LESSON 5:

COUNSELING AND
ITS PROCESS,
METHODS AND
TOOLS
Report by: Coritana, Crispen Jay F
 PROCESSING IN COUNSELING
“The counseling process is considered as an art
and a science.”

 The art which is the subjective part, requires

counseling to be sensitive to the world of the
client.
 The science which represents the objective
part of the process, requires the use of
scientific tools to obtain comprehension on
what is happening during the different types
of the counseling process.
 THE SIX STAGES OF THE
COUNSELING PROCESS
 Stage one: Relationship Building
- This is the heart of the counseling process
because it provides the force and foundation for
the counseling to succeed.
This stage involves:
-Establishing rapport
-Promote acceptance of the client as a person with
worth
-Establishing genuine interaction
-Promote direct mutual communication
-Helping clients understand themselves
-Helping client focus and slowly promote counseling
relevant communication from the client
 Stage two: Assessment and Diagnosis
- This is one of the most crucial stages. This
serves as the window for the counselor to have
a thorough appreciation of the clients
condition.
 Stage three: Formula and Counseling Goals

- Goals are important as it sets the direction

of the counseling process. Counseling goals
may be treated as a process goal or outcome.
Processing goals institute the circumstances
needed to make the counseling work progress.
Outcome goals stipulate the desire of the client
in terms of the counseling process.
 Stage four: Intervention and problem solving
- Upon formulation of the counseling goals,
the strategies for intervention may now be
outlined. Interventions comprise of individual,
group, couples, and family counseling.
The guidelines
 The counselor has to provide a mapping of the
different approaches offered.
 Describe the role of the counselor and client
for each procedures.
 Identify possible risks and benefits that may
come.
 Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.
 Problem-solving approach may be applied in the
counseling process.
The Six-stage model for problem-solving
 Problem detection
 Problem definition
 Identification of alternative solutions
 Decision-making
 Execution
 Verification
 Stage five: Termination and follow-up
- the essential goal in counseling to witness a
client progress on his/her own without the
assistance of the counselor.
Four of Termination
 Discussion of the end of counseling
 Review of the course of counseling
 Closure of the counselor-client relationship
 Discussion of the client’s future and post-
counseling plan.
These four components indicate that the client-
counselor relationship must be ended aptly.
 Stage six: Research and Evaluation
- This stage can be undertaken at any point
in the counseling stage. Research and
Evaluation are fundamental part of the
evaluation. Results of the research provide a
scientific appreciation of the counseling
situations.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
 Classic Theories
- the psychological theories developed by Sigmund
Freud, Alfred Alder, and Carl Jung are considered as
the classical schools for the reason that they primed
the underpinning of clinical practice.
 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
-The approach of Freud in counceling and
psychotherapy is popularity knows as psychoanalysis
which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is ro
restructure the personality by resolution of
intropsychic conflict, which focuses on the internal
forces such as unconscious processes.
Three Goals of Psychoanalysis
(a) to help clients gain insights about
themselves.
(b) to help clients work unstuck issues,
through a developmental stage, not settled in
the past.
(c) to help clients cope with the stresses of
the society
 According to Nystul (2003) a psychoanalythic
counselor may utilize the following
methods/techniques:

Methods/Techniques Description
Free Association A method encourage the patient to
discuss whatever comes to his/her
mind in order to release suppressed
emotions
Dream Analysis A method to explore unconscious
processes using dream
Confrontation and Clarification A form of feedback procedure for
patients to become aware of what
is happening to him/her and to
determine areas for further
analysis
Interpretation A process of giving insights to the
patients about their inner conflicts
which can be reflected in
resistance, transference, and other
processes
  Adler's Individuals Psychology
-The approach of Adler in counseling
and psychotherapy focuses on the role of
cognition in psychological functioning. Its
objective is to gain an understanding of the
clients and assess why clients behave and think
in certain ways.
Adlerian Counseling focuses in four goals:
(a) establishment and maintenance of and
egalitarian relationship.
(b) analysis of client's lifestyle.
(c) interpretation of client's lifestyle in a
way that promotes insight.
(d) reorientation and reeducation of the
client with accompanying behavior change.
According to Nystul (2003), Adlerian techniques
can be explained in four phrases of Adlerian
psychotherapy.

Phrases Description

First Phrase: Establishing the relationship

Use of listening skills Effective listening skills are

necessary to promote mutual
trust and respect
Winning respect and offering Winning the respect of
hope clients and offering hope can
increase the clients
motivation towards
becoming involved in
counseling
Encouragement Encouragement gives the
feeling of support to the
clients which can help
believing in themselves
Second Phase: Performing analysis and
assessment
Lifestyle Analysis Identify client's strengths
that may be utilized to
overcome the client's
problems
Dream Analysis may be used A method to see dreams as
to conduct lifestyle analysis in attempt to deal with
difficulties and challenges
in life
Third Phase: Promoting Insights

Insight Process A process that allows

clients to understand the
dynamic of self-defeating
patterns and utilize the
insights to rectify the said
atterns during the
orientality process
Phase four: Reorientation

Spitting in the Client's Soup A method that involves

determining the pay-off of
the gane and interpreting it
to the client; this can be
used for clients that engage
in manipulative games.
The Push-Button Techniques A method which includes
focusing on pleasant and
unpleasant experiences and
the feelings they generate;
the push button symbolizes
the amount of control
client's can exert when they
when they push the and put
the stop to self-defeating
processes
Catching Oneself A method used to avoid old
defeating pattern such as
humor when the clients
catch themselves.
Counselors may encourage
clients to learn to laugh at
their self-defeating
tendencies
Acting as-if A method that advance
"can-do" spirit and a self-
fulfilling prophecy, which
can help clients experience
success. It involves acting
as if the client can do
whatever s/he wants
Task setting and A method that provides a
commitment structure as homework
assignment which can be
useful in instilling the value
of 'effort to change'
  Jung's Analytic Psychology
-The psychology and counseling
approach of Jung is referred to as
psychotherapy. Jung's approach highlights the
task of the unconscious process in
"psychological functioning." The approach
applies dreams and other procedures to
determine the unconscious processes to utilize
the result to boost the functioning of the
personality and to enhance mental health and
wellness. Its over-all goal is to work for the
client's trancend and move towards self-
realization by helping the self emerge.
 ExperIential Theory
The experimental theories fall under the
affective theories which are concerned about
generating impact on the emotions of clients
effect change.

a. Roger's Person-Centered Counseling

The Person-Centered Theory has been
described as "if-then" approach because this
approach considered that if certain conditions
exist in the counseling relarionship, then the
client will move toward self acrualization.
 Tysul (2003) identified the said conditions
which were formulated by Rogers (1957):
Conditions Description
Counselor Congruence This emplies that the
counselors must be
congruent with what
they experience and
what they communicate.
For example: " if you feel
threatened by the client,
you cannot say you enjoy
their company" will
create confusion among
the clients.
Emphatic Understanding This implies that the
counselors must attempt
to understand the client
from the client's
perspective or frame of
reference.
Unconditional Positive This implies that it is vital
Regard for the counselors to a
sense of acceptance and
respect to the client. It
does not mean accepting
and tolerating anything
about the client's actions
or words but to see and
considere the client as a
person.