College of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

Fluid mechanics lab MECH 348

Experiment Title: Impact Jet

Section Number: 51

Lab Instructor: Eng. Issah Al Hamad

Fall 2020
Table of content:

- Abstract

- Introduction

- Objectives

- Theory

- Apparatus

- Procedures

- Data and error analysis

- Results and Discussion

- Conclusion

- References
Abstract

The usage of water jets has spread into numerous fields and for multifaceted purposes like
cleaning, cutting, and punching various materials. Because the impact occurs over a very
short period, the target may deform elastically or plastically at high rates of strain. The
impact of jet experiment is a way to understand fluid pressure by using the pressure
toaccelerate the fluid to a plate by a high velocity in a jet which in result will generate force
due toimpulse. It enables the force developed by a jet of water affecting upon a stationary
object to bemeasured.

Introduction

Moving fluid, in natural or artificial systems, may exert forces on objects in contact with it.
To analyze fluid motion, a finite region of the fluid (control volume) is usually selected, and
the gross effects of the flow, such as its force or torque on an object, is determined by
calculating the net mass rate that flows into and out of the control volume. These forces can
be determined, as in solid mechanics, by the use of Newton’s second law, or by the
momentum equation. The force exerted by a jet of fluid on a flat or curve surface can be
resolved by applying the momentum equation. The study of these forces is essential to the
study of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machinery.

Objectives
To determine the coefficient of impact of jet on vanes.
Theory

The liquid comes out in the form of a jet from the outlet of a nozzle, which is fitted to a pipe
through which the liquid if flowing under pressure. If some plate, which may be fixed or
moving, is placed in the path of the jet, a force is exerted by the jet on the plate. This force is
obtained from Newtonâs second law of motion or from impulse-moment equation. Thus
impact of jet means the force exerted by the jet on a plate which may be stationary or
moving.

Apparatus

 Impact of jet on vanes set up with nozzle.

 Vane holder.

 Different types of vanes.

 Weight balance with weights.

 Scale.

Procedures
1. Select the type of vanes to be used in the experiment.
2. Move the counterbalance weight to make the arm horizontal.
3. Once the balance is made, the length of weight pan and counterbalance distance is
measured using a scale.
4. Put the weight on the pan.
5. Open the inlet valve and bring the bubble to center in spirit level using the
counterbalance.
6. Close outlet valve and find discharge by noting the time taken by water to fill certain
height in the collecting.
7. Repeat the same procedure for other trials.
Data and error analysis

A ×h
A. 1. For each data set first find the discharge by using this equation: Q=
t
2. find the velocity of the jet to be able to calculate the actual and the theoretical
Q
forces: V = .
A
W ×b
3. after that we can find the two values of forces: F th =2 ρA V 2 , F act=
a
F act
4. find the coefficient of impact: C i=
F th

B. Actual and theoretical forces:

Flat Vane
5

4
Actual Force (N)

f(x) = 0.801809493260736 x + 0.115360527272391

3

1
1 2 3 4 5
Theoritical Force (N)

|Theoritical−experimental| (1)−( 0.8018)

% Error = × 100 % Error= × 100=¿ 19.82
actual (1)

%
 Hemi spherical Vane
5

Actual Force (N) 4 f(x) = 0.306518850624728 x + 1.93127856149375

2
3 4 5 6 7 8

Theoritical Force (N)

|Theoritical−experimental| (1)−( 0.3065)

% Error = × 100 % Error= × 100=¿ 69.3
actual (1)

C. Coefficient of impact:
F act 1.145 2.289
For flat vane: C i ( 25 ) = = =0.801 ,C i ( 50 ) = =0.833 ,
Fth 1.429 2.479
3.434
C i(75) = =0.812
4.226

F act 2.289 4.578

For hemi spherical vane: C i ( 50 ) = = =0.728 ,C i ( 100 ) = =0.887 ,
Fth 3.143 5.159
3.867
C i(150) = =0.879
7.815

Results and Discussion

 We found the theoretical and experimental values of forces using the virtual
lab we calculate them then we check our answers with the program.
 Next, we calculate the coefficient of impact for each weight for the two vanes
F act
using this equation C i= .
F th
 Two graphs were made for the experimental and theoretical forces to, after
that we calculate the percentage error for the two graphs.
 If this experiment was conducted in the lab we will face some errors like
reading wrong values from the scale which is considered as personal error,
 also we might have systematic error due to leakage from the tank or maybe
the tank is not empty at the end of the experiment.

Conclusion
We have achieved our goals in this experiment. and we get theoretical and experimental
values of forces which is produced by a jet of water as it strikes a flat vane or hemispherical
vane and we calculate the coefficient of impact.

Engineers and designers use the momentum equation to accurately calculate the force that
moving fluid may exert on a solid body. For example, in hydropower plants, turbines are
utilized to generate electricity.

References

 Coursehero.com. (2019). [online] Available at:

https://www.coursehero.com/file/35782296/Impact-of-Jet-Lab-Report/.

 Hsu, C.-Y., Liang, C.-C., Teng, T.-L. and Nguyen, A.-T. (2013). A numerical study
on high-speed water jet impact. Ocean Engineering, [online] 72, pp.98–106.
 Available at:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0029801813002588
[Accessed 1 Oct. 2020].

 Habib Ahmari and Shah Md Imran Kabir (2019). Experiment #5: Impact of a Jet.
[online] Pressbooks.pub. Available at:
https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-5/.