also the same with the y
component. Thus,
R x = A x+ B x and R y= Ay + By
This procedure is not only limited to two
vectors. You can use this method to add any
numbers of vectors.
Guide for Cardinal Direction
Kinematic Quantities
- Describing motion is the focus of a field of
physics called mechanics. Mechanics is the
study of motion. It is divided into two general
parts (fields) — kinematics and dynamics.
dynamics
Kinematics is the mathematical description of
motion without reference to its physical
causes. You can describe motion using
kinematic quantities such as position, speed,
and acceleration.
Dynamics,
Dynamics on the other hand, is the study of v vf - vo
the causes of motion. It is also the study of the a= =
t t
relationship between motion and force.
(If the result of the computation turns
Distance and Displacement out to be negative, then it is deceleration)
- Distance is the length or the total length of
the path the body has taken. It is a scalar - Deceleration is the negative acceleration.
quantity — it is expressed in terms of The acceleration will be negative if, for
magnitude and unit only. The SI unit for example, an object slows down.
distance is meter.
Formula in getting the distance: Types of Motion
d = d1 + d 2 Uniform Accelerated Motion (UAM)
- The motion of an object where the accele-
- Displacement is defined as the length of the ration is constant.
straight line formed between the initial The four important kinematic equations /
position and the final position of an object. As formulas for uniformly accelerated motion.
displacement is a vector quantity, it is usually vf² – v0²
(1) vf = v0 + at (3) d =
expressed in terms of magnitude, unit, and 2a
direction. It is denoted as ( d ). The units for
( v +2 v ) t
1
displacement can be expressed in length such (2) d = f 0
(4) d = v0t + 2 at²
as meter and foot.
Formula in getting displacement: where
vo is the initial velocity;
d = (d1² + d2²) vf is the final velocity;
t is the final time;
d is the distance;
Speed, Velocity, Acceleration, and Deceleration a is the acceleration
- Speed describes how fast or slow an object
moves. It is a scalar quantity because it is Free Fall Motion
expressed only by its magnitude and unit. - The state of the body that moves freely in
Formula in getting the speed: any manner in the presence of gravity.
- All objects, in the absence of air resistance,
d d — distance fall with the same constant acceleration. This
v=
t t — time acceleration is called acceleration
acceleration due to
gravity and denoted by the symbol g. g Its
- Velocity is the quantity that contains both magnitude is approximately g = 9.8 m/s², and
the speed and the direction of motion of an its direction is downward (toward the center
object which makes it a vector quantity. of Earth). Because it has magnitude and
Formula in getting velocity: direction, acceleration due to gravity is a
vector quantity.
d
v= with direction The formula for free fall motion is just the
t same with the four formulas of UAM. Simply
replace d by y since the object is moving
- Acceleration is a measure of how fast or slow
vertically (y-axis). Substitute also the a with
velocity changes. An object accelerates
-g. The negative sign means that the
whenever there is a change in speed, a change
acceleration due to gravity is downward.
in the direction of motion of the object, or a
change in both speed and direction. v0² – v ²
(1) vf = v0 - gt (3) y=
Formula in getting acceleration: 2g

( v +2 v ) t
change in velocity 1
acceleration = (2) y= f 0
(4) y = v0t – gt²
elapse time 2
Projectile Motion
- It is the motion of an object (called a
projectile)
projectile thrown into the air. The path
followed by a projectile is called its trajectory
trajectory.
Formulas for Projectile Motion:
{
ax = 0
for x- vx = vox= vo cos θ
component
x = vx t = vox t = (vo cos θ) t
{
ay = -g
for y- vy = voy – gt = vo sin θ – gt
component
1 1
v = voyt – gt² = (vo sinθ)t – gt²
2 2
Uniform Circular Motion
- It is the motion of a particle moving at a
constant speed on a circle. At every point, its
velocity (called tangential
tangential velocity)
velocity is directed
tangent to its circular path. Its tangential
velocity changes in direction but not in
magnitude (speed). Thus, this velocity must be
perpendicular to the acceleration at every
point. In a circular path, this type of
acceleration, known as radial acceleration
acceleration or
centripetal acceleration
acceleration, is directed toward
the center of the circle.
If the radius of the circle is R, the radial
acceleration (a ), and speed (v) of the body
in uniform circular motion are related by the
following equation:
v²
a rad =
R
This can also be expressed in terms of the
period (T) of the motion. Period is the time
for one revolution (one complete trip of the
body around the circle). For one period, the
distance the body has traveled is equal to
the circumference 2πR of the circle. So its
speed is: 2πR
v=
T
Substituting this to the equation for arad gives:
4π²R
a rad =
T²
Non-Uniform Circular Motion
- The circular motion when the speed of the
object doesn't remain constant. In non-
uniform circular motion, the object is moving
in a circular path with varying speeds.
Because the speed is changing, there is
tangential acceleration in addition to radial
acceleration.
Uniform Constant Motion
- It is the motion in a straight line at a constant
speed.
Vertical Motion
- It is the motion that happens when we throw
an object totally up.
Newton's Law of Motion
Force
- A force is a simple push or pull. When two
bodies interact, there is force. For example,
when you push a box, you interact with it by
exerting a force on it. You can exert forces in
different directions.
- Forces can be classified as either contact or
noncontact forces.
Contact forces occurs when the interacting
bodies are touching each other.
Noncontact forces are long-range forces
that can act even if the bodies are separated
by empty space or at a distance from each
other.
Newton's first law of motion
- also known as the law of inertia
inertia. It states that
every object will retain its state of motion
(whether at rest or moving with constant
velocity in a straight line) unless acted upon
by a net force.
Newton's second law of motion
- also known as the law of acceleration
acceleration. It
states that the acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force acting
on it, is in the same direction as the net force,
and is inversely proportional to its mass. This
can be expressed in equation form as:
F = ma
- In SI units, the units of mass and force are kg
and N, respectively. From this equation, 1 N is
the net force required to impart an
acceleration of 1 m/s² to a mass of 1 kg. Thus, 1
N = 1 kg • m/s².
The force due to gravity Fg : Fg = mg
note: g is the acceleration due to gravity
with magnitude of 9.8 m/s² and directed
downward
Newton's thirs law of motion
- states that for every action, there is an equal
magnitude and opposite direction. The forces
mentioned in the law are commonly referred
to as "action-reaction"
action-reaction forces.

note: with the equation mentioned on the

second law, we can derive the following
equation:
F = ma
F
a=
m
F
m=
a

Mass vs Weight
- The magnitude of the force of gravity is
commonly called the weight (w).
w = mg

- Mass is the property of an object itself. It is

the measure of "the quantity of matter in an
object."
- Weight is a force or the pull of gravity on an
object.