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GE 122 W2 L1: MATRICES

Ransie Apura
Assistant Professor
UPD DGE

UP Diliman Department of Geodetic Engineering

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COPYRIGHT NOTICE
This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of University of the Philippines pursuant to
PART IV: The Law on Copyright of Republic Act (RA) 8293 or the “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines”.

The University does not authorize you to reproduce or communicate this material. The material may contain works that are
subject to copyright protection under RA 8293. Any reproduction and/or communication of the material by you may be
subject to copyright infringement and the copyright owners have the right to take legal action against such infringement.

Do not remove this notice.

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▪ Definition
▪ Types
OUTLINE ▪ Special Matrices
▪ Operations
▪ Properties

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Matrix Definition
• Rectangular array of numbers or functions.

• Rectangular array of number, symbols, expressions, arranged in

rows and columns.

• Expression of large amount of data (in an organized and

concise way).

• Popular method of expressing scientific and mathematical

ideas.

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Matrix
• Rectangular array or display of objects arranged in row x
column (m x n). Matrix size is mxn.

b c d e b c d e

X = f g h i = f g h i

j k l m j k l m

• denoted by capital letter (e.g., matrix “X” with size 3x4).

• matrix’ objects are enclosed in a parenthesis or bracket.
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Matrix
• Matrix objects or elements are denoted by corresponding small
letter of the matrix.
• Element position is denoted by corresponding element row
subscript and column subscript. x = matrix X elements
i = element row subscript
j = element column subscript
b c d e
𝑥𝑖𝑗 = matrix X element and position
X = f g h i
𝑥11 = 𝑏 → upper leftmost element of
matrix X located in row 1 and column 1
j k l m 𝑥23 = ℎ → element of matrix X located in
row 2 and column 3

Can you determine the position/location of the rest of the elements of matrix X?
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Types of Matrices
• Square Matrix (m=n) b c d

1 3
X = Y = f g h
2 5
j k l

NOTE: We all know that square is a

special rectangle, please don’t be
• Rectangular Matrix cute about it. ☺
For purpose of differentiating
(m ≠ n) matrices with same number of rows
and columns from those that are
not, we’ll use square and rectangle.
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Types of Matrices
• Zero (Null) Matrix: regardless of size

• Row Vector / Row Matrix (1 x n)

𝐶= 1 4 3 ⋯ 𝑛
• Column Vector / Column Matrix (m x 1)

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Square Matrices
• These are the only matrices with a main/principal diagonal:
element row subscript = element column subscript (i = j)

b c d e

f g h i

j k l m

n o p q

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Square Matrices
• Order of a Square Matrix – number of rows/columns of the
matrix. Example is a square matrix of order 4.

b c d e

f g h i

j k l m

n o p q

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Square Matrices
• Trace of a Square Matrix – sum of the elements on the
main/principal diagonal of the matrix. Trace of example matrix
is 𝑏 + 𝑔 + 𝑙 + 𝑞.
b c d e

f g h i

j k l m

n o p q

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Special Matrices
*Special matrices are square matrices with unique characteristics

• Triangular Matrices – zero above or below the main diagonal.

• Upper Triangular Matrix – zero below the main diagonal (left

example)
• Lower Triangular Matrix – zero above the main diagonal (right
example)
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Special Matrices
• Diagonal Matrices – zero above and below the main diagonal.
Main diagonal elements may or may not
have zero as its element.
At least one non-zero main diagonal
element (otherwise, it will be a null matrix).

General m x m Diagonal Matrix D

NOTE: m x m matrix size for this
example since it is a square matrix
where row = column. You can also
use n x n.

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Special Matrices
• Scalar Matrices – diagonal matrices with same values/elements
in its main diagonal.

• Identity matrices – scalar matrices with 1 as values/elements.

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Special Matrices
• Symmetric Matrices – matrices • Skew Symmetric Matrices –
whose elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 . matrices whose elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
−𝑎𝑗𝑖 .

1 2 4 0 2 −4
𝑆= 2 2 −5 𝑇 = −2 0 −5
4 −5 3 4 5 0

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Matrix Operations (MO)

• Matrix Equality

• Matrix Addition

• Scalar Multiplication

• Matrix Multiplication

• Matrix Transposition

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MO: Matrix Equality

• Matrix A is equal to Matrix B if and only if the sizes are the same
and the corresponding entries are equal.
a11 a12 a13 1 0 3
A = B =
a21 a22 a23 -5 6 12

• If matrix A = matrix B, then

a11 = b11 = 1 a12 = b12 = 0 a13 = b13 = 3
a21 = b21 = -5 a22 = b22 = 6 a23 = b23 = 12

Are matrices A and B square matrices? Why or why not?

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MO: Matrix Equality

𝑥 1 𝑐−2 2 1 −1
• 𝐴= 𝑎 𝑦+1 2 B= 𝑥+1 𝑏−2 2
3 𝑏 𝑧 3 4 𝑐+1

• Matrices A and B are equal if and only if

x= 12 y= 1 z= 2
a= 3 b=4 c=1

Are matrices A and B square matrices? Why or why not?

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MO: Matrix Addition

• Matrix A + Matrix B: A and B must be the same size

-4 6 3 5 -1 0 NOTE: Always check if

A = B = matrices are of the same
size before performing
0 1 2 -5 6 12 matrix addition.

-4+5 6-1 3+0 1 5 3

A+B = =
0-5 1+6 2+12 -5 7 14

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MO: Scalar Multiplication

• Scalar “d” x Matrix A = dA: Multiply scalar to all elements of matrix

-4 6 3
A = d = 3
0 1 2

3(-4) 3(6) 3(3) -12 18 9

dA = =
3(0) 3(1) 3(2) 0 3 6
Matrix Subtraction: Matrix
• Matrix Subtraction Addition of minuend and
o Matrix A – Matrix B A + (-1)B subtrahend multiplied by
a scalar value of -1.
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Rules (Matrix Addition & Scalar Multiplication)

A+B = B+A Commutative

(A+B) + C = A + (B +C) Associative
A+0 = A Additive Identity
A + (-A) = 0 Additive Inverse
c(A +B) = cA + cB
(c+k)A = cA + kA
c(kA) = (ck)A
1A = A
NOTE: Zero above denotes the zero matrix (of appropriate size).
The negative of matrix A is (-1)A.
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MO: Matrix Multiplication

• Matrix A x Matrix B: size of A (mxn) size of B (rxp)
1 0
-4 6 3 NOTE: Matrix A and Matrix B
A = must be conformable to
B = -5 6 perform matrix multiplication.
0 1 2
3 12 A x B: if and only if n = r
pre-multiplier (conformable: number of
post-multiplier columns of A is equal to the
number of rows of B)

C11 = a11xb11 + a12xb21 + a13xb31

c11 c12
C12 = a11xb12 + a12xb22 + a13xb32
C=AxB=
c21 c22 C21 = a21xb11 + a22xb21 + a23xb31
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C22 = a21xb12 + a22xb22 + a23xb32
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MO: Matrix Multiplication

• Matrix A x Matrix B: size of A (mxn) size of B (rxp)
1 0
-4 6 3 Resulting size of matrix C is
A = mxp (number of rows of A x
B = -5 6 number of columns of B)
0 1 2
3 12

c11 c12 -4(1)+ 6(-5)+3(3) -4(0)+6(6)+3(12)

C=AxB= =
c21 c22 0(1)+1(-5)+2(3) 0(0)+1(6)+2(12)
-25 72
=
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Rules (Matrix Multiplication)

AB ≠ BA (In general)
(kA)B = k(AB) = A(kB)
(AB)C = A(BC) Associative
(A + B)C = AC + BC Distributive
C(A + B) = CA + CB Distributive

NOTE: k in the above is a scalar.

All matrix products are defined (i.e., A, B, and C are conformable) for addition or multiplication.
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MO: Matrix Transposition

• Transpose 𝐴𝑇 of matrix A: flipped rows and columns of matrix A
-4 0
-4 6 3
A =
𝑨𝑻 = 6 1
0 1 2
3 2

• 1st row of matrix A becomes the 1st column of matrix 𝐴𝑇 and 2nd
row of matrix A becomes 2nd the 2nd column of matrix 𝐴𝑇 .

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Rules (Matrix Transposition)

(AT)T = A
(A + B)T = A T + BT
(cA)T = cAT
(AB)T = BTAT

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Upon completion of GE 122 Lecture 1, please proceed to Seatwork

1 Guide.

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REFERENCES
• Kreyszig, Erwin (2011). “Advanced Engineering Mathematics,
10th Edition.” John Wiley and Sons.
• Strang, Gilbert (1988). “Linear Algebra and its Applications, 3rd
Edition.”
• Ymas, Sergio Jr. (2004). “Numerical Methods.” Ymas Publishing
House.

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COPYRIGHT NOTICE
This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of University of the Philippines pursuant to
PART IV: The Law on Copyright of Republic Act (RA) 8293 or the “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines”.

The University does not authorize you to reproduce or communicate this material. The material may contain works that are
subject to copyright protection under RA 8293. Any reproduction and/or communication of the material by you may be
subject to copyright infringement and the copyright owners have the right to take legal action against such infringement.

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Questions? ☺
raapura@up.edu.ph

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