GE 122 Lec2 Determinants Inverses Handouts

26/09/2021
NOT FOR SHARING OR DISTRIBUTION

Only for the educational purpose of GE 122
GE 122 L2: DETERMINANTS &

INVERSES
Ransie Apura
Assistant Professor
UPD DGE
UP Diliman Department of Geodetic Engineering

RJAA | GE 122: Mathematical Methods in Geodetic Engineering

▪ Definition and Properties

▪ Inverse Determination
o Adjoint Method
(Determinant)
OUTLINE ▪ Determinant
▪ Adjoint
▪ Gauss-Jordan
Elimination
o Elementary Row
Operations

RJAA | GE 122: Mathematical Methods in Geodetic Engineering 2
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Matrix Inverse
Given: matrix A (nxn) matrix B (nxn)
• Matrix B is an inverse of matrix A if 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 = 𝑰𝒏

where 𝐼𝑛 is an “Identity Matrix” with the same size nxn
NOTE: An inverse of a matrix (if it exist)
Notation: 𝐵 = 𝐴−1 → 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼 is always unique.
• If matrix A has an inverse matrix 𝐴−1 , matrix A is invertible and is

called nonsingular matrix, otherwise, it is a singular matrix (non-
invertible).

Singular Matrix vs Nonsingular Matrix

Singular Matrix Nonsingular Matrix
Given: Given:
• If B is the inverse of A,
• Unique inverse
Implying that 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0, NOTE: If matrix B and matrix C are inverses of

2𝑎 = 0, and 2b = 1. matrix A
𝐵 = 𝐵𝐼𝑛 = 𝐵 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐴 𝐶 = 𝐼𝑛 𝐶 = 𝐶
DOES NOT CONFORM WITH THE GIVEN!
We can conclude that B is not the inverse of A. which means matrix B is matrix C, hence, inverse
of matrix is unique.
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Inverse Determination
• Adjoint Method (Determinant)
• Gauss-Jordan Elimination


Matrix Inverse: Adjoint (Determinant)

• If matrix A is invertible, then
1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
𝐴
where
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
𝐴 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 "𝑑𝑒𝑡 𝐴"
• Adjoint is a matrix while determinant is a scalar value (notice

the notation and its difference with matrix).
• To solve for the inverse using this method, we must first solve for
the corresponding adjoint and determinant.
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Solving for Determinant: Permutation Method
• Determinant of A (det A) is defined

𝑛
det 𝐴 = ෍ σ 𝑝𝑖 𝑎1𝑝𝑖 1 𝑎2𝑝𝑖 2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑝𝑖 𝑛

𝑝(𝑖)
where 𝜎 𝑝 is +1 if permutation p of integers 1, 2, ⋯ , 𝑛 is even and

− 1 otherwise.
• 𝑝 𝑖 is the ith element in the permutation p and 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are elements
of the matrix A.
NOTE: From the definition, det A is a scalar value.
Determinants are defined for square matrices only.
det A or 𝐴 is its notation where “A” can be replaced with the actual rectangular array
values without the bracket.


• PERMUTATION: ordered  Example:
combination of all possible  Let p be a permutation of
arrangements (1,2,3,4) such that p: 2,3,4,1
• With or without repetition  No. of smaller elements to the
• Permutation of integers 1, 2, ⋯ , 𝑛 right of 2 = 1
where 𝑛 ≥ 2 (arrangement of those  No. of smaller elements to the
integers) right of 3 = 1
• Odd permutation: sum of the  No. of smaller elements to the
count of numbers smaller than k right of 4 = 1
(to its right in the permuted list) is  No. of smaller elements to the
right of 1 = 0
odd
• Even permutation: not odd ☺  Sum = 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 = 3 (odd!)
k is the element in permutation list that is being  Thus, p is odd!
evaluated. Each element in the permutation list is
evaluated.
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Example: Using Permutation Method, calculate for 𝐴 given that
1 2 Step 1: What is the size of matrix A? 2x2

A =
3 4 Step 2: What are the values of the element column
subscript (j)? 1 and 2 (number of values is either the row
or column size value)
𝑎11 𝑎12
= Step 3: What are all the possible ordered arrangement
𝑎21 𝑎22 (permutation) of j?
Permutation 1 (P1): 1, 2
Permutation 2 (P2): 2, 1



Example: Using Permutation Method, calculate for 𝐴 given that
1 2 Step 4: Per permutation, count the number of elements

A = on the right that is smaller than the element being
3 4 evaluated.
P1: 1, 2 0 (consider element 2, no element/s to the
right of 2; consider element 1, element on its
NOTE: 0 is actually odd
right is not less than 1).
and even at the same P1: 2, 1 1 (consider element 1, no element/s to the
time while 1 is neither
odd nor even. For this
right of 1; consider element 2, element 1 on
topic only, we’ll consider its right and is less than its value).
0 as even and 1 as odd.
P1 with 0 is considered an even permutation.

P2 with 1 is considered an odd permutation.
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Example 1: Using Permutation Method, calculate for 𝐴 given that
1 2 Step 5: Use the determinant equation defined. Multiply

A = resulting odd or even permutation to corresponding
3 4 entries in the defined equation (based on permutation
of j subscript).
𝑛
det 𝐴 = ෍ σ 𝑝𝑖 𝑎1𝑝𝑖 1 𝑎2𝑝𝑖 2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑝𝑖 𝑛

𝑝(𝑖)
Number of entries in the equation = factorial of row or
column size value. 2! = 2
Number of terms per entry is either the row or column
size value. 2

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Example 1: Using Permutation Method, calculate for 𝐴 given that
1 2 For this example: det A equation has 2 entries with 2

A = terms each.
3 4 det 𝐴 = +1 𝑎11 𝑎22 + −1 𝑎12 𝑎21 = 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21
From Step 4: P1: 1,2 P2: 2,1

𝜎𝑝 1 = even = +1 𝜎𝑝 2 = odd = −1
𝑝1(1) = 1: 1st element in P1 𝑝2(1) = 2: 1st element in P2
𝑝1(2) = 2: 2nd element in P1 𝑝2(2) = 1: 2nd element in P2
Step 6: Substitute elements of matrix A to the resulting

equation
det 𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 = 1 4 − 3 2 = −2
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Like the previous example, calculate for 𝐹 if
6 0 1
F = 6 0 1
5 8 7
HINT: 𝐹 = 5 8 7 = −77
−2 9 5
-2 9 5
NOTE: This is Question 1 of GE 122 Seatwork 2. See Seatwork 2 Guide for

submission details.

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Solving for Determinant: Sarru’s Rule

Sarru’s Rule or 3rd – Order Determinant Method: (3x3 or less matrix size)
How to?
Step 1: Check if matrix is of 3x3 or less.
Step 2: For any 1x1 matrix, 𝑑𝑒𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
For any 2x2 matrix, 𝑑𝑒𝑡 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑓 −
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
For any 3x3 matrix:
Step 2a: Copy the 1st two columns of elements to the right side.
Step 2b: Form products of elements along the main diagonal, and 2
diagonals to the right (parallel to the former).
Step 2c: Form products of the elements along diagonal extending
from the lower left corner to the upper right, and 2 diagonals (parallel
to the former).
Step 2d: 𝑑𝑒𝑡 = σ 1𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑡 − σ 2𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑡
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Example 1: Calculate the determinant of the matrix below using Sarru’s Rule
1 2 3 Step 1: Matrix A size → 3x3

1 2 3 1 2
A= Step 2a: 𝐴 = 4 5 6 4 5
4 5 6
1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 2 3 1 2
Step 2b: 𝐴 = 4 5 6 4 5 → 1(5)(1)+2(6)(1)+3(4)(0)
𝐴 = + + − + + 1 0 1 1 0
1 2 3 1 2
Step 2c: 𝐴 = 4 5 6 4 5 → 1(5)(3)+0(6)(1)+1(4)(2)
1 0 1 1 0
Step 2d: 𝐴 = 1 5 1 +2 6 1 +3 4 0 −1 5 3 −
UP Diliman Department of Geodetic Engineering 0 6 1 −1 4 2 = −6
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1 2 1 2
𝐴 = = 1 4 − 3 2 = −2
A= 3 4
3 4
A= 8 𝐴 = 8 =8

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Like the previous examples, calculate for 𝐺 and 𝐻 if
6 0 1 6 0 1
G = H =
5 8 7 0 0 0
-2 9 5 -2 9 5
NOTE: These are Questions 2 and 3 of GE 122 Seatwork 2. See

Seatwork 2 Guide for submission details.

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Solving for Determinant: Cofactor Expansion by Row/Column
• Popularly known as “Takip – takip” Method

• Theorem: For any k, 1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛, the determinant of any nxn matrix A is
𝑛
𝑑𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = ෍ −1 𝑘+𝑗 𝑎𝑘𝑗 𝑀𝑘𝑗

𝑗=1
• Mkjis called the k,j-th minor of A which is the determinant of the submatrix
formed from A by deleting row k and column j.
• If the minor is multiplied by (-1)k+j, the result is called a cofactor.
• The formula above is the summation of the product of each term in a row
and the corresponding cofactor. Thus, the above method is called
cofactor expansion (along row k).

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• There is also a formula similar to the aforementioned using elements in a

column; the method is called expansion by cofactors along a column.
• Cofactor expansion is also known as Laplace Expansion after Pierre-Simon
Laplace.
Example 1: Calculate 𝐴 using Laplace Expansion

Step 1: Choose any one row or column: using row1
𝑎11 𝑎12 Step 2: Note the subscript of elements of chosen row
A = or column: 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
𝑎21 𝑎22 Step 3: Use the theorem (defined equation) or the
“takip-takip”.

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𝑎11 𝑎12 Step 3: row 1 element 𝑎11 : row 1 column 1 location
A = row 1 element 𝑎12 : row 1 column 2 location
𝑎21 𝑎22
1+1 1+2
det 𝐴 = −1 𝑎11 𝑎22 + −1 𝑎12 𝑎21
1: your chosen row which is row 1

NOTE: Kaya “Takip-takip”
Method ☺ (𝑎11 ): first element of chosen row 1
𝑎11 : based on the location of row 1’s 1st element,
Exponent of -1 is the sum
of the subscripts of each cover row 1 and column 1 of matrix A.
element of chosen row Remaining element would be the element of
the determinant of the submatrix/minor.
𝑎12 : 2nd element of chosen row 1
𝑎21 : cover row 1 column 2 of matrix A.
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Example 2: Calculate 𝐴 using Laplace Expansion (using column 1)

𝑎11 𝑎12 column 1 element 𝑎11 : row 1 column 1 location
A = column 1 element 𝑎21 : row 2 column location
𝑎21 𝑎22
1+1 2+1
det 𝐴 = −1 𝑎11 𝑎22 + −1 𝑎21 𝑎12
Exponent of -1 is the sum 1: your chosen column which is column 1

of the subscripts of each
element of chosen
(𝑎11 ): first element of chosen column 1
column. 𝑎22 : cover row 1 and column 1 of matrix A.
𝑎21 : 2nd element of chosen column 1
𝑎12 : cover row 2 column 1 of matrix A.

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Like the previous examples, calculate for 𝐴 using Column 2 and

Row 2
𝑎11 𝑎12
A =
𝑎21 𝑎22
NOTE: These are Questions 5 and 6 of GE 122 Seatwork 2. See

Seatwork 2 Guide for submission details.

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6 0 1 Using Row 1:
A =
5 8 7 1+1 8 7 5 7
det 𝐴 = −1 6 + −1 1+2 0 +
9 5 −2 5
-2 9 5 1+3 5 8
−1 1 = −77
−2 9
• Calculate 𝐴 using Laplace Expansion (choose Row 2 and

Column 2). These are Questions 7 and 8 of GE 122 Seatwork 2.
See Seatwork 2 Guide for submission details.
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Properties of Determinants
Let matrix A be a square matrix of size nxn, then:
1.|AT| = |A|
2.If A has a zero row (or column) then |A| = 0.
3.If B is formed from A by interchanging two rows (or two columns),|B| =-|A|.
4.If two rows/columns of A are the same, |A| = 0.
5.If B is formed from A by multiplying a row/column by c, then |B| = c|A|.
6.If one row/column is a constant multiple of another, |A| = 0.
7.Suppose each element of row k of A is written as a sum akj = bkj + ckj. Define matrix
B from A by replacing each akj by bkj. Define a matrix C from A by replacing each akj
by ckj. Then, |A| = |B| + |C|.
8.If D is formed from A by adding c times one row/column to another of A, then |D|
=|A|.
9.A is nonsingular if and only if |A| ≠ 0.
10.If A and B are both nxn, then |AB| = |A||B|.

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And we haven’t solved for the inverse of a matrix. So far, we’ve

only covered one component of one method for solving inverse of
matrix. Take a five-minute break before proceeding to the next
slide. ☺

25

Adjoint Method (Determinant)

1
REMEMBER: If matrix A is invertible, then 𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
𝐴
where
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
𝐴 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 "𝑑𝑒𝑡 𝐴"
Method for solving determinant: Permutation, Sarru’s Rule, and

Cofactor Expansion by Row/Column(Takip-takip)
• We can now proceed to solving adjoint matrix

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Solving for Adjoint Matrix

• The cofactor matrix C of a matrix A is the square matrix of the
same order as A formed by replacing each 𝑎𝑖𝑗 by its cofactor
𝑐𝑖𝑗 = −1 𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 . 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is the submatrix/minor.
• The adjoint matrix of A, adj A, is the transpose of its cofactor

matrix (i.e., 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑇 ).
• 𝐴 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼.
1
• If A is invertible, then 𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 .
𝐴
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Example: Solve for the adjoint matrix of A
1 2 3 Step 1: Create the cofactor matrix (same size with A).
A = Replace each 𝑎𝑖𝑗 with its cofactor 𝑐𝑖𝑗
4 5 6
1+1 1+2 1+3
−1 −1 −1
1 0 1
2+1 2+2 2+3
𝐶= −1 −1 −1
3+1 3+2 3+3
−1 −1 −1
Exponents of −1 are just the sum of each 𝑐𝑖𝑗 element

row and column subscripts
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1 2 3 Step 1: Use “takip-takip” to determine entries in the
A = determinant of submatrix of each c element
4 5 6
1+1 5 6 1+2 1+3
−1 −1 −1
1 0 1 0 1
2+1 2+2 2+3
𝐶= −1 −1 −1
3+1 3+2 3+3
−1 −1 −1
𝑐11 : uppermost left element → cover row 1 and

column 1 of matrix A. remaining elements are the
elements in the determinant of submatrix 𝑐11 .
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4 5 6
1+1 5 6 1+2 4 6 1+3
−1 −1 −1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
2+1 2+2 2+3
𝐶= −1 −1 −1
3+1 3+2 3+3
−1 −1 −1

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4 5 6
1+1 5 6 1+2 4 6 1+3 4 5
−1 −1 −1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
2+1 2+2 2+3
𝐶= −1 −1 −1
3+1 3+2 3+3
−1 −1 −1

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4 5 6
1+1 5 6 1+2 4 6 1+3 4 5
−1 −1 −1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
2+1 2 3 2+2 2+3
𝐶= −1 −1 −1
0 1
3+1 3+2 3+3
−1 −1 −1

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4 5 6
1+1 5 6 1+2 4 6 1+3 4 5
−1 −1 −1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
2+1 2 3 2+2 1 3 2+3
𝐶= −1 −1 −1
0 1 1 1
3+1 3+2 3+3
−1 −1 −1

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4 5 6
1+1 5 6 1+2 4 6 1+3 4 5
−1 −1 −1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
2+1 2 3 2+2 1 3 2+3 1 2
𝐶= −1 −1 −1
0 1 1 1 1 0
3+1 3+2 3+3
−1 −1 −1

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4 5 6
1+1 5 6 1+2 4 6 1+3 4 5
−1 −1 −1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
2+1 2 3 2+2 1 3 2+3 1 2
𝐶= −1 −1 −1
0 1 1 1 1 0
3+1 2 3 3+2 3+3
−1 −1 −1
5 6

35


4 5 6
1+1 5 6 1+2 4 6 1+3 4 5
−1 −1 −1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
2+1 2 3 2+2 1 3 2+3 1 2
𝐶= −1 −1 −1
0 1 1 1 1 0
3+1 2 3 3+2 1 3 3+3
−1 −1 −1
5 6 4 6

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4 5 6
1+1 5 6 1+2 4 6 1+3 4 5
−1 −1 −1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
2+1 2 3 2+2 1 3 2+3 1 2
𝐶= −1 −1 −1
0 1 1 1 1 0
3+1 2 3 3+2 1 3 3+3 1 2
−1 −1 −1
5 6 4 6 4 5

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1 2 3 Step 2: Evaluate determinant of submatrix of each c
A = element (use any determinant method)
4 5 6 5 6 4 6 4 5
−1 1+1 −1 1+2 −1 1+3
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 2+1 2 3 2+2 1 3 2+3 1 2
𝐶 = −1 −1 −1
0 1 1 1 1 0
2 3 1 3 1 2
−1 3+1 −1 3+2 −1 3+3
5 6 4 6 4 5
−1 2 5 −1 3
−2 −1 4
−5
𝐶= −1 3 2 −1 4
−2 −1 5
−2
−1 4 −3 −1 5
−6 −1 6
−3
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1 2 3 Step 3: Evaluate all −1 and its exponents
A = 5 2 −5
4 5 6 𝐶 = −2 −2 2
−3 6 −3
1 0 1
Step 4: To get the adjoint of A, transpose matrix C
5 2 −5 𝑇 5 −2 −3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝑇 = −2 −2 2 = 2 −2 6
−3 6 −3 −5 2 −3
Now, we can solve for the inverse of matrix A

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Solving for Matrix Inverse

Example: Solve for the inverse matrix of A using Adjoint
(Determinant) Step 1: Set-up equation for solving inverse using
Adjoint (determinant) Method
1 2 3 1
A = 𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
𝐴
4 5 6
Step 2: Calculate 𝐴 (if not specified, you can use any
1 0 1 of the methods presented). From previous examples,
𝐴 = −6

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Example: Solve for the inverse matrix of A using Adjoint
(Determinant) Step 3: Create the adjoint matrix of A. From previous
example,
1 2 3 5 2 −5 𝑇
5 −2 −3
A = 𝑇
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐶 = −2 −2 2 = 2 −2 6
4 5 6 −3 6 −3 −5 2 −3
1 0 1 Step 4: Plug in 𝐴 and 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 in the Step 1 equation
−5 1 1
6 3 2
1 1 5 −2 −3 −1 1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 2 −2 6 = −1
𝐴 −6 3 3
−5 2 −3
5 −1 1
RJAA | GE 122: Mathematical Methods in Geodetic Engineering 6 3 2 41
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Like the previous example, solve for 𝐺 −1 using Adjoint
(Determinant) Method if
0 -1 1
G =
1 1 1
-1 1 1
NOTE: This is Questions 9 of GE 122 Seatwork 2. See Seatwork 2

Guide for submission details.
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Matrix Inverse
REMEMBER: From Adjoint (Determinant) Method, any matrix is
invertible if and only if the following equation is true (e.g., matrix A)
1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
𝐴
For this to be true, value for the determinant of the matrix should not
be zero (0).
NOTE: Not all matrices are invertible.
• Invertible → determinant ≠ 0.
Let’s proceed with the other method of determining matrix inverse!

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Matrix Inverse: Gauss-Jordan Elimination

If inverse of matrix A exists,
Step 1: Augment matrix A with an Identity matrix of the same size

𝐴 −→ 𝐴|𝐼
Step 2: Using Gauss-Jordan Elimination (sort of) swap the location

identity matrix and matrix A (turn A into an identity matrix).
𝐴|𝐼 −→ 𝐼|𝐵
Step 3:Resulting matrix B on the right side is the inverse of A (if it
exists).
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How do we perform Gauss-Jordan Elimination?
• Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method consists of elementary row
operations.
3 Types of Elementary Row Operations (given any matrix A)
• Type I Operation – interchange any two rows of A.
• Type II Operation – multiply a row of A by a non-zero number.
• Type III Operation – add a scalar multiple of one row to another

row of A
45


Elementary Row Operations (given any matrix A)
• Type I Operation – interchange any two rows of A.
R2 → R3

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• Type II Operation – multiply a row of A by a non-zero number.
R3 = 7R3

47


• Type III Operation – add a scalar multiple of one row to another

row of A.
R3 = -6R1+ R3

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1 −2 3 4 −14 −18 −21 23
𝐴 = 5 6 7 −8 B= −28 −8 −52 0
1 0 0 −1 1 −2 3 4
Given matrix A, create matrix B y performing the following

elementary row operations in the order provided:
• Add −3 times row 2 to row 3
NOTE: This is Question 10 of GE 122 Seatwork
• Add 2 times row 1 to row 2 2. See Seatwork 2 Guide for submission
• Interchange row 1 and row 3 details.
• Multiply row 2 by −4
49


Example: Determine the inverse of the matrix below using Gauss-
Jordan Elimination Method
Step 1: Calculate 𝐴 to determine if the inverse exists.
0 −1 1 Use any of the methods presented (if nothing is
𝐴= 1 1 1 specified).
−1 1 1 𝐴 =4
Step 2: Form 𝐴|𝐼 :

0 −1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0
−1 1 1 0 0 1

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Step 3: Apply Gauss-Jordan Elimination:
0 −1 1
0 −1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
𝐴= 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 𝑅1 ←→ 𝑅2 0 −1 1 1 0 0
−1 1 1 −1 1 1 0 0 1 −1 1 1 0 0 1
NOTE: Goal of Gauss-Jordan

Elimination is to turn the left side of 1 1 1 0 1 0
the augmented matrix into an 1 𝑅1 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 0 −1 1 1 0 0
identity matrix, thus, the resulting
right side will be the inverse of the 0 2 2 0 1 1
matrix.

51


0 −1 1
1 1 1 0 1 0
𝐴= 1 1 1 2 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 0 −1 1 1 0 0
−1 1 1 0 0 4 2 1 1

Elimination is to turn the left side of
1 1 1 0 1 0
the augmented matrix into an
1 0 −1 1 1 0 0
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 1 1 1
identity matrix, thus, the resulting 4
right side will be the inverse of the 0 0 1
matrix.
2 4 4

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0 −1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
𝐴= 1 1 1 1 −1 −1
0 −1 0
−1 1 1 −1 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 2 4 4
1 1 1
0 0 1
NOTE: Goal of Gauss-Jordan 2 4 4
Elimination is to turn the left side of
the augmented matrix into an 1 1 1 0 1 0
identity matrix, thus, the resulting −1 1 1
right side will be the inverse of the 0 1 0
matrix.
−1 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 2 4 4
1 1 1
0 0 1
2 4 4
53


0 −1 1
−1 3 −1
𝐴= 1 1 1 1 1 0
2 4 4
−1 1 1 −1 1 1
−1 𝑅3 + 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 0 1 0
2 4 4
NOTE: Goal of Gauss-Jordan 1 1 1
Elimination is to turn the left side of 0 0 1
the augmented matrix into an
2 4 4
identity matrix, thus, the resulting
right side will be the inverse of the
matrix.

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Step 4: If the left side of the augmented matrix is
0 −1 1 already an identity matrix, the right side will result to
𝐴= 1 1 1 the inverse of matrix A. 1 −1
1 0 0 0
−1 1 1 2 2
−1 1 1
−1 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 0 1 0
2 4 4
1 1 1
Elimination is to turn the left side of 1 −1 0 0 1
the augmented matrix into an 0 2 4 4
identity matrix, thus, the resulting 2 2
right side will be the inverse of the −1 1 1
matrix. 𝐴−1 =
2 4 4
1 1 1
RJAA | GE 122: Mathematical Methods in Geodetic Engineering 2 4 4 55
55

Properties of Matrix Inverses

Given that matrix A and B are of the same order (same size) and
are both invertible, and c is a scalar quantity, then:
(AB)-1 = B-1 A-1

(A-1)-1 = A
(AT)-1 = (A-1)T
(cA)-1 = 1/c (A-1)

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Calculate for the inverse of A using Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Method
1 2 3
𝐴= 4 5 6
1 0 1
NOTE: This is Questions 11 of GE 122 Seatwork 2. See Seatwork 2

Guide for submission details.

57

Upon completion of GE 122 Lecture 2, please proceed to GE 122

Seatwork 2 Guide.

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REFERENCES
• Kreyszig, Erwin (2011). “Advanced Engineering Mathematics,
10th Edition.” John Wiley and Sons.
• Strang, Gilbert (1988). “Linear Algebra and its Applications, 3rd
Edition.”
• Ymas, Sergio Jr. (2004). “Numerical Methods.” Ymas Publishing
House.

59

Questions? ☺
raapura@up.edu.ph

60
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GE 122 L2: DETERMINANTS &

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▪ Definition and Properties

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• Matrix B is an inverse of matrix A if 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 = 𝑰𝒏

• If matrix A has an inverse matrix 𝐴−1 , matrix A is invertible and is

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Singular Matrix vs Nonsingular Matrix

Implying that 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0, NOTE: If matrix B and matrix C are inverses of

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Matrix Inverse: Adjoint (Determinant)

• Adjoint is a matrix while determinant is a scalar value (notice

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Solving for Determinant: Permutation Method

• Determinant of A (det A) is defined

det 𝐴 = ෍ σ 𝑝𝑖 𝑎1𝑝𝑖 1 𝑎2𝑝𝑖 2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑝𝑖 𝑛

where 𝜎 𝑝 is +1 if permutation p of integers 1, 2, ⋯ , 𝑛 is even and

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Solving for Determinant: Permutation Method

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Solving for Determinant: Permutation Method

1 2 Step 1: What is the size of matrix A? 2x2

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Solving for Determinant: Permutation Method

1 2 Step 4: Per permutation, count the number of elements

P1 with 0 is considered an even permutation.

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Solving for Determinant: Permutation Method

1 2 Step 5: Use the determinant equation defined. Multiply

det 𝐴 = ෍ σ 𝑝𝑖 𝑎1𝑝𝑖 1 𝑎2𝑝𝑖 2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑝𝑖 𝑛

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Solving for Determinant: Permutation Method

1 2 For this example: det A equation has 2 entries with 2

From Step 4: P1: 1,2 P2: 2,1

Step 6: Substitute elements of matrix A to the resulting

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Solving for Determinant: Permutation Method

NOTE: This is Question 1 of GE 122 Seatwork 2. See Seatwork 2 Guide for

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Solving for Determinant: Sarru’s Rule

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Solving for Determinant: Sarru’s Rule

1 2 3 Step 1: Matrix A size → 3x3

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Solving for Determinant: Sarru’s Rule

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Solving for Determinant: Sarru’s Rule

NOTE: These are Questions 2 and 3 of GE 122 Seatwork 2. See

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Solving for Determinant: Cofactor Expansion by Row/Column

• Popularly known as “Takip – takip” Method

𝑑𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = ෍ −1 𝑘+𝑗 𝑎𝑘𝑗 𝑀𝑘𝑗