History and Development of Guidance



LESSON 2
 Lesson 2

“The more you know about

the past, the better
prepared you are for the
future”
-Theodore Roosevelt
 Lesson 2

Pseudoscientific
Techniques in
Guidance
- Guidance status at present is an outgrowth of several
movements which are centered on human behavior patterns
like psychology, philosophy, mental hygiene and others.
However, during the earliest period guidance is motivated by
religious and superstitious belief in helping others to discover
their potentialities, analyze their abilities and even predict
ones’ future.
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- Pseudo-science is a claim, belief or

practice which is incorrectly presented as

What is Pseudo
scientific, but does not adhere to a valid
scientific method, cannot be reliably

-science? tested, or otherwise lacks scientific

status. (Wikipedia)

In other words, Pseudo-science are

sciences which are not true since they
are not according to the qualifications of
being called as such, real science.


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1. NUMEROLOGY
- is predicting future outcomes or events in terms of lucky and unlucky numbers.
Prediction of life’s partner through numbers Omission of (13) thirteen in the
numbering of rooms in buildings and other hotels Friday the thirteenth Feng
Shui Horoscope Readings All of these had been part of our tradition.

2. ASTROLOGY
- is associating one’s fate with the course of stars and other heavenly bodies.
Horoscope Characters (Gemini, Sagittarius, Cancer, etc.)

3. GRAPHOLOGY
- is analyzing one’s character in terms of one’s penmanship pattern.
• Comprehensive thinker
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4. PALMISTRY
-the belief that lines on can tell the fate and destiny of an individual. Palmistry is
the art of characterization and foretelling the future through the study of the
palm, also known as palm reading. The practice is found all over the world, with
numerous cultural variations.

ANALYSYS ON
Line of Passion - This lineLINES
shows how strong your emotions are.
Line of the Heart- This line shows how deep your love for others is.
Line of the Head - This line shows how intelligent and creative you are.
Life Line - This line shows how long you will live.
Lines of Worries - If there are many lines, there will be many worries in the
future.Bracelets If there are 3 strongand clear lines, you will have
a good fortune and health.
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ANALYSYS ON
LINES
Lines of Attractive Spouses- If these lines are far apart, your spouse (husband/wife)
will be very attractive. If they are close together, your
spouse will be unattractive.

Lines of Children - You will have one for every line.

Lines of Romance - You will have one serious romantic relationship for every line.

Line of Health - This line shows general health.If the line is broken, there
might be a serious illness in the future.
Line of Success - This line is very rare. People with this line always have good
luck.
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5. PHRENOLOGY
- is a character analysis technique whereby an individual traits example. Honesty,
sympathy, love and ability can be determined through bodily structure.

6.
- allied with phrenology that predicts personality traits through facial
PHYSIOGNOMY
characteristics, bodily structure or muscular set.
7. DREAM INTERPRETATION
- is the process of assigning meaning to dreams.

A. Demons are sneaky evil entities which signify repressed emotions.

You may secretly feel the need to change your behaviors for the better.

B. Killing in your dreams does not make you a closet murderer; it

represents your desire to "kill" part of your own personality. It can
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C. Being trapped(physically) is a common nightmare theme,

reflecting your real life inability to escape or make the right choice.

D. Other examples: Teeth, numbers

8. ACCULTISM AND SPIRITUALISM
- ways of looking into the past and future through the help of “spiritista”.
Occultism is the study of occult practices, including (but not limited
to)magic,alchemy,extra-sensory perception,astrology, spiritualism,religion,
and divination.
 Lesson 2
COMMON NOTIONS
ABOUT GUIDANCE

1. GUIDANCE US
PRESCRIPTIVE
- it is a common notion that guidance is prescriptive or the giving ofadvice as
a solution to a problem, but it is not.

2. GUIDANCE IS ONLY FOR THE MALADJUSTED:

- Some will entertain the notion that guidance is only for the maladjusted, which is a
violation of the basic principle that “guidance is intended for everybody”. It helps
also to prevent the occurrences of the maladjustment, maintain or conserve the
normal and satisfactory life of an individual, and discover and develop to the
maximum the individual hidden or undeveloped assets and potentials
 Lesson 2
COMMON NOTIONS
ABOUT GUIDANCE
5. GUIDANCE IS LECTURING
- Guidance connotes a tremendous responsibility, a scientific and continuous
process. It has several functions and lecturing is but a mere phase in the
performance of its functions.

• 6. GUIDANCE IS ONLY FOR THEORY:

- Others who have not realized the great importance of guidance have assumed that
it is good only in theory and not in application to actual life conditions, that is purely
service and paperwork. This is a wrong concept of guidance resulting from poor
administration and antagonism and wrong attitude of people concerned.
 Lesson 2

Guidance: The
Result of Scientific
• Guidance is an outgrowth of several movement which are centered on human
Study
behavior patterns.
• In philosophy, there appeared a movement — an increased interest in theessence
of man and in life experiences. Psychology, which was originally meant study of the
mind, was therefore inroduced.
• The study led to more research, investigations and experiments on the why of
human behavior, inasmuch as no one could know precisely what was in one’ mind.
• Early in thetwentieth century, educational psychology - the science of psychology
that deals with the development of an individual as he progresses from birth to old
age -- was added to the teacher training curriculum.
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 Lesson 2

Guidance: The
Result of Scientific
• Further research and experiments in this field aroused interest in the welfare of
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human beings of all ages and therefore in the need for guidance, guidance
programs and guidance techniques..
•The need for guidance was caused by several factors,like industrialization and
specializations the changing philosophy of education and its objectives and
increase in school population due to increase in population. The density of
population in the country as of 1960 to present not only tripled but quadrupled. The
increase has been described by demographers as “explosives”.



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 ● The guidance (school) counseling formally started at the
turn of the twentieth century.

Evolution of ● The foundations of counseling and guidance principles can

Guidance andbe traced from ancient Greece and Rome with the philosophical
Counselling? teachings of Plato (Idealism) and Aristotle (Realism).

● Some of the techniques and skills of modern-day guidance

counselors were practiced by Catholic priests in the Middle
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Ages, as can be seen by the dedication to the concept of
confidentiality within the confessional.

Lesson 2
 ● Formal guidance programs using specialized textbooks did
not start until the turn of the twentieth century.

● During the Industrial Revolution, the difficulties of people

living in urban slums and the widespread use of child labor
outraged many.

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Lesson 2
 1990
Frank Parsons WWI Great
and he Vocational
Psychological Depressi Post
Guidance Movement Expansion of
Assessment in on WWI
Millitary Recruitment counseling roles
(1) the personal and
beyon covaional
career problems of
concerns. veterans, (2) the influx to Cold
higher education.
War
Increased emphasis on
Highlights of school counseling and
part of the National
Guidace and Defense Education Act.

Counseling
 Lesson 2
● One of the consequences was the compulsory education movement and shortly thereafter
the vocational guidance movement, which, in its early days, was concerned with guiding
people into the workforce to become productive members of society.

● The United States' entry into World War I brought the need for assessment of large groups
of draftees, in large part to select appropriate people for leadership positions.

● These early psychological assessments performed on large groups of people were quickly
identified as being valuable tools to be used in the educational system, thus beginning the
standardized testing movement that in the early twenty-first century is still a strong aspect of
U.S. public education.
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 Lesson 2
● At the same time, vocational guidance was spreading throughout the country, so that by
1918 more than 900 high schools had some type of vocational guidance system.

● In 1913 the National Vocational Guidance Association was formed and helped legitimize
and increase the number of guidance counselors.

● Early vocational guidance counselors were often teachers appointed to assume the extra
duties of the position in addition to their regular teaching responsibilities.

● The 1920s and 1930s saw an expansion of counseling roles beyond working only with
vocational concerns. Social, personal, and educational aspects of a student's life also needed
attention. NEXT
 Lesson 2

● After World War II a strong trend away from testing appeared. One of the main persons
indirectly responsible for this shift was the American psychologist Carl Rogers.

● Many in the counseling field adopted his emphasis on "nondirective" (later called
"client-centered") counseling.

● Rogers published Counseling and Psychotherapy in 1942 and Client-Centered Therapy in

1951.

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● These two works defined a new counseling theory in complete contrast to previous
theories in psychology and counseling.

● This new theory minimized counselor advice-giving and stressed the creation of conditions
that left the client more in control of the counseling content.

●1980s to 1990s- American School Counseling Association (ASCA) National Standards for
Counseling, 3 Core Domains: Academic, Career, Personal-Social

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 Lesson 2

History of Guidance
and Counseling in
the Philippines
● Pre–Colonial Philippines was much like neighboring Indonesia and Malaysia, and
counseling still shows vestiges of indigenous help-seeking through

- superstition;
- reliance on elders, faith healers, and fortune tellers; and
- belief in the supernatural (Bulatao, 1992)

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 Lesson 2

History of Guidance
and Counseling in
the Philippines
● In 1521, the Philippines was rediscovered by Ferdinand Magellan, which began the
Spanish colonization, resulting mainly in religious conquest: 80% of Filipinos are Roman
Catholics (CIA, 2011).

● The American occupation, from 1898 to 1941 (and military bases into the 1990s)
followed Spanish colonization. From public school to government, the United States has
had a strong influence on the country (NSO, 2010).
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 Guidance and
Counseling
4
in the
Philippines
1940-60's
-Counselor Training
Th growth of - Birth of Professional
Guidance and 3 Organizaions.
Counseling was
hampered by World - 2 colleges in Manila
War II 2 providing guidance
and services gesrd
Counseling as
towards identifying
conceived
in the United States
1 professions and
opportunities for
began in the
employment.
Philippines during the
- The establishment of
 Lesson 2

History of Guidance
and Counseling in
the Philippines
• The language of instruction in the country is English, and greater respect is
given to anything American over anything Filipino. The United States has even had
a significant impact on counseling because Filipino counselors and psychologists
often trained there (Salazar-Clemeña, 2002)

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 Psychological Lesson 2

Association of the
Philippines (PAP)
● Founded in 1962, the PAP endeavors to promote excellence,
teaching,research, and the practice of psychology. Its first annual national
convention was held in January 1964.

● The PAP publishes the flagship journal Philippine Journal of Psychology,

an international refereed journal that aims to promote psychological studies
in the Philippines and of the Filipino people.
 Philippine Lesson 2

Guidance and
Counseling
Association,
● The Philippine GuidanceInc.and Counseling Association (PGCA) is a professional

(PGCA)
organization for guidance counselors, supervisors, and counselor educators
conceptualized in 1964 by a group of educators, psychologists, and counselors,
some of whom were trained in the United States.

● From the 1970s to the 1990s, the movement in counseling was primarily
indigenization (e.g., Bulatao, 1992; Enriquez,1977) of assessments, constructs,
and theories, focusing on the differences between the counseling models
learned in the United States within the context of Philippine culture and the
realities of its social issues.
 Guidance and
Counseling
8
in the
Philippines
RA 11036, Mental
Health Act of 2018.

Enactment of RA
7
10029, Phychology Act
Enaent of RA 9258,
of 2009.
6 Guidance and
Before 2004, Counseling Act of 2004.
counselors and other
mental health workers 5
did not need a license
to practice nor was
there a regulatory
 Philippine Lesson 2

Guidance and
Counseling
Association, Inc.
(PGCA)
● The most significant development in Philippine counseling is the Guidance
and Counseling Act of 2004 (Republic Act No. 9258).

● The Act was intended to professionalize the practice of guidance and

counseling and to create the Professional Regulatory Board of Guidance and
Counseling, which is under the administrative control and supervision of the
Professional Regulatory Commission.
 Philippine Lesson 2

Guidance and
Counseling
Association, Inc.
(PGCA)
● Prior to 2004, mental health workers did not need a license to practice nor
was there a regulatory board to ensure adequate training and ethical practice.

● Guidance counselors pioneered regulation for counseling, and psychologists

are following suit through the Philippine Psychology Act of 2009 (Republic Act
No. 10029), which will regulate psychology and create a professional regulatory
board for licensing psychologists (Kabiling, 2010).
 Comparative Table Lesson 2

Country Counseling Practice

Regulating
Activity
Scope of Practice

Philippines Government (Philippine Regulatory Commission) Specializations (on process)

United States of America Government (State Boards) Specializations (certified by the SBs)

Australia Professional Organization Specializations(certified by the group)

Singapore Professional Organization

New Zealand Professional Organization Specializations(certified by the group)

 Lesson 2

Laws affecting the

Practice of Guidance and
01 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSITUTION Counseling
BATAS PBANSA 232
02
EDUCATION ACT 1982
RA 10533, ENHANCED BASIC
03
EEDUCATION ACT OF 2013
RA 11036, MENTAL HEALTH
04
ACT OF 2018
RA 11260, SECONDARY SCHOOL
05
GUIDANCE & COUNSELING ACT NEXT
1987
Philippine
Constitutio
n
 Article XIV, Sec 3, par 2:

All educational institutions shall xxx, strengthen ethical and

spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline,
encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and
technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.


 BP 232 (Education Act
of 1982)
Section 9. Right of Students in School

The right to school guidance and counseling

services for decisions and selecting the
alternatives in fields of work suited to his
potentialities. NEXT

Lesson 2
 Lesson 2

RA 10533 (Enhanced Basic

Education Act of 2013)
SEC. 9. Career Guidance and Counseling Advocacy.

...the DepED, in coordination with the DOLE, the TESDA and the CHED, shall regularly
conduct career advocacy activities for secondary level students.


Career and employment guidance counselors, who are not registered and licensed
guidance counselors, shall be allowed to conduct career advocacy activities to secondary
level students of the school where they are currently employed;


Provided, That they undergo a training program to be developed or accredited by the
DepED. NEXT


 Lesson 2

Sec 27, RA 9258 (Guidance and Counseling

Act of 2004)
Prohibition Against the Practice of Guidance and Counseling. -
No person shall:


a) engage in the practice of guidance and counseling without a valid Certificate of
Registration and the valid Professional Identification Card or a special permit;



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 Lesson 2

b) make representations to the public or to third person as a licensed Guidance

Counselor during the time that the licensed has been revoked or suspended, and,

c) allow anybody to use his/her license as guidance counselor to enable such

unqualified individuals to engage in the practice of guidance and counseling.


Any unethical practice of guidance and counseling as may be defined in a Code of
Ethics and Code of Technical Standards, is prohibited.



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 Lesson 2
IRR, RA 10533 (Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013)
Section 18. Career Advocacy Activities.

Career advocacy activities refer to activities that will guide secondary level
students in choosing the career tracks that they intend to pursue.


Career advocacy activities involve:


● provision of career information and experiences,
● advising, decision-making.
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 Lesson 2

● Coordinating and making referrals, and may include, but are not limited to, career talks,
career and job fairs, parents’ orientations, and seminar-workshops on career
decision-making.

Section 19


● Career advocacy may be conducted by career advocates and peer facilitators.
● Career advocates refer to career and employment guidance counselors who are not
registered and licensed guidance counselors.

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 Lesson 2

● Career advocates include homeroom advisers and teachers of all learning areas who will
implement career advocacy activities.

● Peer facilitators are secondary-level students trained to assist career advocates in

implementing career advocacy activities.

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 Lesson 2

Section 20. Role of the DepEd.

The DepEd shall:



(a) Integrate career concepts in the curriculum and
undertake teaching in relevant learning areas;
(b) Conduct career assessments;
(c) Conduct regular career advocacy activities;

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 Lesson 2
RA 11036 (Mental Health Act of
2018)
Mental Health refers to a state of well being in which the individual:

● realizes one’s own abilities and potentials,

● copes adequately with the normal stresses of life,
● displays resilience in the face of extreme life events,
● works productively and fruitfully, and
● is able to make a positive contribution to the community.

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 Lesson 2

Mental Health Services refer to psychosocial, psychiatric or neurologic activities

and programs along the whole range of mental health support services including:

• promotion,
• prevention,
• treatment, and
• aftercare,


Which are provided by mental health facilities and mental health professionals.


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 Lesson 2

Role of Educational Institutions

• Promote mental health.
• Provide basic support services for individuals at risk or already have a mental
health condition; and
• Establish efficient linkages with other agencies and organizations that provide
or make arrangements to provide support, treatment and continuing care.


All public and private educational institutions shall be required to have a
complement of mental health professionals.


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 Lesson 2

Employers shall develop appropriate policies and programs on mental health in

the workplace designed to:

● raise awareness on mental health issues,

● correct the stigma and discrimination associated with mental health conditions,
● identify and provide support for individuals at risk, and
● facilitate access of individuals with mental health conditions to treatment and
psychosocial support.

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 Lesson 2

RA 11206 (Secondary School

Guidance and Counseling Act)

• National Secondary School Career Guidance and

Counseling Program.
• CGCP Centers.
• National Career Assessment Examination.

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 Thank you!

End of Lesson
2