1.

EXPLAIN SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF PLANNING AND REGIONAL PLANNINAG IN YOUR OWN
WORD?
DIFFERENCE
Definition: Planning is the fundamental management function, which involves deciding beforehand,
what is to be done, when is it to be done, how it is to be done and who is going to do it. It is
an intellectual process which lays down an organisation’s objectives and develops various courses of
action, by which the organisation can achieve those objectives. It chalks out exactly, how to attain a
specific goal.
Planning is nothing but thinking before the action takes place. It helps us to take a peep into the
future and decide in advance the way to deal with the situations, which we are going to encounter
infuture. It involves logical thinking and rational decision making

: By defining regional planning as being most commonly a process arising from tensions and gaps within
systems of governance, it [the regional imperative] will always be with us. So much of regional planning
arises because of cross-boundary issues and tensions inevitable with any pattern of governance,
regardless of whether or not it matches geographical regions. (Wannop 1995, 403) This resilience of the
regional imperative will be explored throughout the following reflection on regional planning. Before
elaborating on any definitions, it is best first to situate regional planning within a framework of what
planning is.
SIMILARITY
Both planning and regional planning is a notion that encompasses the whole set of social activities
aimed at anticipating, representing and regulating the development of an urban or a regional area. It
thus articulates intellectual activities of study and prospective, of social and economic forecasting with
more concrete activities such as infrastructure programming, land reservation and land use regulation.
Planning operates at different scales: neighborhood, city or region. The concept of governance has
subsequently been used to describe the devices through which urban and regional plans were
elaborated and implemented following the end of the Keynesian-Fordist consensus and the new
objectives set for these devices
2.Explain need of regional planning for Ethiopia from context of the given explanation? Is regional
planning important for Ethiopia? If so,how and why?
Why Regional Planning?
Regional Planning encompasses even larger area when compared to city planning; Number of cities
might be covered when considering a region but rural area remains at the core for which planning is to
be done. Along with rural areas many lower level towns in addition to the villages witnessing
transformation to towns also adds up to area for which regional plans are made. Regional plans can cut
across the boundaries of different states.

Regional planning also helps in reducing the conflicts and competition for resources between cities in a
region. Developing small towns or satellite towns helps in relieving the stress from higher order town
thus increasing efficiency.
Regional plans takes into account the economic, spatial and environmental goals and tries to address
national level issues. Integrated development and critical analysis of functional linkages is one of the key
to achieve the desired growth.
-How important regional planning for Ethiopia?
How Regions can Develop in Ethiopia: The Need for a Paradigm Shift Tsegaye Tegenu, PhD 2019-11-12 A
region is a constituted social order with people engaged in distinct political, cultural and economic
practices. These practices are embedded and developed historically and sustained and reinforced within
networks, processes and infrastructures. Regional development is a general effort undertaken to
promote the resource endowments of the regions (both physical and human resources) and support
their economic activities for reducing regional disparities. “Regional economic development is the
application of economic process and resources available to a region that result in the sustainable
development of, and desired economic outcomes for a region and that met the values and expectations
of business, of residents and of visitors” (Stimson, et al., 2006).
-WHY THE IMPORTANT OF REGIONAL PLANNING FOR ETHIOPIA?
It helps in reducing disparities, promoting growth, promoting sustainable development, economic
growth of the collective region based on its potential. Also, issue of migration is also solved to an great
extent because the required facilities are more evenly distributed rather than being concentrated in a
specific urban area. These plans ensure a much better connectivity within the region and take care of
future growth.
3.DISCUSS ABOUT THE AIM OF REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEIFFERENT TYPYES OF PLANNING?
• Achieve effective land use planning on regional level • Promote affordable housing of all types on
regional scale • Assure regional renewal in all inner-city areas • Reduce air and water pollution as
needed. Conserve water. • Minimize freeway expansion through promoting key major street
improvements • Maximize mass transit expansion throughout region • To achieve quality education on
all levels and to all residents • Assure appropriate job creation and job training • Maximize airport
system balance for all types and sizes throughout region • Focus on tax base sharing in all forms •
Create and maintain a quality region-wide health care system • Minimize public sector budgetary waste
and balance budgets
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANNING

Differen types of plans that managers create and apply to direct business operations, monitor and
control organizational activities for achieving set goals.
Types of Plans are;
1. Hierarchical plans,
2. Standing plans,
3. Single-use plans, and
4. Contingency plans.
1. Hierarchical Plans
These plans are drawn at three major hierarchical levels, namely, the institutional, the managerial and
the technical core.
The plans in these 3 levels are-
 Strategic
 Administrative and,
 Operational respectively.
Strategic plan
The strategic plan generally involves planning at the top institutional level of an organization. Strategic
plans define the organization’s long-term vision and how the organization intends to make its vision a
reality.
Strategies do not attempt to outline exactly how the enterprise is to accomplish its objectives since this
is the task of countless major and minor supporting programs.
But they furnish a framework for guiding, linking and action.
Administrative or Intermediate plan
Administrative or intermediate planning is done at the level of middle management.
It is cone to allocate organizational resources and coordinate internal subdivisions of the organization. It
is also a process of determining the contributions that sub-units can make with allocated resources.
Operational plan
Finally, operational planning is the process of determining how specific tasks can best be accomplished
on time with available resources.
This is also done to cover the day-to-day operations of an organization. As such, many operational plans
are designed to govern the workings of the organization’s technical core.
2. Standing Plans
Standing plans are drawn to cover issues that managers face repeatedly.
For example, managers may be facing the problem of late- coming quite often.
Managers may, therefore, design a standing plan to be implemented automatically each time an
employee is late for work. Such a standing plan may be called a standard operating procedure (SOP).
3. Single-use Plans
Single-use plans are prepared for single or unique situations or problems and are normally discarded or
replaced after one use.
Generally, four types of single-use plans are used. These are—
1. objectives/goals,
2. programs,
3. projects,
4. budgets.
Objectives or Goals
Objectives or goals, often used interchangeably, are the ends toward which activity is aimed.
They represent not only the endpoint of planning but also the end toward which all other managerial
functions are aimed.
Objectives are set about a particular period and thus the same objective is not repeated year after year,
month after month or day after day.
Objectives or goals are divided into three.
Programs
Programs are plans of action followed in proper sequence according to objectives, policies, and
procedures.
Thus a program lays down the major steps to be taken to achieve an objective and sets an approximate
time frame for its fulfillment.
Programs are usually supported by budgets.
A program may be a major or a minor one or long, medium or short-term one. Since it is not used in the
same form once its task is over it belongs to the single-use plan category.
Projects
A project is a particular job that needs to be done in connection with a general program. So a single step
in a program is set up as a project.
A project has a distinct object and clear-cut termination.
Budgets
A budget is a statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms.” It is sometimes called the
enumerated program and most commonly expressed in terms of money .
4. Contingency Plans
As we already know, the process of planning is based on certain assumptions about what is likely to
occur in the environment of an organization.
Contingency plans are made to deal with situations that might crop up if these assumptions turn out to
be wrong.
Thus contingency planning is the development of alternative courses of action to be taken if events
disrupt a planned course of action.
A contingency plan allows management to act immediately if such unforeseen events as strikes,
boycotts, natural disasters or major economic changes render existing plans inoperable or unsuitable.
4.WHAT WE MEAN BY REGIONALIZATION AND DELINEATION OF REGIONS?
Regionalization can be defined as politicoadministrative process by which regions emerge as relevant
units of analysis for economic and political activity and welfare and service provision. In many cases this
notion of regionalization can be equated to notions of ‘regionalization from above’ or devolution, i.e.
regions being the objects of governmental reforms.
Regionalisation is the process of delineating regions. In other words we can define regionalisation as the
locating of boundaries of a region.
Delineation of region is the preparation of any regional development plan to ensure tentative
operational area of planning with in the planning region the frame of all regional studies could be
undertaken and development envisaged.

*DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING CONCEPTS?

A. Inter-regional trade multiplier-of inter-regional linkages (multipliers). Multiplier effects also play a
very important role in growth pole theory. 
B.A compromise approach-Compromise is a basic negotiation process in which both parties give up
something that they want in order to get something else they want more. In compromise situations,
neither side gets all of what they really want, but they each make concessions in order to reach an
agreement that is acceptable to both.
Compromise is a strategy commonly associated with purchasing a car or home, settling a divorce, or
resolving labor contract disputes. When an agreement is reached and the parties separate,
the compromise process can help both parties feel satisfied that they have reached an acceptable
solution.

C.REGIONA INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS-

While agriculture definitely is a traditional and important sector of national economy, it is also a
sector the importance of which is often underestimated. More correct and realistic description of its
economic role should be based on input-output methods. Unfortunately regional level input-output
tables are only rarely available. nput-output analysis is an economic tool that is used in order to
measure the impact of an existing, planned or expected business operation, decision or event on the
economy. This paper presents an Input-output Analysis with the latest available in-formation for a
national economy, which is an important source of information to understand the inter-relations
existing among the different sectors of an economy. This paper focuses on the North Cyprus economy
and the input-output analysis was used to measure the impact of changes in two sectors, namely
Tourism and Education on the national economy.
D.ECONOMIC BASE CONCEPT-
Some of the basic concept of economics are as follows:
Economics Concept # 1. Value:
Ordinarily, the concept of value is related to the concept of utility. Utility is the want satisfying quality
of a thing when we use or consume it. Thus utility is the value-in-use of a commodity. For instance,
water quenches our thirst. When we use water to quench our thirst, it is the value-in-use of water.
In economics, value means the power that goods and services have to exchange other goods and
services, i.e. value-in-exchange. If one pen can be exchanged for two pencils, then the value of one
pen is equal to two pencils. For a commodity to have value, it must possess the following three
characteristics.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
1. Utility:
It should have utility. A rotten egg has no utility because it cannot be exchanged for anything. It
possesses no value-in-exchange.
2. Scarcity:
Mere utility does not create value unless it is scarce. A good or service is scarce (limited) in relation to
its demand. All economic goods like pen, book, etc. are scarce and have value. But free goods like air
do not possess value. Thus goods possessing the quality of scarcity have value.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
3. Transferability:
Besides the above two characteristics, a good should be transferable from one place to another or
from one person to another. Thus a commodity to have value-in-exchange must possess the qualities
of utility, scarcity and transferability.
Basic Concept of Economics # 2. Value and Price:
In common language, the terms ‘value’ and ‘price’ are used as synonyms (i.e. the same). But in
economics, the meaning of price is different from that of value. Price is value expressed in terms of
money. Value is expressed in terms of other goods. If one pen is equal to two pencils and one pen can
be had for Rs.10. Then the price of one pen is Rs.10 and the price of one pencil is Rs.5.
Value is a relative concept in comparison to the concept of price. It means that there cannot be a
general rise or fall in values, but there can be a general rise or fall in prices. Suppose 1 pen = 2 pencils.
If the value of pen increases it means that one pen can buy more pencils in exchange.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Let it be 1 pen= 4 pencils. It means that the value of pencils has fallen. So when the value of one
commodity raises that of the other good in exchange falls. Thus there cannot be a general rise or fall
in values. On the other hand, when prices of goods start rising or falling, they rise or fall together. It is
another thing that prices of some goods may rise or fall slowly or swiftly than others. Thus there can
be a general rise or fall in prices.
Basic Concept of Economics # 3. Wealth:
In common use, the term ‘wealth’ means money, property, gold, etc. But in economics it is used to
describe all things that have value. For a commodity to be called wealth, it must prossess utility,
scarcity and transferability. If it lacks even one quality, it cannot be termed as wealth.
Forms of Wealth:
Wealth may be of the following types:
1. Individual Wealth:
Wealth owned by an individual is called private or individual wealth such as a car, house, company,
etc.
2. Social Wealth:
Goods which are owned by the society are called social or collective wealth, such as schools, colleges,
roads, canals, mines, forests, etc.
3. National or Real Wealth:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
National wealth includes all individual and social wealth. It consists of material assets possessed by
the society. National wealth is real wealth.
4. International Wealth:
The United Nations Organisation and its various agencies like the World Bank, IMF, WHO, etc. are
international wealth because all countries contribute towards their operations.
5. Financial Wealth:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Financial wealth is the holding of money, stocks, bonds, etc. by individuals in the society. Financial
wealth is excluded from national wealth. This is because money, stocks, bonds, etc. which individuals
hold as wealth are claims against one another.
Some differences:
Wealth is different from capital, income and money.
Wealth and Capital:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Goods which have value are termed as wealth. But capital is that part of wealth which is used for
further production of wealth. Furniture used in the home is wealth but given on rent is capital. Thus
all capital is wealth but all wealth is not capital.
Wealth and Income:
Wealth is a stock and income is a flow. Income is the earning from wealth. The shares of a company
are wealth but the dividend received on them is income.
Wealth and Money:
Money consists of coins and currency notes. Money is the liquid form of wealth. All money is wealth
but all wealth is not money.
Basic Concept of Economics # 4. Stocks and Flows:
Distinction may be made here between a stock variable and a flow variable. A stock variable has no
time dimension. Its value is ascertained at some point in time. A stock variable does not involve the
specification of any particular length of time. On the other hand, a flow variable has a time dimension.
It is related to a specified period of time.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
So national income is a flow and national wealth is a stock. Change in any variable which can be
measured over a period of time relates to a flow. In this sense, in ventories are stocks but change in
inventories in a flow.
A number of other examples of stocks and flows can also be given. Money is a stock but the spending
of money is flow. Government debt is stock. Saving and investment and operating surplus during a
year are flows but if they relate to the past year, they are stocks. But certain variables are only in the
form of flows such as NNP, NDP, value added, dividends, tax payments, imports, exports, net foreign
investment, social security benefits, wages and salaries, etc.
Basic Concept of Economics # 5. Optimisation:
Optimisation means the most efficient use of resources subject to certain constraints it is the choice
from all possible uses of resources which gives the best results, it is the task of maximisation or
minimisation of an objective function it is a technique which is used by a consumer and a producer as
decision-maker.
A consumer wants to buy the best combination of a consumer good when his objective function is to
maximise his utility, given his fixed income as the constraints. Similarly, a producer wants to produce
the most suitable level of output to maximise his profit, given the raw materials, capital, etc. as
constraints.
As against this, a firm cans hence the objective of minimisation of its cost of production by choosing
the best combination of factors of production, given the manpower resources, capital, etc. as
constraints. Thus optimisation is the determination of the maximisation or minimisation of an
objective function.
Basic Economic Concepts • Supply & Demand • Pricing • Productivity • Measuring and Improving the
Economy • Trade • Making Decisions.