PE 9 MODULE 2

First Aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who has been injured or sudden take ill.
It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.
There are three objectives of first aid:

 to alleviate suffering 
 to prevent added/further injury or danger
 to prolong life
 to save live
Sports Injury - is an injuries that occur when engaging in sports or exercise.
Sports Officiating is the supervision of sports competitions in accordance with established rules. Sports
Officials play a major role in the success of sports competitions.
The common injuries encountered by the Sports Official:
1. Sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament, the band connective tissue that the joins the end of one
bone with another. Areas of the body most vulnerable to sprain ankles, knees, and wrist. Sign of
sprain include varying degrees of pain, bruising, inflammation, swelling , inability to move a limb
or joint.
2. Strain is an acute or chronic soft tissue Injury that occurs to a muscle tendon, It results from
overstretching and over-contraction. Symptoms of strains include pain, muscle spasm and loss of
strength
First Aid of Strain and Sprain

 Apply the R.I.C.E. method.

 Do not apply heat during the first two days as this will only increase swelling.

 Use paracetamol for the first day of the injury, to reduce pain without increasing bleeding.
Thereafter, ibuprofen (or other non-steroidal antiinflammatories) or aspirin is a good choice.
Don't give aspirin to a child younger than 16 years.

 Apply Arnica oil to reduce swelling.

 Remove rings immediately if the injury is to the hand or fingers.

 After 48 hours, start moving the limb gently, but only enough not to cause pain.

 Gradually increase the range of movement – let pain be your guide. Strains usually heal in
about a week. Sprains may take up to three weeks to heal
3. Knee injuries can result from a blow or twist to the knee, from improper landing after a jump or
from running too hard, too much or without proper warm up. Other common sports injuries
suffered by athletes are shin splints, Achilles tendon injuries, patella dislocation and hamstring,
quadriceps and calf injuries.
First Aid for Knee Injuries

 Protection: stop any physical activity and protect from further harm
 Rest: rest the injured area
 Ice: apply ice to the injured knee to reduce swelling
 Compression: a cold pack, compression sleeve filled with cold water or slush bath may be
used
 Elevate: raise the injured knee about a foot

4. Fracture is a break in the bone that can occur from either a quick, onetime injury to the bone
(acute fracture) or from repeated stress to the bone over time.
First Aid for Fracture

 Apply the R.I.C.E method.

 Keep the limb in the position you found it and place soft padding around the broken bones

.  If there is an open fracture, cover it with a clean gauze pad. Apply pressure to control
bleeding. Don't try to push the bone back into the wound and don't attempt to clean it.

 Get medical attention immediately. Fractures of the femur and pelvis may cause severe internal
bleeding.

 Don't give the person anything to eat or drink in case surgery is nee
5. Dislocations is When the two bones that come together to form a joint become separated, the joint
is described as being dislocated

 Do not attempt to reset the dislocation

 If dislocation is to the limb:
o If circulation is absent carefully position limb to try and restore circulation – if doing
this you must call triple zero (000)
o Use soft padding and bandages to rest and support the limb
o If available, apply icepacks
o If the injury is to the shoulder, support the arm in the position which eases discomfort
and apply ice
o If the injury is to the wrist, apply a sling and ice

6. Heat Exhaustion - Heat exhaustion is a response to heat characterized by fatigue, weakness and
collapse due to in adequate in take of water to compensate for loss of fluids during sweating.
First aide for Heat Exhaustion
1. Have the victim lie down with his/her feet elevated.
2. Keep the victim cool.
3. Give him/her electrolyte beverages to sip or make a salted drink.
4. Monitor the victim for signs of shock.
5. If the victim starts having seizures, protect him/her from injury and give first aid for
convulsions.
6.If the victim loses consciousness, give first aid for unconsciousness

PE 9 MODULE 3

Read to Understand
 The role of an official is very crucial in a sporting event. He enforces the rules and maintain order in the
game. Thus making a successful and a satisfying game that we enjoy. Here are the following qualities to
be considered:

A. Qualities of an Officiating Official:

1. PHYSICAL QUALITIES: It refers to the physical attributes of an officiating official. He needs to

have a high level of fitness to be able to perform his job. Determining the fitness level of an officiating
official is as follows:

A. PHYSICAL FITNESS

1. Body Mass Index

2. Personal Maximal Heart Rate (PMHR) and Training Heart Rate(THR)

3. Exercise Program

4. Nutrition and Weight Management

2. EMOTIONAL QUALITIES: It refers to the emotional readiness of an officiating official to perform

his or her role in the game. Emotional attributes that an officiating official should possess include
confidence. It is having belief in oneself, situation-specific but practicing it through actual game
immersions and observations of game officiating activities can help improve it.

3. MENTAL QUALITIES: Mental Toughness is the term used to refer to all of the qualities pertaining
to one’s mental preparations in a game. It requires one to stay focused, regulates one’s performance,
ability to handle pressure, awareness and control of thoughts, feelings and one’s command and control of
the environment. This can be achieved by having knowledge on the rules of the game, alertness, vigilance
resulting to timely, decisive, honest and impartial judgment.

4. SOCIAL QUALITIES It refers to the ability to deal with others at any given situation. It is the ability
of an officiating official to settle disputes and complaints without sacrificing the integrity of a game and
the officiating team. Social qualities develop through practice and surrounding oneself with people who
make wise decisions especially in officiating endeavors

ATTACK HIT FAULT

BALL NOT TOSSED

DELAY IN SERVICE PENETRATION TO OPPONENT

AUTHORISATION TO SERVE

BLOCKING FAULT DOUBLE FAULT

TEAM TO SERVE

RATATIONAL FAULT BALL TOUCHED